Vol. 6 Num. 1 - GCG: Revista de GlobalizaciÃ³n, Competitividad y ...

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Building the New Silk Road across thePacific. Economic and trade relationsbetween China and Latin Americaafter the Financial Crisis in 2008Construcción de la Nueva Ruta de la Seda a través del Pacífico. Relaciones económicas ycomerciales entre China y Latinoamérica después de la Crisis Financiera de 2008Construir a Nova Rota da Seda no Pacífico. Relações económicas e comerciais entre China eAmérica Latina depois da Crise Financeira de 2008AREA: 1TYPE: Case115authorZhu Hongbo 1Institute ofInternational StudiesFudan University,Shanghai.Visiting scholarInstituto Asia Pacífico,Tecnológico deMonterreyiss@fudan.edu.cnChina and Latin America have had a long history of trade relations since the Silk Road across thePacific Ocean was explored in the 16 th century. In the 21 st century, trade between them has grownquickly, and China has become the second-biggest trade partner of Latin America. The financialcrisis in 2008 slowed this trade growth somewhat, but continued growth makes bilateral trademore important for both sides. Some challenges have arisen, including the imbalance of trade,trade structure, and investment, but trade is the cornerstone of deeper cooperation and greaterpotential in the future. Promoting the export of high-tech and manufactured goods and creatinga better investment environment were necessary for both sides in order to build better and closereconomic relations. The Cooperation Forum and Summit Conference were good platforms forfuture deeper cooperation, although this will still require hard work and more time.1. Corresponding Author:Office for Latin AmericanStudies; Institute of InternationalStudies; FudanUniversity, Shanghai,CHINA, C.P. 20043.Tecnológico de Monterrey,Campus Guadalajara; Av.General Ramon Corona2514; Zapopan; Jalisco45201; MEXICOChina y Latinoamérica han mantenido una larga historia de relaciones comerciales desde que la Ruta de la Seda através del Océano Pacífico fuera explorada en el siglo XVI. En el siglo XXI, el comercio entre estas regiones ha crecidorápidamente y China se ha convertido en el segundo mayor socio comercial de Latinoamérica. La crisis financiera de2008 ralentizó en cierto modo este crecimiento comercial, pero el crecimiento continuado hace que el comercio bilateralsea más importante para ambas partes. Han surgido algunos retos, como el desequilibrio del comercio, la estructuracomercial y la inversión, pero el comercio es la piedra angular para una colaboración más estrecha y para un mayorpotencial en el futuro. La promoción de las exportaciones de alta tecnología y de bienes manufacturados y la creaciónde un mejor entorno de inversión fueron necesarias para ambas partes al objeto de crear unas mejores y más estrechasrelaciones económicas. El Foro de Cooperación y la Conferencia de la Cumbre constituyeron unas plataformas positivaspara establecer una futura cooperación más estrecha, aunque esto todavía requerirá trabajar duro y más tiempo.A China e a América Latina têm um longo historial de relações, desde que a Rota da Seda no Oceano Pacífico foiexplorada no século XVI. No século XXI, o comércio entre ambas cresceu rapidamente, e a China tornou-se o segundomaior parceiro comercial da América Latina. A crise financeira de 2008 abrandou um pouco este crescimento comercial,mas o crescimento contínuo tornou o comércio bilateral mais importante para ambos os lados. Surgiram alguns desafios,incluindo o desequilíbrio do comércio, da estrutura comercial e do investimento, mas o comércio é o pilar da cooperaçãomais profunda e do maior potencial no futuro. Promover a exportação de alta tecnologia e manufactura, e criar umambiente mais propício ao investimento foram necessários para ambas as partes, de forma a construir melhores e maisestreitas relações económicas. O Fórum da Cooperação e a Conferência da Cimeira foram boas plataformas para umafutura cooperação mais profunda, embora ainda vá requerer trabalho árduo e mais tempo.DOIReceivedAccepted10.3232/GCG.2012.V6.N1.07 03.05.2011 01.03.2012GCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 115-135
