Annual Report 2005 - ETH - North-South Centre North-South Centre

An introduction to ZILLinking the logical framework to the ZIL vision and missionand the MDGsFighting poverty has become the overriding priority in thenew millennium. Since 2000, the Millennium DevelopmentGoals (MDGs) have become guiding objectives for developmentcooperation. Although the ZIL vision and mission statement,as agreed in 2003, does not make an explicit referenceto the MDGs, it is fully in line with this internationally acceptedagenda. In particular, ZIL contributes to the MDGs 1 and 7with the portfolio of its research programme, and to theMDG 8 by its efforts in capacity development and researchpartnerships with institutions in developing countries.Research on livestock systems is highly relevant to theMDG 1, i.e. to eradicating poverty and hunger, enabling theeconomic benefits of livestock as an asset of poor ruralhouseholds. Two-thirds of the rural poor keep livestock, andalmost 60 % of these rely on mixed crop-livestock systems.The consumption of animal source foods contributes to theovercoming of malnutrition, thus resulting in a healthier andmore productive population and increased school performanceof children (MDGs 1, 2, 4, 5, 6). If managed properly,livestock-keeping contributes to environmental sustainability(MDG 7). However, in achieving the MDGs, adequate policyconditions are needed to avoid negative side-effects onequity and the environment. Research on livestock systemstherefore has to respond to the challenges of technologydevelopment, increased understanding of system dynamicsand institutional and policy development.ZIL pursues the Millennium Development Goals and its ownvision and mission by means of its research programme. Atthe same time it strives for its own institutional developmentto become an ever more reliable partner for its counterpartsnationally and internationally. The figures above and on p. 6show how the research components on “Livestock systemsresearch in support of poor people” relate to the programmeobjective and to the overall goal of ZIL as expressed in itsmission statement.7

An introduction to ZILInstitutional development of ZILDuring the entire planning process for the next funding phase,SDC was a most constructive partner in shaping the programmeand strategy for the years to come. Without imposingrestrictions on ZIL researchers in defining the research agenda,SDC emphasised its pro-poor policy and the strong focus onthe MDGs as guiding principles. Furthermore, it demanded theincorporation of a new programme component for the institutionaldevelopment of ZIL.Inter alia, this request is based on the recommendations of theexternal review of ZIL. The review was conducted by SteveThompson from New Zealand, who had chaired the last externalreview of ZIL in 2002. The second reviewer was PhilippeAnkers, the Director of Vétérinaires sans frontières VSF-Suisse.The two reviewers came to the overall conclusion that ZIL willhave to define a broader role for itself:ZIL cannot and does not stand still. It faces particular challenges,as it moves into its “teenage” years, to understandthese international trends, to broaden its scope and fundingbase, increase the range of skills it can call upon, and as aconsequence, develop a new flexibility with regard to accommodatingthe requirements of different funders andresearch performers. In particular, the ZIL Board will need todevelop ways to allow, encourage, and even require, co-fundingfor ZIL at the programme and project levels. In order toaccess ZIL funding, we believe that ZIL members shouldexpect to bring co-funding opportunities to the table.We believe that these developments offer the chance for theETH Zurich to bring together a network of excellence in internationaldevelopment matters. Our view is that the ETHZurich can best serve the long term interests of world development,aid agencies, and researchers by creating in onebody a capacity which contains information exchange,networking, coordination and operating ability. Let us callthis a ZIDECO – Centre for International Development andCooperation.… Our task in making recommendations as an externalreview panel is to see the currents of change, the challengesand the opportunities that face ZIL. We see an opportunityto grow into an organisation which can make a more significantcontribution to developing world problems. Our recommendationsare not tempered by the barriers that willhave to be overcome. That stimulating challenge will restwith the Board and management of ZIL.The ZIL Board welcomed the analysis and recommendations ofthe external review panel. It prepared a response indicatingareas of immediate and future action of ZIL members, Boardand management. It stressed that steps had been taken andwill be taken pro-actively to seek the integration with relatedunits of the ETH Zurich, in particular the Network for InternationalDevelopment and Cooperation (NIDECO). This was tobe seen in the light of ongoing changes at the ETH Zurich,notably the creation of the School Domain of Earth,Environment and Natural Resources (S-ENETH).ZIL gratefully acknowledges the constructive role which SDChas played in this process. The SDC demonstrated its confidencein ZIL by signing the new contract for another four-yearphase before the institutional restructuring could be concluded.Now the challenge for ZIL is to live to up to these expectationsin 2006.8

