chapter 4 - DRK

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Strictly under embargo until Wednesday 22 September at 00:01 GMT (02:01 Geneva time)Table 6.2 Gender and climate vulnerabilityAspect of vulnerabilityGendered division of labour and‘poverty of time’Gender-ascribed social responsibilitiesCultural expectations of gender normsUnequal entitlements to land andpropertyHigher representation of women ininformal sectorContribution to urbanvulnerabilityWomen have prime responsibility for‘reproductive’ labour; lack of time toengage in ‘productive’ labourWomen have prime responsibility for‘reproductive’ labour; lack of time toengage in ‘productive’ labourConstraints on women’s mobility andinvolvement in certain activitiesLimited access to productive resourcesLower wages and lack of financialsecurityContribution to climatevulnerabilityLimited financial assets to buildresilience and to cope with disastereventsAdditional domestic responsibilitieswhen access to food, water andsanitation are disrupted; additionaltime required to care for young, sickand elderlyHigher mortality from disaster eventsdue to lack of skills and knowledgeLimited ability to invest in more resilientland or shelterDamage to homes and neighbourhoodsaffects women’s incomes more severelyas income-earning activities are oftenundertaken at homeSafety and security in public spaces Limited freedom to use public space Particular problem in temporaryaccommodation / relocation sites; highrates of sexual abuse and violenceLimited engagement of women inplanning processesUrban plans fail to meet particularneeds of women and childrenClimate adaptation plans fail to meetneeds of women and children; failureto incorporate women’s perspectivesmay result in higher levels of risk beingacceptedand social development as a result of early experiences. Heatwaves particularly affectelderly residents of temperate cities where the building stock is not suited to continuoushigh temperatures – the 2003 European heatwave was associated with more than70,000 additional deaths across the continent.Finally, in addition to morbidity and mortality as a result of one-off events, climatechange will also result in qualitatively different patterns of health burdens on urbanpopulations. Weather and climate also influence air pollution-related mortality andmorbidity, the prevalence of mosquito- and tick-borne diseases and the spread ofwater- and food-borne diseases, e.g., through survival of bacterial pathogens and thetransportation of disease organisms into water supplies. In northern Mexico, heatwaveshave been correlated with increases in mortality rates; 10 per cent of summerdeaths are associated with heat strain in Buenos Aires, Argentina; and records showincreased cases of diarrhoea in Peru.122
Strictly under embargo until Wednesday 22 September at 00:01 GMT (02:01 Geneva time)Addressing the causes of climate change:The role of cities in climate change mitigationUltimately, reducing the risk of climate change requires global strategies to limit theatmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases. Without substantial coordinatedefforts to reduce emissions, vast areas of the earth’s surface – including many largeurban centres – will be affected by catastrophic changes in their climate. For instance,the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report noted the possibility of global warming causing apartial de-glaciation of the Greenland ice sheet and the West Antarctic ice sheet, whichwould contribute to a sea-level rise of several metres that would imply major changesin coastlines and inundation of low-lying areas. But the time frame for this is uncertainand this change could be prevented if governments follow IPCC recommendations foremissions reduction.In this regard, climate change mitigation can be seen as the most effective form ofclimate change-related disaster risk reduction, and is an area in which cities can play akey role. As stated previously, most of the earth’s population has made a minimal contributionto climate change and the burdens of mitigation ought not to be borne bythese societies. In high- and many middle-income nations, however, urban areas needto be at the forefront of taking responsibility for climate change and reducing theiremissions accordingly. Although the contribution of urban areas to global greenhousegas emissions cannot be accurately quantified, the consumption behaviour of wealthyurban residents is a significant contributor to this. Similarly, various mitigation activitiescan also yield substantial public health benefits, including greater levels of physicalactivity and lower levels of air pollution.A range of urban activities and sectors contribute considerably to greenhouse gasemissions. These include energy supply (direct and through electricity generationfrom thermal power stations), transportation, industry and waste. Urban authoritiesare able to contribute to emissions reductions in different ways, for example, by providingimproved public transportation options or by providing incentives for homeownersto fit more energy-efficient appliances. Cities such as New York and Londondemonstrate that large and dense urban settlements offer opportunities for reducingcarbon footprints – the average resident of New York generates just 30 per cent ofthe emissions of the average American and the average London resident generatesjust 55 per cent of the emissions of the average UK resident. Indeed, long-term planningto reshape urban form and structure may result in much more efficient publictransportation infrastructure that meets both environmental and social needs. However,efforts to reduce emissions also need to take a ‘consumption-based’ approach,recognizing that many of the goods and services consumed by urban residents (particularlyin more affluent countries) – including food, energy and consumer goods– are associated with emissions from outside the urban area itself and frequently fromother countries.World Disasters Report 2010 – Focus on urban risk123
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190ANNEX 2Strictly under embargo un
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214INDEXStrictly under embargo unti
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The International Federationof Red
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