Vol. 6 Num. 1 - GCG: Revista de GlobalizaciÃ³n, Competitividad y ...

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Clemente Hernández-Rodríguez & Raúl Francisco Montalvo-Corzo2. Business and Industrial Clusters: Literature Review57From the Ricardian concept of comparative advantage and national and regional specialization,theory demonstrates that certain geographic locations specialize in particular sectors,thus gaining competitiveness (Porter, 1990). Marshall contributed to greater firm productivityby tying the phenomenon of agglomeration of specialized economic activity with Krugman’sNew Economic Geography (Krugman, 1998) Indeed, the cluster approaches are based onthe idea of externalities (illustrated by Marshall’s work on the ‘Industrial district’; Marshall(1920)), on the competitiveness issue (illustrated by Porter’s theory of cluster growth; Porter,2000a), and on a territorial perspective (illustrated by the GREMI approach; Porter, 2000b).2.1. Definitions of Business ClustersClustering has been happening spontaneously throughout time. However, there is not yet acommon universal understanding of what a cluster is, nor a common theoretical frameworkto explain the phenomenon. The diversity of academic approaches to clusters results indifferent definitions and terms being used by academics and policy makers (associations,business networks, industrial districts, milieu, etc.All the concepts, from a microeconomic perspective, regarding business and industrialclusters, identified in this paper as entrepreneurial clusters, have elements in common. Forsome, clusters are a question of localization, proximity, or specialization [Chakravorty, Kooand Lall (2003), Cortright (2006), ITDWB (2009), Kerala Government (2004), Ketels, Lindqvistand Sölvell (2006), Lundvall (2003), Malberg and Power (2006), Maskell and Kebir (2006),Rosenfeld (1996, 2002), and Sonobe and Otsuka (2006)]. For others they are the result ofstrategies (from institutions) on producers, mainly to promote exports [Cooke and Huggins(2003), ECPG (2010), Ellison and Glaeser (1994), Isbasoiu (2007), Ketels (2003), Porter (1998),Rosenfeld (1997), and SBEDP (2001)].Clustering occurs at a larger scale (full global value-chain) and can change and take a varietyof forms [OECD (1999), and UNIDO (2001)]. Figure 1 summarizes the common elements inthe previous definitions of clusters.GCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 55-90
Entrepreneurial Clusters in China and Mexico –implications for Competitiveness58Figure 1: Common elements in the definitions of business clustersSource: Own creation.Nevertheless, before any analysis of clusters we need to have a general definition of a businesscluster. In general, a business cluster, also known as an industrial cluster is a grouprepresenting the geographic concentration of interconnected businesses in an industry thatshares inputs related to production, a specialized workforce, distribution and communicationchannels, and partnership networks. These can be characterized as production networksof strongly interdependent firms (including specialized suppliers), agencies of knowledgeproduction (universities, research institutes, engineering firms), intermediary institutions(brokers, consultants), and also distribution channels and consumers, linked to one anotherin an added value chain in the production process (see these interrelations in Figure 2).Figure 1: Common elements in the definitions of business clustersSource: Own creation.GCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 55-90
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CARTA DEL EDITOR IN CHIEFEditor in
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1081. IntroductionChina and Latin A
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Promote China-Latin American Relati
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1161. A Brief History of Economic r
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Building the New Silk Road across t
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Zhu HongboIn fact, some Latin Ameri
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Zhu Hongbo5. Conclusions135China an
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1. Introduction137China’s emergen
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Edy WongTable One: Compositions of
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Edy WongTable 2: China’s R & D Ex
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Edy Wongon ‘new economic geograph
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Edy WongIn today’s global market,
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Edy Wongdemand-side factors in the
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Edy Wongterms of quality, reliabili
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Edy Wongindustry. Second, value cha
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Edy Wongconsumption of Western luxu
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Edy WongReferences155Child, J.; Rod
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