An introduction to ZILNetworkingInstitutional integration as discussed above is impossiblewithout a strong existing network within the ETH Zurich. Themajor players NIDECO, NADEL, S-ENETH and the SchoolBoard and management have already been mentioned.Naturally, the link with NIDECO is particularly strong due tothe joint management of both units, and thanks to the participationof Emmanuel Frossard in the ZIL Board and theNIDECO Steering Committee. Unfortunately, Monika Gesslerhad to withdraw as representative of the ETH managementfrom the ZIL Board due to a new assignment within the ETHZurich. Her replacement was postponed to 2006, when thenew ETH president has come into office.Networking with Swiss partnersNetworking with Swiss partners continued and intensified.This was the case for SFIAR, the Swiss Forum for InternationalAgricultural Research, on whose behalf ZIL organised the EFARDconference (p. 11). The same holds true for LivestockNet, whoheld its inaugural meeting as a formal organisation in conjunctionwith the ZIL expert consultation, making use of the presenceof the international experts for a symposium. The ZIL livestockcoordinator is member of the LivestockNet Board.SDC remains ZIL’s most important partner. The representativeof SDC to ZIL changed in March 2005: Katharina Jennyhanded over this mandate to Willi Graf. He had been responsiblefor ZIL as SDC counterpart in its founding phase in themid-90s. Having such a capable and experienced SDC partnerwas a great advantage for the preparation of the newcontract.Due to a change in SDC policy, SDC withdrew from the ZILBoard, which required adjusting the ZIL statutes. This adaptationwas formalised at the ZIL General Assembly in June 2005.Although SDC no longer is a Board member, its representativehas remained an active observer at the Board meetings.Numerous other linkages were maintained, among otherswith the Swiss College of Agriculture SHL, InfoAgrar, Intercooperation,the Centre for Development and EnvironmentCDE of the University of Berne, the Commission for ResearchPartnerships with Developing Countries KFPE, the SyngentaFoundation, and the Federal Office for Agriculture BLW.Networking with international partners2005 was the year of networking with European partners.The EFARD Conference (p. 11) brought more than 350 colleaguesfrom Europe and other continents to the ETH Zurich.Associated with the EFARD Conference, ZIL hosted theGeneral Assembly of NATURA, the Network of EuropeanAgricultural (Tropically and Subtropically Oriented) Universitiesand Scientific Complexes related with AgriculturalDevelopment. The launching of the ERA-ARD project hasestablished a new strong platform for intensifying ourEuropean linkages (p. 14).The EFARD conference was also an opportunity for directinteraction with the Secretariat of the CGIAR, which markeda strong presence at this event with an exhibition and afunding contribution. As in the years before, the ZIL ExecutiveManager attended the Annual General Meeting of the CGIARin Morocco in December 2005, which again was an excellentnetworking platform. She is also a member of the Board of9

An introduction to ZILTrustees of the International Institute for Tropical AgricultureIITA, based in Ibadan, Nigeria. The experience of this closeinsight into the affairs of the largest centre of the CGIAR iscertainly cross-fertilising her ZIL engagement.Many contacts are maintained through individual visits tothe ETH Zurich by our international partners. Apart from theguests at the Progress Forum and the expert consultationon the future livestock systems programme, ZIL received anumber of partners from the Centre Suisse de RechercheScientifique in Côte d’Ivoire as well as from other partnerinstitutions. As a matter of course, each individual ZIL membermaintains his or her own network of partners, and visitsthese partner institutions for the supervision of projects andthe development of new research ideas.Internal developmentsZIL is an association based at the ETH Zurich. Members are allinstitutes and professors of the Department of Agricultureand Food Sciences (D-AGRL), the Forestry chairs within theDepartment of Environmental Sciences (D-UWIS), and someindividuals from other entities. Changes in membershipcomposition due to retirements or new assignments can beseen on p. 2.The General Assembly in June 2005 confirmed the compositionof the ZIL Board and elected Michael Weber as new internalauditor, succeeding Werner Hediger.The ZIL finance management was revised jointly with WilliGraf from SDC and his administrative assistant DeniseAeschbacher. This resulted in the choice of a new externalauditor with new terms of reference. With this change thefinance management of ZIL is now on a state-of-the-art level.The ZIL management had a busy year in 2005. It was supportedby a student assistant, Gaëlle Logeay, and NaninaGubler, a student in her 9 th semester who joined the ZILoffice for the practical training as part of her agriculturecurriculum. They supported the entire ZIL team in its effortsto smoothly and efficiently manage its activities.Barbara BeckerThe ZIL management team from left to right: Roger Pfister (NIDECO), BarbaraBecker, Dorota Niedzwiecka, Marc Zoss, Manfred Kaufmann, Mathias Egloff10

