Analysis Techniques For Man-Machine Systems Design

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NATO UNCLASSIFIEDAC/243(Panel 8)TR/7 - 126-Volume 2drnE=3movementvisionandFigure 6.2.a: Officer of the Watch movements (links) on a destroyer bridgeduring three harbour entrances and exits showing obstacles to movement-LZ: .:Obstructions0 movementmovementFigure 6.2.b:Improved bridge layout developed from link analysis(Evans, Walker, & Beevis, 1984)NATO UNCLASSIFIED-126-
NATO UNCLASSIFIED- 127 - AC/243(Panel-8)TR/7Volume 2Inputs to the techniqueLink analysis requires information on the elements, thelinks between them, and their frequency and importanceof use. That information can be derived from studies ofan existing system, using eye movement records, timelapsefilm, video, or manual records, or from a detailedtask analysis. The technique could also use the outputfrom some SAINT simulations (5.2). The data areusually presented in a table (or correlation matrix),showing the frequencies of the links between thedifferent elements.Outputs of the techniqueThe technique results in diagrams or drawings of thelayout of the equipment or interface (see Fig. 6.2.b forexample).When to useLink analysis should be used early in the design phase, once data are available for the analysis. It requires input froma detailed task analysis, or from an analysis of an existing system (an activity analysis).RelatedtechniquesLink analysis is an Industrial Engineering technique. It is related to some operational research techniques for thesolution of transportation problems.Resources requiredLink analysis can be conducted using paper and pencil. if necessary. More advanced techniques such as the use oflinear programming, or Hendy's LOCATE approach (Hendy, 1989). require computing facilities.AdvantagesLink analysis is very effective for summarizing themultitude of details provided by task analyses, andreducing them to a form which is directly applicable tothe design of the system.DisadvantagesThe choice of the cost function can be subjective. Thesolution of a link analysis problem becomes very difficultif more than eight or ten items are being considered. Thevalidation of competing designs is difficult and timeconsuming.Relative contributionFew data are available. Some users rate its contribution very highly.ApplicationsLink analysis has been used for the development of a number of human-machine interfaces. Shackel (1961) reportedNATO UNCLASSIFIED- 127-
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Analysis Techniques For Man-Machine Systems Design

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