1161. A Brief History of Economic relations between China and LatinAmerica1.1. Ancient TimesChina and Latin America have a long history of friendly relations in term of economic,trade, and cultural exchange. Beginning in the 16 th century, or the Ming dynasty in China,Chinese businessmen traded silk, china, tea, and other goods for silver, which wasshipped across the Pacific Ocean from Mexico and Latin America to Manila City in thePhilippines, a colony of Spain at that time. This was called the Silk Road of the Sea, orTrade of Silk for Silver. In colonial times, the production of silver in Latin America wasabout 100,000 -130,000 ton per year, 80% of silver was exported abroad and half of thatwent to China in exchange for Chinese silk and other goods, or for speculation 1 . The largeamount of silver used as hard currency contributed significantly to Chinese economicdevelopment during the late Ming dynasty through the Qing Dynasty, from the 16 th to 19 thcentury 2 .Furthermore, corn, sweet potatoes, potatoes, and other vegetables were introduced toChina due to the trade between China and Latin America in Manila. Instead of the traditionalwheat and rice in China, which had low production, these new foods from Americahad higher production, which contributed to the fast growth of the Chinese populationduring the Qing Dynasty (from the 17 th to early 20 th century), from about 100 million at theend of the Ming Dynasty to more than 400 million by the end of the Qing dynasty.1.2. The Cold WarSince the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, China has had toadopt a “one-sided policy”, that is, China joined the socialist camp headed by the SovietUnion and had no formal diplomatic relations with the western camp, including LatinAmerican countries. In this context, the Chinese government adopted polices of “Developingunofficial Diplomacy between people, building up closer economic and culturalrelations, and developing formal diplomatic relations step by step” 3 .Key WordsChina, LatinAmerica,EconomicRelations, SilkRoad, 21 st centuryPalabras ClaveChina,Latinoamérica,RelacionesEconómicas,Ruta de la Seda,siglo XXIPalavras-chaveChina, AméricaLatina, RelaçõesEconómicas,Rota da Seda,século XXIChina began trading with Latin America in the early 1950s, but with much difficulty. In1. Han Qi, The Relations between Latin American Silver and Chinese Economic development in Late Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, ChineseStudies about Latin America in the 21 st Century, Edited by Zhu Hongbo, Jiang shixue and Cai Tognchang, Fudan University Publishing house,Shanghai, China, April, 2007 (only available in mandarin). At that time, silver was more expensive in China than in Latin America, Europe,and other parts of the world, so some scholars thought that European businessmen just traded silver for gold with China in order to makea profit.2. The first paper currency in the world appeared in the Song Dynasty in China in roughly the 11 th century. But in the Yuan dynasty (theMongol dynasty, about 13 th -14 th century), the Mongol government issued too much paper currency to cover its huge deficit, and very highinflation lead to the disappearance of paper currency in China from then on. But gold and copper coin were not plentiful in China in term ofresources, so silver from America was important for promoting the market economy at that time. The Mexican silver coin with an eagle hada very great influence on Chinese currency systems, economics, and social life. It was used until 1949, when the People’s Republic was built.3. Zhang Xichang, Three Tides of Chinese diplomatic relations with the world, published by World Vision Publisher, 1998 (only available inmandarin).JEL CodesF14; O57GCG GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - UNIVERSIA ENERO-ABRIL 2012 VOL. 6 NUM. 1 ISSN: 1988-7116pp: 115-135
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CARTA DEL EDITOR IN CHIEFEditor in
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StaffDe la Torre, José, Dean, Chap
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Staff2. MULTINACIONALES, INVERSIÓN
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INDEXACIÓN INDEXING INDEXAÇÃOInd
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Economic Relationships between Lati
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Miguel A. MontoyaThe rest of the pa
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561. IntroductionClusters and indus
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Entrepreneurial Clusters in China a
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Page 136 and 137: 1. Introduction137China’s emergen
Page 138 and 139: Edy WongTable One: Compositions of
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Page 150 and 151: Edy Wongindustry. Second, value cha
Page 152 and 153: Edy Wongconsumption of Western luxu
Page 154: Edy WongReferences155Child, J.; Rod
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Vol. 6 Num. 1 - GCG: Revista de GlobalizaciÃ³n, Competitividad y ...

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