Vol. 6 Num. 1 - GCG: Revista de GlobalizaciÃ³n, Competitividad y ...

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Clemente Hernández-Rodríguez & Raúl Francisco Montalvo-Corzoment, attraction of new business and investments, reduction in production costs, facilitationof the search of funds, and commercialization of academic research (Ketels, Lindqvist andSölvell, 2006).635. Economic impactsThe economic benefits that may accrue to firms when clustering or co-locating are known asthe existence argument of clusters. In terms of economic impact, some benefits of clustersare increased cooperation, increased economic importance of the region, a wider range ofmarket economy, an improvement in innovative capacity, an increase in the number of localfirms, an increase in the use of local suppliers and sales, more levels in the value chain, andincreased competitiveness (Ketels, Lindqvist and Sölvell, 2006).Clusters as economic policy tools are a part of a new approach to economic developmentpolicies. There is a resources alignment, relating technology, skills, information, marketing,and market necessities. Thanks to clusters, new roles are assigned to the private sector,government, and associations, uniting enterprises of all sizes, creating a dialogue forum,identifying common opportunities, and generating a guide to socioeconomic order policies(Ketels, 2003).6. Other benefits to societySocial benefits also are part of the existence argument of clusters. Other advantages generatedby the clusters include: the publicity impact; a high demand for raw material (whichattract suppliers); the easy access to different markets, technology, and business partners;the opportunity to receive subcontracting; marketing, purchases, entertainment, and jointtesting; closer complementary products; localized economies that reduce costs; and accessto a generous potential of employers and a larger pool of labor (Kerala Government, 2004).7. Summary of the positive impactsFigure 4 summarizes the seven impacts of the clusters: (1) Knowledge spillovers, (2) Agglomerationeconomies, (3) Increases in productivity and efficiency, (4) Positive impact in theoperation, (5) Economic impact, (6) Sociopolitical Impact, and (7) Competitiveness.GCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 55-90
Entrepreneurial Clusters in China and Mexico –implications for Competitiveness64 Figure 4: Common elements in the beneficial impacts (advantages) derived from clustersSource: Own creation.2.4. Negative impacts of clustersMaskell and Kebir (2006) argue that the profundity of the notion of ‘clusters’ is conditionalon the coherence of two fundamental issues associated with the concept: the extensionargument and the exhaustion argument. The extension argument is related to thediseconomies encountered when clustering exceeds certain geographical and sectoralthresholds. The exhaustion argument refers to the possible erosion of economies and onsetof diseconomies over the lifecycle of the cluster.Duranton (2007) identifies two main inefficiencies associated with clusters: the failure ofcoordination and the uncompensated externalities in production. The first one, coordinationfailures, happens because clusters tend to be ‘too big’. One way to solve this problem isto restrict the size of existing clusters or to create new ones. The second inefficiency isabout external effects at the root of the agglomeration/clustering that also make productioninefficient in clusters. It is necessary to fix those inefficiencies in production.According to Meyer-Stamer and Harmes-Liedtke (2005), another disadvantage of clustersis that inputs and labor costs are less competitive over time due to the strong competition.Moreover, there is a dependency in a geographical zone on industries belonging to thecluster. So if the cluster is badly affected by something, then the region also suffers thatnegative impact.GCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 55-90
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CARTA DEL EDITOR IN CHIEFEditor in
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StaffDe la Torre, José, Dean, Chap
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Staff2. MULTINACIONALES, INVERSIÓN
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SELECCIÓN PROCEDURE PROCEDIMENTOIN
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Promote China-Latin American Relati
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1161. A Brief History of Economic r
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Building the New Silk Road across t
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Zhu HongboIn fact, some Latin Ameri
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Zhu Hongbo5. Conclusions135China an
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1. Introduction137China’s emergen
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Edy WongTable One: Compositions of
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Edy WongTable 2: China’s R & D Ex
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Edy Wongon ‘new economic geograph
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Edy WongIn today’s global market,
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Edy Wongdemand-side factors in the
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Edy Wongterms of quality, reliabili
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Edy Wongindustry. Second, value cha
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Edy Wongconsumption of Western luxu
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Edy WongReferences155Child, J.; Rod
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Vol. 6 Num. 1 - GCG: Revista de GlobalizaciÃ³n, Competitividad y ...

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