EFARD ConferenceIn the afternoon, Hans Hurni, the Chair of EFARD, elaboratedon the role of EFARD in the past and in the future. BarbaraBecker, the ZIL Executive Manager, presented the draftConference Issues Paper that had been commissioned to adrafting team in order to stimulate the discussion at theConference, and to produce a final Conference Statement.The participants then split up into 50 small groups to discussthe listed issues.In the final session of the first day,the various mechanisms and institutionsfor the coordination ofARD in Europe were presentedand their competencies and interrelationswere outlined.The theme of the second day – “Innovationthrough partnerships inARD” – was introduced by threekeynote presentations that highlightedthe ecological, the socialand the economic dimension of ARD.For the rest of the day, the participantssplit into scientific parallel sessions and workshops tolearn and discuss about ARD approaches and experiences inpractice and innovations through ARD partnerships.Ian Johnson, Vice-Presidentof the World Bank andChairman of the CGIARThe second day ended with a guided tour through the exhibition“Worlds of Knowledge” (p. 13), followed by the conferencedinner on the Uetliberg mountain.Under the theme “The future agenda of ARD”, the third dayopened with four keynotes on the promotion of ARD inEurope and the South: The role of ARD in the 7 th FrameworkProgramme of the European Commission, the strengthenedARD contribution of the new EU member countries, the ARDagenda of GFAR and the regional fora, and the integration ofARD into the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers.During the closing session, Barbara Becker presented therevised Conference Issues Paper: The results of the groupwork two days before had been compiled by the draftingteam and formed a separate chapter of the ConferenceIssues Paper. The essence of the group discussion was summarisedin ten commitments, termed the “Zurich Declaration”,that are intended to guide the development of a newagenda for Europe’s contribution to ARD. Hans Hurni roundedoff the Conference with a wrap-up and allowed for finalstatements of participants about the Issues Paper and theZurich Declaration.In the afternoon, interested participants could choosebetween three technical excursions to agricultural researchstations and on Saturday, April 30, three parallel full-daypost-conference excursions took place, each with a differentagricultural focus.The detailed Conference programme (including the abstractsof oral and poster presentations) can still be downloadedfrom the Conference homepage (www.efard2005.org/programme.htm), as well as the Conference Issues Paper(www.efard2005.org/proceedings.htm).ZIL would like to thank everyone who contributed to the successof the EFARD 2005 Conference: On the national level, inparticular the Organising Committee with SFIAR membersfrom various stakeholder groups that supported the preparatoryprocess from start to end, and on the international level12

EFARD Conferencethe Programme Committee members that provided the thematicframework of the Conference. The organisation of theEFARD 2005 Conference was only possible thanks to the generoussupport of the following institutions: The Swiss Agencyfor Development and Cooperation, the INCO Programme ofthe European Commission, the Federal Office for Agriculture,the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research,the Syngenta AG, and the Syngenta Foundation.Manfred KaufmannPotato research for poverty reduction: Discover the Inca’s treasuresIn 2005 the ETH Zurich celebrated its 150 th anniversary with a series of public events. The one which attracted most publicattention was the exhibition “Worlds of Knowledge” from April 22 to May 8, 2005. More than 250 000 visitors saw thisexhibition in the park of the Swiss National Museum in Zurich, in which ZIL presented two of its projects.The ZIL stand showed how research can make a contribution towards sustainable development. It portrayed two collaborativeprojects between the ETH Zurich and the International Potato Center (CIP) in Peru (pp. 38, 39). They highlightedthat both disciplinary and trans-disciplinary research is necessary to have a development impact.The exhibition demonstrated that the basic science-oriented and the development-oriented projects complemented eachother, both being based on the genetic diversity of potato: on the one hand as an essential factor in understanding theevolution of a pest in order to develop effective strategies against it, and on the other hand as a resource for improvingthe livelihoods of smallholders. Through this combination, the exhibition did not only emphasise the importance of biodiversity,but it also showed that conservation and development do not necessarilyexclude each other, and that research such as that conducted by ZIL canplay an important role in bringing them together.With its attractive presentation, the diverse media used (potato plants, videoclips,films, Andean potato product degustations, posters, e-learning tools, etc.)and the thematic bridge from the Swiss staple food potato to development,the ZIL stall received considerable attention from the visitors. As the EFARDConference took place at the same time, the occasion was used to present theZIL stall to the participants on their way from the meeting venue at the ETHZurich to the official conference dinner.Marc Zoss13

