Analysis Techniques For Man-Machine Systems Design
Analysis Techniques For Man-Machine Systems Design Analysis Techniques For Man-Machine Systems Design
N ATO UNCLASSIFIEDAC/243(Panel 8')TR/7 - 66-Volume 2The human factors and human engineering literature include many references to the development and use of TaskTaxonomies. Although Task Taxonomies were the fifth most frequently used technique reported in a survey of humanengineering techniques in thirty-three acquisition projects, the conclusion of the Research Study Group was that theyare not recommended for generic use. The reason for this conclusion is that no taxonomy which was examined metthe requirements that its categories of tasks were exhaustive and exclusive and at the same time were applicable to awide range of applications. Therefore, no Task Taxonomy has been included in this review.Table 4.1:Applicability of task analysis techniques to different projectsTechnique Simple system (e.g., Medium-complexity High-complexity Complex multi-manrifle, hand-held radio) system (e.g., 1-man system (e.g. ,1-place system (e.g., shipradar consoie) attack aircraft) combat centrel4.1 Time lines low medium medium high4.2 Flow process charts low not relevant not relevant low4.3 Operational Sequence high high high highDiagrams4.4 Information/ high medium medium lowaction tabulations4.5 Critical Task Analysis low low high high4.6 Decision tables not relevant low medium mediumReferences and Bibliography1. DeGreene, K.B. (19SI0). Systems analysis techniques. In: K. DeGreene (Ed.), Systems psvcholoev, (pp. 79-130).New York: McGraw-Hill.2. Diaper, D. (Ed.) (1989). Task analysis for human-computer interaction. Chichester, U.K.:Ellis Horwood Ltd.3. Dillon, A. (1991). Requirements for hypertext applications: the why, what and how approach. AppliedErgonoD 22 (4), 258-262.4. Drury, C.G., Paramore, B., Van Cott, H.P., Grey, S.M.. & Corlett, E.N. (1987). Task analysis. In: G.Salvendy, (Ed.), Handbook of human factors, Chapter 3.4. New York: John Wiley & Sons.5. Duncan, K-D. (1974). Analytical techniques in training design. In: E. Edwards, F.P. Lees (Eds.), The humanpierator in nrocess control. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd.6. Gillies, GJ. (1984). Task analysis and task synthesis. In: S.C. Merriman, F. Muckler, H. Howells, B.R. Olive,& D. Beevis (Eds.), Workshop on apnlications of systems er-onomics to weapon system development. Volume1. technical saners. (pp. B-23 - B-40). NATO DS/A/DR(84)408.7. Grant, A.S., & Mayes, J.T. (1991). Cognitive task analysis? In: G.R.S. Weir, J.L. Ally (Eds.), Humancomputerinteraction and complex systems, (pp. 147-167). New York: Academic Press Ltd.8. Hodgkinson, G.P., & Crawshaw, C.M. (1985). Hierarchical task analysis for ergonomics research. AppliedErgonomicL s (4). 289-299.9. Hollister, W.M. (1986). Improved guidance and control automation at the man-machine interface. Neuilly surSeine, France: AGARD AR-228.NATO UNCLASSIFIED- 66 -
NATO UNCLASSIFIED- 67 -~ AC/243(Panel-8)TR/7Volume 2nanieya10. Jhnson, P., Diaper, D., & Long, 1. (1985). Tasks, skills and knowledge: task analysis for knowledge based1 descriptions. In: B. Shackel (Ed.), Human s INTERC 4, (pp. 499-503). Nolh Holland:decitosEI:B hcel(d) ua-computer interaction - _NEAT8, 9953. ot HladElsevier Science Publishers B.V.11. Kearsley, G. (1987). The problem analysis disc: A human factors tool for personal computers. CSTG Bulletin- 14 (3), 18-19.12. Laughery, K.R. Snr., & Laughery, K.R. Jr. (1987). Analytic techniques for function analysis. In: G. Salvendy(Ed.), Handbook of human factors. New York. John Wiley & Sons.13. Malone, T.B., & Micocci, AJ. (1975). Development and validation of methods of man-machine interfaceevaluation, Final report. Alexandria, VA: Essex Corp., NASA CR 142824.14. McCrobie, (1986). Application of MacProject to the task analysis process. Human Factors Society Bulletin 29(3). p. 5.15. McMillan, G.R., Beevis, D., Salas, E., Strub, M.H., Sutton. R. & van Breda, L. (Eds). (1989). Applications ofhuman jerformance models to system design. New York: Plenum. Defense Research Series Vol. 2.16. Meister, D. (1971). Human factors: Theory and practice, New York: Wiley.17. Meister, D. (1985). Behavioral analysis and measurement methods. New York: Wiley Interscience.