Vol. 6 Num. 1 - GCG: Revista de GlobalizaciÃ³n, Competitividad y ...

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Clemente Hernández-Rodríguez & Raúl Francisco Montalvo-Corzoclustered in electronics, traditional sectors (shoes, tequila, jewelry, textile, and clothing design),aerospace, film, automotive, and electronics industries (Hernandez and Von Putlitz,2009). These are supported by government institutions that provide consulting and loans tomicro- and small enterprises. There is also a government body in charge of linking businessand academia in terms of technological innovation and a center that supervises and providessupport to the electronics supply chain, which is the state’s largest cluster (Hernandez andVon Putlitz, 2009; OECD, 2009a; OECD, 2009b). The state is climbing the competitivenessscale from the year 2004 (ITESM-FEMSA, 2009).73The state of Chihuahua holds one of Mexico’s first clusters, dating from the 1990s. Its evolutionhas been gradual, and it currently serves the national economy significantly in theagribusiness sector with a chain of production companies of livestock feed, breeding, milkproduction, and genetic engineering, and in the automotive and aerospace production ofharnesses for aircraft and helicopters, turbines, airframes, and emergency slides. The statehas a developed network of institutions supporting the cluster. High trade openness andgovernment efficiency are among its strengths (Neri, 2008, ITESM-FEMSA, 2009).Guanajuato is home to a significant production of footwear and leather products (ITESM-FEMSA, 2009), and automobiles have also been recently identified as a candidate to enterinto a cluster initiative. To that end, the state government has promoted the involvementof academia and the productive sector by identifying demand for professionals as well astraining. For this, it works with training centers for labor. In addition, the state government investsthrough support loans for micro- and small enterprises that integrate the supply chainof these sectors (Unger, 2009). The state has high levels of training among its workers.Other Mexican states have business agglomerations that have formed over time but have notyet formalized into a cluster initiative. Their state governments establish lines of action thatimpact them through the use of national support, with no one institution directly in charge oftheir business operations as a cluster. However, these economic activities can be an importantfinancial support or represent the vocation of the state (ITESM-FEMSA, 2009).4. Methodology: Radars as means of comparing the impacts of clustersSo far, in order to reach our goal, we have taken the first step of the study, i.e., to set thebases of the research with a summary of various definitions proposed by different authorsthat help us delimit the meaning of a business cluster. We then analyze the definitions tocategorize their common elements.4.1. Dimensions of the Impacts of ClustersWe found that there are seven dimensions in the clusters’ advantages that we were interestedin comparing in the PRC and Mexican experience. Therefore, to know the positive effectsGCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 55-90
Entrepreneurial Clusters in China and Mexico –implications for Competitiveness74of clusters in the local economies, the dimensions of analysis are the following seven:(1) Agglomeration economies,(2) Knowledge spillovers,(3) Increased productivity and efficiency,(4) Positive impact in the operation,(5) Economic impact,(6) Sociopolitical Impact, and(7) Competitiveness.The next step is to seek indexes that were considered for the creation of each one of thedimension parameters.Table 2: Variables (cluster’s measurement)Variables toMeasureMeasurement UnitReferencesRanking on Ease of Doing Business (2009)World BankBusiness EnvironmentNumber of Days to Start a Business (days) (2008)World BankEconomic Incentive Regime (2009)World BankInvestment AttractionForeign Direct Investment Coming into theCountry (2008)UNCTADBusinessInnovationNumber of Patents Created in the Year(2008)Innovation Capacity (2009)US Patent and Trademark OfficeWorld BankKnowledgePublic Expenditure on Education as Percentage ofTotal Government Spending(2007)UNDPSocial Knowledge Indicator KAM (2009)World BankLevel of Entrepreneurship Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEINDEX) (2009) Friedrich Schiller UniversityPopulation Index of Cities with HighestConcentration of People (2010)UNDPSecondary Sector GDP (Dollars) (2010)Secondary Sector Population (People) (2010)CIA - The World FactbookCIA - The World FactbookAgglomeration EconomiesGDP Per Capita of Secondary Sector (2010)CIA - The World FactbookElectricity Consumption 1,000 Millions kWhCIA - The World FactbookPetroleum Consumption 1,000 MillionsBarrels/YearCIA - The World FactbookEconomicProductivityNatural Gas Consumption 1,000 Millions m3Productivity Levels in 2008 (GDP per Hourworked) (1990=100)CIA - The World FactbookInternational Labour OrganizationCompetitiveness Global Competitiveness Index (2009) World Economic ForumSolid Macroeconomy GDP Growth 2008 (%) International Monetary FundExportsExports 2007 (% of GDP)World Bank GroupHigh Technology Exports 2007 (% of GDP)World Bank GroupEmployment Rate (% of employed labor force)(2008)International Labour OrganizationSocietyJob GrowthsHuman Development Index 2009Percentage of GDP Dedicated to Education (2009)UNDPEurostatPolitical Instability Index (2009/10)Economist Intelligence UnitSource: Own creation.GCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 55-90
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CARTA DEL EDITOR IN CHIEFEditor in
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StaffDe la Torre, José, Dean, Chap
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Staff2. MULTINACIONALES, INVERSIÓN
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SELECCIÓN PROCEDURE PROCEDIMENTOIN
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Instrucciones para Autores y Proced
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INDEXACIÓN INDEXING INDEXAÇÃOInd
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Economic Relationships between Lati
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Economic Relationships between Lati
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Building the New Silk Road across t
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Zhu HongboIn fact, some Latin Ameri
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Zhu Hongbo5. Conclusions135China an
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1. Introduction137China’s emergen
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Edy WongTable One: Compositions of
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Edy WongTable 2: China’s R & D Ex
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Edy Wongon ‘new economic geograph
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Edy WongIn today’s global market,
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Edy Wongdemand-side factors in the
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Edy Wongterms of quality, reliabili
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Edy Wongindustry. Second, value cha
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Edy Wongconsumption of Western luxu
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Edy WongReferences155Child, J.; Rod
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