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Analysis Techniques For Man-Machine Systems Design

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED7 - AC1243(Panel-8)TRflVolume Iconditions in which real world observations and field studies are made are very close to actualoperations. This is true to a lesser extent for simulator studies (see Fig.1.6). Generally, theseapproaches (real world observations and field trials) are suited to description and analysis of themission, incidents and accidents and the operator's activities. Simulator and laboratoryexperiments are aimed at prediction of performance for routine and emergency conditions undercontrolled environmental conditions. but have the drawback of doubtful generalization from theardficial test conditions to reality.High Fidelity with the real world LowObservations andmeasurements in - Games -*othereal worldX.~..........- Field studies Monte-Carlo3 an-in-the-ioop simulationsa: . simulationsRaoid-- Ra- ,prototyping-,a*-.. Mathematicalmodels-o*- Laboratory experiments -N-. l Psychological tests -OLow HighFigure 1.6: Hypothetical relationship between conditions to measure humanmachineperformance and control of factors affecting performance.(after Chapanis & Van Cott. 1972)14. From a methodological viewpoint there would be an optimum in simulatorexperiments, -which have sufficient representation of the real world to generalize results forpractical conditions and are sufficiently controlled to allow the interpretation of results. This typeof experiment offers the opportunity to judge human variance in performance relative to thevariance due to the use of alternative pieces of equipment, procedures, etc. Rapid prototypinginvolves the use of representations of human-machine interfaces in quasi-realistic scenarios. Atthe right hand side of Figure 1.6, representing the extreme of abstraction from the real world, arethe pure computer-simulation studies which model human behaviour in a deterministic orstochastic way. Simulations using mathematical models may incorporate human characteristics,including a certain randomness in performance. In essence, however, models remaindeterministic/stochastic and can reveal "unpredicted" interactions of behaviour with equipment toonlv a limited extent. Human performance models have been reviewed bv another ResearchStudy Group of NATO DRG Panel 8 (see McMillan et al., 1989; 1991).15. From the svstems engineering viewpoint, however, most activities in systemsdesign/development involve analvsis and synthesis of a design solution. Therefore, this reportconcentrates on human engineering analysis techniques. Those analyses can identify the humanNATO U. NCLA-SSIFTED

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