ERA-ARDThe European Research Area (ERA) inAgricultural Research for Development (ARD)Promoting collaboration in European ARD tostrengthen agricultural research for the world’spoorThe European Research Area in Agricultural Research forDevelopment (ERA-ARD) is a project within the ERA-NETscheme of the 6 th Framework Programme of the EuropeanCommission. The objective of the ERA-NET scheme is toenhance the cooperation and coordination of researchactivities carried out at national or regional level in the EUMember States and Associated States through networkingand by initiating joint national and regional research programmes.ERA-ARD responds to the need to better understand howEuropean ARD programmes are identified, selected, designed,funded and managed on the national level. 13 EU membersplus Switzerland – represented by SDC – take part in this project.ZIL has been entrusted by SDC to manage and coordinatethe Swiss contribution to the project.The project seeks to improve synergies between the nationalARD programmes in Europe, to increase the effectivenessand efficiency of European agricultural research planning,funding and implementation to fight poverty and hungerand to support more rapid and sustainable development inthe poorest countries in the world.ARD in EuropeEurope has a strong tradition in ARD. As many as 10 000 scientistsare involved in projects in this field. The total amountof financial resources invested is estimated to exceed € 500million. Yet despite this substantial commitment, there isvery limited coordination between the ARD programmes ofMember States, the various European Commission-fundedprojects, or the numerous European and international bodiescurrently addressing ARD research. Predictably, this fragmentationleads to duplication of efforts, conflicts of interest andan unnecessary competition. ERA-ARD has been formed toestablish coherence and collaboration in European ARD. Itbrings together representatives from various ministries andnational public research organisations. With 14 participatingcountries, ERA-ARD has the critical mass necessary to driveforward the harmonisation and integration of Europe’s ARDeffort.ERA-ARD activities and expected outputsGiven the existing fragmentation of ARD in Europe, the participatingcountries of the ERA-ARD consortium are taking apragmatic step-by-step approach to their work, starting withassembling and exchanging basic information. Initiatedduring the year 2005, ERA-ARD conducts national surveysto map ARD activities in each participating country. It willshare the results among members and identify areas of complementarity,duplication and potential synergy betweennational programmes. By highlighting common themes, thisexercise will enable ERA-ARD members to produce a sharedvision and strategic agenda for ARD in Europe that couldthen drive decisionmaking on a national level, to help harmoniseprogramme objectives and to rationalise planning.Innovative approaches and institutional arrangements willthen be explored and used to implement joint and, duringthe second half of the project, transnational ARD activities.The ERA-NET will select two subprogrammes that will beopen to joint activities. Subprogramme managers and14

ERA-ARDdecisionmakers will meet to exchange information and agreeon areas of cooperation and collaboration. It is expected thatthis “hands-on” coordination will pave the way towards widertransnational activities as the culmination of ERA-ARD’s work.Before truly transnational activities can take place, however,the consortium members will have to agree on commonmethodologies for ARD programme management (planning,monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment). The partnerswill share best practices and publish an ARD ManagementMethodology Guidebook. Agreement on common mechanismsfor resource allocation will also facilitate the pooling offunds and allow to launch ERA-ARD’s first transnational subprogramme.The ultimate goal of ERA-ARD is to enable Europeto provide collectively a strategic “European ARD offer” interms of human, physical and financial resources, and a muchmore coordinated approach to North-South scientific andtechnological cooperation in ARD.ERA-ARD is part of Europe’s effort to fight hunger and povertyand to support sustainable development across the globe.By improving the efficiency and effectiveness of ARD acrossEurope, the ERA-ARD project will contribute towards achievingthe Millennium Development Goals. Furthermore, theproject aims at facilitating the access to European ARDexpertise and at strengthening of Europe’s contribution to,and impact on, regional and global ARD systems.work package “strategic activities” and together with CDEit will identify innovative approaches and institutionalarrangements for implementing joint ARD subprogrammes.The ERA-ARD project started in April 2005 and will end inMarch 2009.Manfred KaufmannMembers of the task force for the design of common methodologies forARD management during a workshop at the ETH ZurichZIL’s contribution to the projectZIL leads the Swiss consortium for the ERA-ARD project, comprisingthe Swiss College of Agriculture (SHL, Zollikofen) andthe Centre for Development and Environment (CDE, Berne).In the overall ERA-ARD project framework, ZIL manages the15

