chapter 4 - DRK

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Strictly under embargo until Wednesday 22 September at 00:01 GMT (02:01 Geneva time)As large cities have grown without the necessary infrastructure, so the gap betweenwhat is needed and what is affordable can widen to an almost impossible degree (seeChapter 2). More than 50 per cent of the population of many large cities in Africa andAsia live in settlements without basic infrastructure. The haphazard spatial expansionof a city and the concentration of many low-income settlements on flood plains, steepslopes or other sites at risk add to the costs. The capacity of municipal governments inmost cities in low-income nations to invest in necessary infrastructure remains limited,however, even if they have been able to modernize tax collection systems or have bettercost-recovery for services such as water supplies. And this is not helped by the reluctanceof most bilateral aid agencies to support urban development.Infrastructure to prevent disaster risks is often costly to both build and maintain. Thedevastating floods that affected Santa Fe, Argentina, in 2003 and 2007 were in partdue to incomplete or unmaintained infrastructure. The city has increasingly expandedon to the Río Salado flood plain. To protect itself from floods, it had to create embankmentsand dykes, but the infrastructure to protect certain city areas was supposed to bein place shortly after 1998 but was never completed due to lack of resources. In addition,the pumps and drainage systems installed to evacuate water in protected areas didnot work because of vandalism and lack of maintenance.Box 7.3 Good governance and disaster risk reduction in AcehAccording to the Centre for Research on theEpidemiology of Disasters, more than 19 millionof Indonesia’s 210 million people havebeen affected by 309 disasters in the last twodecades. Aceh, the westernmost province ofIndonesia, is inhabited by some 4 million people.On 26 December 2004, Aceh was struckby an earthquake measuring 9.0 on the Richterscale and the subsequent tsunami left 130,000people dead, 37,000 missing and an additional500,000 people displaced. Damageand losses were estimated at US$ 4.8 billion.Aceh was also suffering from a 30-year conflictthat had claimed the lives of 15,000 peopleby the time a peace agreement was signed inAugust 2005.The international and national shift inparadigm from focusing on disaster responseto enhancing disaster risk reduction underpinsthe reform process in Indonesia. Collaborationbetween the government, civil society organizationsand international agencies led to adisaster management law, which was enactedin 2007. The law authorizes the creationof a National Disaster Management Agency(BNPB), which reports directly to the presidentof Indonesia and has a mandate to coordinateall contingency, preparedness, mitigation,prevention, disaster management trainingand disaster risk reduction activities (i.e., riskassessment and mapping). The law also addressesand regulates the development andapplication of disaster management and disasterrisk reduction plans at national and locallevels. Following passage of the law, the presidentissued Presidential Regulation 8/2008,which formally established the BNPB. Soonafterwards, the minister of home affairs issuedDecree No. 46/2008 mandating the establishmentof local disaster management agencies in148
Strictly under embargo until Wednesday 22 September at 00:01 GMT (02:01 Geneva time)all provinces by the end of 2009. The law hasbeen further clarified with additional governmentalregulations regarding the participationof international and non-government actors inall phases of the disaster management cycle.The Aceh provincial government now includesdisaster risk reduction as one of theprovince’s seven development priorities, andhas introduced measures to mainstream disasterrisk reduction into all development sectors,including policy framework, setting up a localdisaster management agency, developing alocal action plan and standard operating procedures,and increasing partnerships with civilsociety organizations. The provincial governmenthas also pursued other initiatives, such asimplementing the Aceh Green Program (mangroveplantation, reforestation), improvingspatial planning and building codes, introducingdisaster risk reduction into school curricula,and constructing or improving infrastructurewith disaster mitigation functions (such as riverand coastal embankments, drainage and accessto evacuation buildings).Promoting disaster risk reductioninitiatives in Banda AcehThe city of Banda Aceh is the capital of Acehprovince and inhabited by some 219,619people. It was among the most severely affectedmunicipalities during the 2004 earthquakeand tsunami.In line with the disaster risk reductionframework at national and provincial levels,the Banda Aceh city government has also integrateddisaster risk reduction into its developmentplan, which includes the city’s spatialplanning. While a city disaster managementagency has not yet been set up, the city governmenthas already developed a contingencyplan and standard operating procedures fordisaster response, both of which have beentested through several simulations (including theIndian Ocean wave exercise drill in December2009). The drills involved all stakeholders includinggovernment, civil society organizationsand community members.In addition, the Banda Aceh government hasworked closely with civil society groups, includingthe Red Cross and Red Crescent, to promotecommunity awareness on disaster risks. It hasalso instituted various measures to mitigate disasterrisks, including the integrated communitybaseddisaster preparedness and school-baseddisaster preparedness programmes implementedby the Indonesian Red Cross Society (PMI),improved access to evacuation buildings andfire brigades trained and equipped to take actionat any time. The city’s mayor and deputymayor have demonstrated their support andcommitment by attending several disaster riskreduction-related activities. Finally, the city governmenthas established a strong partnershipwith PMI, which has trained and equipped disasterresponse teams (known as SATGANA),which are ready to respond to any emergencies.With financial and technical assistance fromthe American Red Cross’ tsunami recovery programme,the PMI is implementing its integratedcommunity-based risk reduction programme inBanda Aceh. The programme, which seeks toenhance the capacity of vulnerable communitiesto reduce the risk and minimize the impactof disasters, has four objectives:1. Build disaster preparedness and responsecapacity of targeted communities2. Develop disaster management capacityof targeted schools by conducting disasterpreparedness and response sessions forstudents3. Enhance PMI’s disaster managementcapacity at national, provincial and district/sub-district levels4. Strengthen the capacity of the localgovernment’s disaster management andresearch in disaster risk reduction.World Disasters Report 2010 – Focus on urban risk149
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The International Federationof Red
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