Vol. 6 Num. 1 - GCG: Revista de GlobalizaciÃ³n, Competitividad y ...

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Edy WongIn today’s global market, the boundary or distinction between a hierarchical and networkvalue chain is not always permanent. Network value chains can evolve into quasi-hierarchiesthrough mergers and acquisitions by dominant firms who aim to gain control of the valuechain for their own interests.145It is important to know a firm’s role in a value chain if we are to understand how it may goabout changing its position and whether such change is likely to succeed. How firms relateto each other in the value chain will not only determine how their value chain positions mayevolve over time, but also predict the likely outcomes of any disruptions to the existing valuechain. For instance, it would be more difficult for a firm in a quasi-hierarchy than for a firmwithin a network value chain to move up the value chain unilaterally by producing a moresophisticated product or adapting its product for a different target market. This is becausesuch a move is likely to invite resistance from the value chain leader, who may not welcomethe new competition this would bring. On the other hand, the value chain leader of a quasihierarchymay encourage or even facilitate a firm’s move up the value chain if it is required forits own strategic interest, such as changing its own product mix or improving product quality,for example. In the latter case, a lead firm in the value chain who wants to switch to moresophisticated products or expand their product offerings would actively assist a Chinese firmto move up the value chain through acquisition of new kills and capabilities.This means a unilateral attempt by firms within a quasi-hierarchy to move up the value chainwithout client cooperation may engender barriers and resistance that would make such amove difficult. They must be prepared to overcome various market barriers and competitiveresponses from existing producer or lead firms up the value chain. After all, international leadfirms or leaders up the value chain can be expected to react to new market entrants andcompetition adversely. The ability of Chinese firms to compete with international firms furtherup the value chain will thus be a crucial success factor in upgrading their position in the globalvalue chain. As we will discuss subsequently, most international value chains are dominatedby multinational firms who enjoy significant advantages in areas such as international brandequity, management and marketing expertise, design capability, and ownership of existingdistribution channels. Overcoming these advantages will not be an easy task for Chinesefirms aspiring to a similar position in the global value chain.Within the macro environment created by government policy and value chain relations, thequestion of value chain upgrade can also be approached from the firm’s micro perspective.In general, there are four types of value chain upgrades a firm may wish to pursue 8 . Theyare: (1) process upgrading through better technology or more efficient production systems;(2) product upgrading via movement into more sophisticated product lines (up the supplychain); (3) functional upgrading by acquiring new functions or increasing the skill level ofactivities; and (4) inter-sector upgrading through movements into new activities. Not all ofthese upgrading categories offer the same technical and economic challenges. For example,process and product upgrading are underscored by technical considerations that are moredirectly subject to a firm’s control and influence than functional and inter-sectoral upgrading.A firm can be expected to exert greater influence on the outcomes of process and productupgrading as they are immediately related to a firm’s efficiency and competitiveness. Thebarriers to upgrading presented by value chain relations are not immediately apparent and8. These categories are adapted from Humphrey and Schmitz (2002).GCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 136-155
China’s Move up the Value Chain. A Framework for Analysis146 threatening. Consequently, process and product upgrading is where one would expectChina to experience and demonstrate the most success in moving up the value chain. Therequirements of the different types of upgrade for new technology, process, and marketaccess, as well as the degree of control a firm may exert over the upgrade, are presentedin Table 4.Table 4: Comparative Views of value Chain UpgradeType of UpgradeNew TechnologyRequired?New ProcessRequired?New MarketNecessary?Degree of FirmControlProcess Yes Yes No GreatProduct Yes Yes No/Maybe GreatFunctional Yes Yes Yes SmallInter sectoral Yes Yes Yes SmallHowever, China’s objective of value chain upgrade calls for more than just process andproduct upgrading. Functional and inter-sectoral upgrading are important elements of thisobjective. Production of high technology products and entry into markets for these productsare considered essential to creating a modern Chinese economy. This means China’sattempt to move up the value chain in high technology products is constrained by macrofactors such as value chain relations and market forces beyond the firm’s immediate control.A synthesis of the aforementioned factors is attempted in the next section in order to assessthe prospects of China’s value chain upgrade strategy.5. A Framework for AnalysisComplex supply chain relations and organizations underlie today’s value chains. They areintended to compete with other value chains with maximum efficiency across the entirevalue chain. Modern value chain relations are fashioned to achieve a high level of efficiencyand consumer responsiveness. Cooperation and collaboration throughout the value chainare essential to the efficacy and viability of such chains. This means any attempt by a valuechain member to modify or terminate its role in the value chain will cause a disruption infundamental value chain relations if not coordinated with value chain partners. The potentialbenefits accruing to a chain member from a disruption of existing value chain relations mustbe balanced against their costs. Successful movements up the value chain are dependenton more than improvements in production capability and supportive government policies.Market demand, product distribution, and consumer acceptance are the other side of theproverbial coin.If improvement in productive capacity, product innovations, and enabling government policyare the supply-side factors, consumer preferences and market conditions are then theGCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 136-155
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CARTA DEL EDITOR IN CHIEFEditor in
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StaffDe la Torre, José, Dean, Chap
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Staff2. MULTINACIONALES, INVERSIÓN
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SELECCIÓN PROCEDURE PROCEDIMENTOIN
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Instrucciones para Autores y Proced
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INDEXACIÓN INDEXING INDEXAÇÃOInd
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Economic Relationships between Lati
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Miguel A. MontoyaThe rest of the pa
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International Joint Ventures among
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36Japanese Foreign Direct Investmen
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Japanese Foreign Direct Investment
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561. IntroductionClusters and indus
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Entrepreneurial Clusters in China a
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921. Introduction: Mexico and China
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Page 136 and 137: 1. Introduction137China’s emergen
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Page 146 and 147: Edy Wongdemand-side factors in the
Page 148 and 149: Edy Wongterms of quality, reliabili
Page 150 and 151: Edy Wongindustry. Second, value cha
Page 152 and 153: Edy Wongconsumption of Western luxu
Page 154: Edy WongReferences155Child, J.; Rod
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