Capacity developmentCapacity development16According to the OECD, capacity is the ability of people,organisations and society as a whole to manage their affairssuccessfully. Capacity development is understood as theprocess whereby people, organisations and society as awhole unleash, strengthen, create, adapt and maintaincapacity over time. (The challenge of capacity development:Working towards good practice, DAC Network on Governance,OECD, Paris, 2006)Capacity development for research “is not research itself buthelping create and reinforce appropriate sustainable institutionswithin developing countries to foster the emergence ofwell-trained professionals ready to contribute to policy makingand teaching at home and compensate for the ‘braindrain’ of professionals from developing countries” (CreatingPartnerships for Capacity Building in Developing Countries,World Bank Policy Report Working Paper 3099, 2003).Capacity development encompasses three analytical levels:• at the individual level, capacity development aims tostrengthen the personal capabilities and competences ofa selected group of individuals;• at the organisational level, capacity development targetsnot only individuals, but whole institutions;• at the level of the enabling environment, capacity developmentconsiders the structures of power and influencein which the targeted organisations are embedded.What can an institution as ZIL contribute to capacitydevelopment for research, in view of this comprehensiveperspective and the three analytical levels?Individual capacity developmentIn the first place, ZIL is dedicated to the individual capacitydevelopment of students, doctoral candidates and post-docsat the ETH Zurich. This is explicitly expressed in one of itsobjectives: Building capacity and awareness among ETHstudents for their contribution to sustainable development.However, this mandate goes beyond individuals at the ETHZurich. It also includes students at our partner institutions,illustrating that, in practise, institutional and individualcapacity development cannot be separated as institutionsare always constituted of individuals.In several ZIL projects, one or more doctoral candidates arefrom developing countries, some of them obtaining theirdegrees at universities in their home countries, e.g. SergioMejía Kerguelén in Columbia (p. 27), Emily Awuor Oumafrom Kenya at Kiel University in Germany (p. 30), YosephShiferaw in Ethiopia (p. 32), Athanase Youan Bi and GisèleSedia in Côte d’Ivoire (p. 33). Furthermore, in many projects,Master students from the partner countries obtain theirdegrees while at the same time performing important supportfunctions for the project execution. In the new fundingPhase V, the involvement of local Master students has beenmade one of the criteria in the project selection process.Individual capacity development is the explicit objective ofthe SDC-funded Research Fellow Partnership Programme(RFPP) managed by ZIL. It is addressed to candidates fromSwitzerland or developing countries at the doctoral or postdoclevel. A recent survey in 14 European countries (withinthe ERA-ARD project, p. 14) has revealed that most countrieshave programmes for capacity development at the doctorallevel. However, there are only very few funding instrumentssupporting more advanced academic careers. In this sense,the RFPP fills an important niche by including post-doctoralfellowships in its mandate.One reason for the lack of programmes at the post-doc levelappears obvious: One post-doc fellowship may easily require

Capacity developmenttwice the financial resources of a doctoral fellowship.Therefore, even within the RFPP Selection Committee, difficultdecisions on resource allocation have to be made whenthe choice is either to invest in two doctoral candidates or tofund one post-doc fellowship. In practical terms, the RFPPnow restricts post-doc grants to two years as compared tothree-year fellowships for doctoral students.The diagrammes below show the career development asfar as the former candidates could be tracked. Since 1993, 20doctoral students obtained their degrees in ZIL projects,while 11 candidates are currently working in ZIL projects(pp. 27–35). Although ZIL projects are not per se capacitydevelopment instruments, but rather part of a research programme,they have always included this dimension to a largeextent. In the ongoing phase, this aspect has been emphasisedthrough the fact that in a few projects doctoral candidatesfrom Switzerland and developing countries areemployed together.The RFPP, on the other hand, has been designed as a capacitydevelopment instrument. Since 1996, 24 young scientistshave benefited from this programme so far, nine from developingcountries and 15 Swiss-based fellows.On pages 22–25, a number of former ZIL and RFPP fellowsreflect on their careers and the contribution which the ZIL orRFPP project made to their personal and professional development.They form a mix of presentations of young scientistsfrom Switzerland and developing countries, male and female,recently graduated or by now well-established professionals.This shows the wide variety of careers, although most of thecontributors chose to remain in the scientific world.Career development of doctoral and post-doc candidates of ZIL and RFPP projects17

