Vol. 6 Num. 1 - GCG: Revista de GlobalizaciÃ³n, Competitividad y ...

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Clemente Hernández-Rodríguez & Raúl Francisco Montalvo-CorzoThere is the possibility that newcomers to the cluster will be non-competitive, and thatthey will not have the benefits obtained by the pioneers such as cost reduction, specializedinfrastructure, and institutional support (Barkley, 2001). If there is no previous study or welldesignedplan of action, the entrepreneurs can lose interest and withdraw their participation,and thus this action discourages possible actors to get into the cluster project (Morales,2007). Therefore, clusters may discourage investment in innovation. Incorrect spatial andcommercial planning can cause the affiliates of the cluster to lose industrial feasibility anddamage its components. The lack of studies and projects can make the planning of aneconomic cluster less attractive, constraining the quantity of entrepreneurial nuclei thatbelong to it.653. Cluster policies in China and MexicoIndustrial policy is interested in economic structure, which is in turn concerned with productionmodels in different sectors, implying that it is related to adjustment measures, bothdirectly and indirectly promoting and slowing at the micro or macro levels 1 . Normally, industrialpolicy will be linked to income, sectoral policies, and regulations (Katzenstein, 1985;Eaton and Grossman, 1986). Industrial policy usually involves coordinated efforts betweenthe public and private sectors to develop new technologies and industries. For instance, governmentsprovide financial support and capital to private sectors by direct subsidies, fiscalrebates, or credit of state-owned banks.The aim of industrial policy is to influence (or foster) competitiveness and to reach economicpolicy objectives such as promoting employment, investment, growth, or balance with theforeign sector (Hernández, 2010). Industrial policy emphasizes cooperation between governments,banks, private firms, and workers to enhance the national economy. It is in thisfavorable economic environment that cluster policies are connected to industrial policy. Thecluster policy is important to support national and regional economic development policies(Asheim, Cooke and Martin, 2008; Sölvell, Lindqvist, and Ketels, 2003).This research compares the effects of business and industrial clusters in the People’s Republicof China (PRC) and Mexico. Before presenting the cluster outcomes, we present theprofile of each country regarding business clusters.The cluster concept has been addressed and used in different ways to explain economicdevelopment processes. Clusters have gained popularity and nowadays are considered keydrivers of economic development, innovation, and competitiveness. In the following paragraphs,we will discuss information concerning the clusters and their supporting institutionsin the cases of China and Mexico.1. Historically, the term “industrial policy” has been associated with some degree of indicative or economic planning, though this is not the connotationin this research. Governmental involvement in business planning is suspiciously watched from the liberal side. Critics of industrial policyclaim that governments can do nothing to improve things better than can the market forces related to choosing winners, and that such misguidedefforts can worsen the state of things.GCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 55-90
Entrepreneurial Clusters in China and Mexico –implications for Competitiveness66 3.1. Cluster Policies in the People’s Republic of ChinaAlthough it is possible to identify agglomerations of firms in the production of ceramic,porcelain, and silk many years ago 2 , business clusters in modern China were officiallystarted along with the beginning of economic reform in 1979, through the establishment of astrategic plan for the agglomeration of firms in which the government promoted the conceptof “one village, one product” (Bellandi and Di Tomasso, 2005).Using some parts of the province of Guangdong as evidence (Bellandi and Di Tomasso,2005), and with government support, the production of several products started in smallbusinesses. They evolved to form the country’s current industrial base. Today many of thesecompanies still exist, and some are still state-owned, although the majority belongs to privatecapital. All subsist and now operate under the aegis of the cluster. Figure 5 shows the mostrepresentative cities of China, where the government has identified business clusters alongwith their activities of specialization.Figure 5: Industrial Clusters in the People’s Republic of China●Urumqi-Petrochemical-Coal-MetallurgyIndustrial Clusters in China●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●Harbin-Industrial Equipment-Pharmaceutical-Petrochemical●Changchun-Optomechanics-Automotive-Auto Parts●Beijing-Automotive-IT-Biomedical●Taiyuan-Steel-Coal-Metallurgy●Jinan-Steel-Chemical Engineering-Apples●Zhengzhou-Steel-Wheat-Corn●Hefei-Automotive-Industrial Equipment-Household Appliances●Shanghai-Biotechnologi-Metallurgy-Petrochemical●Taipei-Biotechnology-Metallurgy-Petrochemical●Chengdu-Petrochemical-Biomedical-Metallurgy andConstruction Materials●Chongqing-Motorcycle-Instrumentation-WeaponsProduction●Guiyang-Aluminum-Solar Cells-InternationalScientific IndustrialBase●Kunming-Automotive-IndustrialEquipment-IT●Xian-Automotive-Aviation-IT●Changsha-Automotive-Tobacco-IndustrialEquipmentSource: Own creation.The emergence of clusters in China has been more intense in cities in the delta regions ofthe Yangtze and Pearl Rivers, due to their privileged location for receiving goods and theirproximity to Hong Kong and Macau, i.e. the potential investors of the time, whose developmenthad begun years in advance (Enright, Scott, and Chang, 2005). The cluster in the2. In China, industrial agglomerations have a long history. Jingdezhen has a ceramic and porcelain production group with a history more than1,400 years old, while Shengze city of Wujiang of Suzhou in Jiangsu Province has been one of the most famous silk centers for hundreds of years.GCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 55-90
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CARTA DEL EDITOR IN CHIEFEditor in
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StaffDe la Torre, José, Dean, Chap
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Staff2. MULTINACIONALES, INVERSIÓN
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SELECCIÓN PROCEDURE PROCEDIMENTOIN
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Instrucciones para Autores y Proced
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1161. A Brief History of Economic r
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Building the New Silk Road across t
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Zhu HongboIn fact, some Latin Ameri
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Zhu Hongbo5. Conclusions135China an
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1. Introduction137China’s emergen
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Edy WongTable One: Compositions of
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Edy WongTable 2: China’s R & D Ex
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Edy Wongon ‘new economic geograph
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Edy WongIn today’s global market,
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Edy Wongdemand-side factors in the
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Edy Wongterms of quality, reliabili
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Edy Wongindustry. Second, value cha
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Edy Wongconsumption of Western luxu
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Edy WongReferences155Child, J.; Rod
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