| 18. Miller, R.B. (1953). A method for man-machine task analysis. (WADC Technical Report 53-137). Ohio: WrightAir Development Center. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.19. NATO MAS (1991). Application of human engineerini to advanced aircraft ststems. STANAG 3994 Al(Edition I) Brussels: NATO Military Agency for Standardization.20. Redding, R.E. (1989). Perspectives on cognitive task-analysis: the state of the state of the state of the arL In:Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd. Annual Mcctine. 1348-1352.21. Rice, J. R. (1988). ExcelM"' spreadsheet software aids task analysis. Human Factors Society Bulletin. a1 (3) 6-7.22. Shepherd, A. (1989). Analysis and training in information technology tasks. In: D. Diaper (Ed.), Task analysisfor human-computer interaction, Chapter 1, (pp. 15-54). Chichester: Ellis Horwood Ltd.23. St.Denis, G, & Beevis, D. (1991). Linking rapid prototyping and human factors analyses. In: Procccdines of the24 Annual Conference of the Human Factors Association of Canada. Toronto: Human Factors Association ofCanada24. Terranova, M., Snyder, C.E., Seamster, T.L., & Treitler, I.E. (1989). Cognitive task analysis: techniquesapplied to airborne weapons training. In: Proceedines of the Human Factors Socicty 3nrd. Annual Mccting, (pp.1358-1362).25. Woodson, W.E. (1981). Human factors desian handbook. New York: MicGraw-Hill Book Co.NATO UNCLASSIFIED-67 -
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NATO UNCLASSIFIED- 67 -~ AC/243(Panel-8)TR/7Volume 2nanieya10. Jhnson, P., Diaper, D., & Long, 1. (1985). Tasks, skills and knowledge: task analysis for knowledge based1 descriptions. In: B. Shackel (Ed.), Human s INTERC 4, (pp. 499-503). Nolh Holland:decitosEI:B hcel(d) ua-computer interaction - _NEAT8, 9953. ot HladElsevier Science Publishers B.V.11. Kearsley, G. (1987). The problem analysis disc: A human factors tool for personal computers. CSTG Bulletin- 14 (3), 18-19.12. Laughery, K.R. Snr., & Laughery, K.R. Jr. (1987). Analytic techniques for function analysis. In: G. Salvendy(Ed.), Handbook of human factors. New York. John Wiley & Sons.13. Malone, T.B., & Micocci, AJ. (1975). Development and validation of methods of man-machine interfaceevaluation, Final report. Alexandria, VA: Essex Corp., NASA CR 142824.14. McCrobie, (1986). Application of MacProject to the task analysis process. Human Factors Society Bulletin 29(3). p. 5.15. McMillan, G.R., Beevis, D., Salas, E., Strub, M.H., Sutton. R. & van Breda, L. (Eds). (1989). Applications ofhuman jerformance models to system design. New York: Plenum. Defense Research Series Vol. 2.16. Meister, D. (1971). Human factors: Theory and practice, New York: Wiley.17. Meister, D. (1985). Behavioral analysis and measurement methods. New York: Wiley Interscience.| 18. Miller, R.B. (1953). A method for man-machine task analysis. (WADC Technical Report 53-137). Ohio: WrightAir Development Center. Wright-Patterson Air <strong>For</strong>ce Base.19. NATO MAS (1991). Application of human engineerini to advanced aircraft ststems. STANAG 3994 Al(Edition I) Brussels: NATO Military Agency for Standardization.20. Redding, R.E. (1989). Perspectives on cognitive task-analysis: the state of the state of the state of the arL In:Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd. Annual Mcctine. 1348-1352.21. Rice, J. R. (1988). ExcelM"' spreadsheet software aids task analysis. Human Factors Society Bulletin. a1 (3) 6-7.22. Shepherd, A. (1989). <strong>Analysis</strong> and training in information technology tasks. In: D. Diaper (Ed.), Task analysisfor human-computer interaction, Chapter 1, (pp. 15-54). Chichester: Ellis Horwood Ltd.23. St.Denis, G, & Beevis, D. (1991). Linking rapid prototyping and human factors analyses. In: Procccdines of the24 Annual Conference of the Human Factors Association of Canada. Toronto: Human Factors Association ofCanada24. Terranova, M., Snyder, C.E., Seamster, T.L., & Treitler, I.E. (1989). Cognitive task analysis: techniquesapplied to airborne weapons training. In: Proceedines of the Human Factors Socicty 3nrd. Annual Mccting, (pp.1358-1362).25. Woodson, W.E. (1981). Human factors desian handbook. New York: MicGraw-Hill Book Co.NATO UNCLASSIFIED-67 -