Capacity developmentResults of the external review of the RFPPIn January 2005, an external review of the RFPP was conducted.This was a good opportunity to reflect upon thecontribution of ten years of SDC investment in individualcapacity development. The panel was composed of EricTollens (Leuwen University, Belgium) and Anne Crole-Rees(freelance consultant, former graduate of the Institute ofAgricultural Economics, ETH Zurich). They observed that:Capacity Building … is the foundation of the RFPP and itsmain justification. Certainly from the Swiss perspective, theprogramme has enabled the maintenance and enhancementof a Swiss research capacity in the field of agricultural developmentin the East and South in a broad sense. It hasstrengthened ZIL and ETH in particular, remaining prominentcentres of excellence in international agriculture. Throughpartnerships and networking, it has helped to create a webof relations and exchanges, particularly with the sciencecommunity at CGIAR centres. This has certainly benefitedstudents of agricultural development in Switzerland, NGOsand probably also the Swiss private sector in agriculture.Regarding capacity building in the South and East, it ismuch less clear as the numbers involved are so small incomparison to the needs and demands. There is an issue ofcritical mass. The programme is no doubt very useful andnecessary, but ideally one would like to see 3–4 fellowstrained for each Swiss fellow. With the present budget, thisis not possible. Impact in the South and East in terms ofcapacity building is certainly tangible, but isolated, very dispersed,a drop in a bucket. Of course the reality is that theSouth and East themselves should do much more capacitybuilding and advanced training, but for various reasons it iswholly inadequate.… a two-pronged approach will be proposed to deal with theproblem of numbers of persons from the South and Easttrained: reducing the fellowship costs per person, and increasingthe budget, particularly for fellows from the poorestcountries and from priority countries and focus areas ofSDC interventions.... both [measures] may require innovative thinking, a strongcommitment and in the end, a strategic reorientation.Quality and relevance of the programme are already verygood, and should be maintained, while efficiency and effectivenessneed to be made better if a larger impact is to beachieved in terms of capacity building.In the new contract with SDC which came into force in July2005, the overall level of SDC investment into RFPP could bemaintained. Some measures have been introduced to reducethe cost per fellowship as explained on p. 36. The panel madesome suggestions for increasing the impact of RFPP:Several areas of attention are indicated in this report in orderto improve RFPP, which focuses on the advanced, cuttingedgelevel of science and technology in natural resources,agriculture and forestry (PhD and post-doc). One could thinkof post-degree mentoring and professional developmentthrough short, e.g. three month, recycling fellowships or sabbaticals(at ETH Zurich in particular) for previous fellowsfrom developing countries, twinning arrangements, shortvisit arrangements. In a life long learning perspective, andknowing that science and technology evolve at a very rapidpace, these become more and more imperative. Of course,such programmes also require additional resources but sinceRFPP fellowships represent such heavy investment, some“maintenance” financing for scientific upgrading or retoolingcould be justified. It is part of post-degree networking,18

