Vol. 6 Num. 1 - GCG: Revista de GlobalizaciÃ³n, Competitividad y ...

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Clemente Hernández-Rodríguez & Raúl Francisco Montalvo-CorzoYangtze delta region covers seven cities of Jiangsu Province, the city of Shanghai, whoseSpecial Management Zone does not belong to a province and reports directly to the centralgovernment, and 8 cities of Zhejiang Province (Li and Fung Research Centre, 2006a). ThePearl River Delta is located in Guangdong Province, which has twelve cities with businessclusters and is the location of the oldest cluster initiatives from the 1980s (Li and Fung ResearchCentre, 2006b). Since then, in the north, the areas surrounding the capital city and thecapital itself have also developed this type of business cluster (Li and Fung Research Centre,2006c). Although the west of the country is less developed than the above areas, nowadaysit is possible to find clusters in their initial stages that are beginning to participate fully innational production (Li and Fung Research Centre, 2010).67In its “statement to facilitate the development of industrial clusters”, issued by the NationalCommission for Reform and Development (NDRC, 2007), the central government recognizedthat clusters contribute to industrial development and provide economic development.The statement sets out specific actions, with regard to clusters, that include: strengtheningthe planning process, creating awareness on the best use of resources, improving businessleaders through specialization, encouraging innovation, promoting sustained growth, encouragingthe creation of regional brands through patenting, developing service providers, andensuring the coordinated location of businesses.Provincial governments have also established specific guidelines that contribute to the developmentof clusters installed within their borders, and have organized annual fairs for submittingthe marketing of their products.The Guangdong provincial government (People’s Government of Guangdong Province, 2007)is a pioneer in these kinds of policies, because it is the location of the first business clusterscreated under cluster initiatives. With economic growth and the need to expand, otherprovinces such as Shandong (People’s Government of Shandong Province, 2008), Shaanxi(People’s Government of Shaanxi Province, 2009), and the city of Chengdu in Sichuan Province(People’s Government of Chengdu, 2009) have also established specific policies.Based on their characteristics, the Li and Fung Research Centre (2006) identified five typesof clusters in China: self-growth, export-oriented, high technology, resource-driven, andmarket-driven.The first had its flowering in the early 1980s, consisted of small family businesses, and hadas its main attribute an intensive use of labor. This type of cluster’s products are low-techand have few barriers to entry. Examples of such clusters can be found in the productionof fireworks in the provinces of Jiangxi and Hunan, and the metal processing in the city ofZhongshan.Export clusters arose through foreign investment in the use of low-cost land and labor, andwere mainly in Pearl River Delta cities such as Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Zhongshan, Shunde, Nanhai,and Dongguan. They were dedicated to the industries of electronics and electrical products,textiles and clothing, footwear, plastics, financial services, and logistics.Beijing, located in the north, has a successful high-tech cluster. Being in an environment ofcompanies and research centers, it has become the nation’s largest center of research andGCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 55-90
Entrepreneurial Clusters in China and Mexico –implications for Competitiveness68development in information technology, and is found around Beijing and Tsinghua Universities,two of the best in China.Resource-driven clusters are formed by companies that depend on the availability of naturalresources, such as forestry, mining, or quarrying. In this way, China has developed furnitureand jewelry companies to continue their process of specialization and increase the quality oftheir products in general. Clusters of this classification can be found mainly in the provincesof Hunan and Jiangsu.In the market-driven type of clusters, there can be found wholesale distributors operating insupport of other clusters. Clusters can be classified as purely one type or another like thoselisted above, or as a mixture of the types.The massive development that China has experienced over the last thirty years lies in theseareas that have followed a plan organized by the government, with special attention topolicies that promote growth, while making efforts to integrate participants and improveclusters. However, links between the cluster participants are still weak (Liu, 2008).According to the Ministry of Science and Technology of the PRC (2008) the following importantindustrial areas (clusters) are distinguished:Zhuongguancun (ZGC) in Beijing.• Zhangjiang high-tech park in Shanghai.• Pearl River Delta.• Bonai Bay.• Yangtze River.So far, the country has had outstanding growth in the global economy, but is still at the absorptionstage of technology in both equipment and knowledge to provide support to thecompetitiveness challenges it now faces.3.2. Cluster Policies in MexicoIn Mexico, efforts to enhance national productivity are held at the state level. Through theidentification of motor activities, some of the entities have been able to visualize and implementcluster initiatives, while others have naturally witnessed the growth of a sector intheir territories, and in order to organize their efforts, they have also established initiatives.Several support institutions have joined the efforts of each state or have arisen as a result ofplanning the cluster initiative (OECD, 2009a, 2009b).Companies are the main support for productivity, and must operate with a regional visionin conjunction with national efforts. In Mexico, national policies do not sufficiently stimulatecompetitiveness in all regions, so there is a lack of a coordinated approach to regional developmentpolicies and thus an uneven performance across the country. National policies havefocused on poverty or infrastructure with greater emphasis, rather than on the developmentof competitiveness (OECD, 2009b).GCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 55-90
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CARTA DEL EDITOR IN CHIEFEditor in
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StaffDe la Torre, José, Dean, Chap
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Staff2. MULTINACIONALES, INVERSIÓN
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SELECCIÓN PROCEDURE PROCEDIMENTOIN
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Instrucciones para Autores y Proced
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INDEXACIÓN INDEXING INDEXAÇÃOInd
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Building the New Silk Road across t
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Zhu HongboIn fact, some Latin Ameri
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Zhu Hongbo5. Conclusions135China an
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1. Introduction137China’s emergen
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Edy WongTable One: Compositions of
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Edy WongTable 2: China’s R & D Ex
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Edy Wongon ‘new economic geograph
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Edy WongIn today’s global market,
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Edy Wongdemand-side factors in the
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Edy Wongterms of quality, reliabili
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Edy Wongindustry. Second, value cha
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Edy Wongconsumption of Western luxu
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Edy WongReferences155Child, J.; Rod
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