Analysis Techniques For Man-Machine Systems Design

NATO UNCLASSIFIED 2AC/243(Panei 8)TR/7 -46 -Volume 2between them. will best implement the functional requirements. The more important guidelines which are relevant tohuman engineering are the principles of cohesion, coupling, and span of conrol (Yourdon, 1989).As noted above, function allocation is an implicit part of the engineering design process (Price, 1985) and may beconducted formally through Requirements Allocation (3.5). Analysts must find ways of conducting whatever formalanalyses are necessary within the general approach being taken to design. The specific approach taken to functionallocation will depend on factors such as the complexity of the project, extent of innovation involved, etc.Table 3.1:Applicability of function allocation techniques to different projects|Technique |Smpie system (e.g. Medium complexity High complexity Complex multi-manlrifle,hand-held radio) system (I man radar system (e g. 1 place system (e.g. shipconsole) attack aircraft) combat centre)3.1 Ahoc not relevant low low bow3.2 Fitts' list not relevant low low not relevant3.3 Reviewof potential not relevant low medium mediumoperator capabilities3.4 Function allocation not relevant low medium mediumevaluation matrix3.5 Requirements not-relevant low medium mediumAllocation SheetsAnalysts should remember that the state of the art in function allocation is not fully mature, and that advances insoftware are changing the concept of what functions should be allocated to the human system components. Incomplex systems, humans arc increasingly responsible for cognitive functions, which have been studied little untilrecently. If major changes are being made to the level of automation in a system concept, then the human engineeringanalyses should be supplemented by experimentation and simulation.References and Bibliography1. Beevis, D. (1987). Experience in the integration of human engineering effort with avionics systemsdevelopment In: The design development and testine of complex avionics systems. AGARD CP 417, (pp. 27-1- 27-9). Neuilly-sur-Seine, France: Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development.2. Chapanis. A. (1970). Human factors in systems engineering. In: K.B. De Greene (Ed.), Systems Psvcholotv(pp. 51-78). New York: McGraw-Hill Series in Management.3. Eggleston, Maj. R. (Ed.) (1988). Impact of future developments in electronic tchnolozv on cockpit enaineeni!.AGARD-R-757. Neuilly sur Seine, France: Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and DevelopmenL4. lKantowitz, BR., & Sorkixi, R.D. (1987). Allocation of functions. In: G. Salvendy (Ed.). Handbook of humanfactors (pp. 356-369). New York: John Wiley & Sons.5. Meister, D. (1985). Behavioral anal;sis and measurement methods. New York: Wiley Interscience.6. Price, HE. (1985). The allocation of functions in systems. Human Factors, 2 (1) 33-45.7. Price, H.E. (1990). Conceptual system design and the human role. In: H. Booher (Ed.). MANPRINT: Anapproach to systems integration. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.8. Schuffel, H. (1989). The ship's wheelhouse of the nineties: The navigation performance and mental workload ofthe watehofficer. Journal of Navination.9. Sheridan, T.B., Vimos, T., & Aida, S. (1983). Adapting automation to man, culture and society. AutimaLiQ129 6. 605-612.NATO UNCLASSIFIED- 46 -