Capacity developmentmentoring, access to the global scientific literature and stateof the art. Particularly in universities and research centres inthe South, one can witness scientific burnout, obsoleteness,and non performance after a couple of years after return,due to inadequate work incentives, isolation and lack of aviable scientific infrastructure. Thus, some upkeep and“maintenance” support for the returned fellows may be necessaryin the future.The panel concluded thatThere is a broad consensus among the stakeholders of theRFPP programme, as revealed in the survey and throughinterviews, that the programme is excellent, of very highscientific level. The main purpose and outcome of theprogramme is capacity building, which is excellent but at arelatively high cost. The programme is also very good inestablishing partnerships, but they are personalised and notnecessarily sustainable. Several projects have had long termspin-offs, increased networking, multiplier effects and synergies.Several local MScs and even occasionally local PhDs havebeen obtained as a result of collaboration with a RFPP fellow.Comparison with similar programmes reveals that the programmeis very flexible, generous, high quality but alsorather limited in scope. Only 2.8 fellowships/year have beenawarded on average since 1996, with a proportion of 60:40PhD/post-doc and also Swiss/developing countries. Since2002, the number of applications received is increasing. It isargued in the report that efforts should be made to reducethe cost per fellowship, while maintaining salaries andspecific research costs, through a reduction of overheads,general research costs, fringe benefits, etc. At the same time,co-financing from other sources should be sought. In thisway, more fellowships per year could be awarded, especiallyfor applicants from the South, thus increasing cost effectivenessand the scope of the programme. There is no doubt thatthe Swiss advanced research institutions, particularly ETHZurich, and also the CGIAR centres, could accommodate theincreased number of fellows. And maybe SDC, which financesRFPP, could also increase its budget on a matching grantbasis in the case of co-financing from the private sector.The programme is well-managed by ZIL, and it strengthensZIL …The scientific support of ZIL as a honest broker betweenpartners, and as a provider of seed money are well appreciated...The suggestions and recommendations of the Panel are welltaken by ZIL. Although the resources remain limited, ZILstrives to complement the RFPP instrument with other fundingand support mechanisms. ZIL is privileged to be managedin one unit with the Network for International Developmentand Cooperation (NIDECO) of the ETH Zurich. NIDECO managesa set of instruments to support the ETH exchange withpartners from developing countries. These comprise the invitationof visiting scientists to the ETH Zurich, funding ofteaching stays of ETH lecturers in developing countries, predocgrants, and small seed money grants. In 2005, four ZILmembers were beneficiaries of NIDECO grants: one pre-docfrom Ethiopia, later financed by ZIL for the completion of hisPhD, one teaching stay at the University of Peradeniya, SriLanka, one visiting scientist from Cameroon who used hisstay at the ETH Zurich to prepare a RFPP post-doc proposal,and one seed money investment to establish a partnershipwith the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences(CATAS) in Shanghai. As these examples show, both programmesare complementary, and through joint membershipin both units, ZIL and NIDECO, the scientists of the ETHZurich can benefit from these synergistic instruments.19

Capacity developmenttechnology. We look forward to this strengthened mutualcommitment and its impact on both partners.It goes without saying that institutional capacity developmentthrough research partnerships is not possible withoutthe personal commitment and dedication of the individualscientists on both sides. This was the topic of last year’s ZILAnnual Report and does not have to be repeated here.Audience at the lecture given by Caspar Wenk (INW)at the University of Peradeniya, Sri LankaOrganisational capacity developmentTwo of these NIDECO examples may illustrate the ZIL effortsto go beyond individual capacity development to the level ofinstitutional or organisational capacity development: TheUniversity of Peradeniya (UoP), Sri Lanka, and the ShanghaiInstitute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE) of theChinese Academy of Science.The cassava biotechnology laboratory in the ShanghaiInstitute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE) of theChinese Academy of Science is another good example ofinstitutional capacity development. Over many years, the ZILscientist Peng Zhang has acquired sound scientific, technicaland managerial skills which he is currently investing in theestablishment of the cassava biotechnology laboratory inShanghai. Through joint employment at both institutions, helinks the two laboratories, thus guaranteeing the same levelof expertise at both institutions.A third example has been the subject of earlier ZIL AnnualReports (2002 and 2004): The institutional partnership withthe Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique (CSRS) in CôtePeng Zhang (back row, centre) with students at the Shanghai Instituteof Plant Physiology and EcologyThe University of Perideniya in Sri Lanka was among the earliestZIL research partners (p. 24). Linkages with this universityhave been maintained for more than ten years in the fieldsof agricultural economics, animal sciences and agronomy.Several scientists from UoP come to the ETH Zurich annuallyfor research and teaching, thus contributing to the capacitydevelopment of Swiss students. A new ZIL project will start in2006 which will expand this partnership to the aspects of GIS20

Capacity developmentd’Ivoire. In spite of the unstable political environment, thispartnership continues with close scientific collaboration, andthe exchange of graduate and doctoral student in both directionsin several disciplines.One can conclude that long-term perspectives and the interestof several individuals on both sides are necessary forsuccessful institutional development. ZIL is aware that itsmodest means allow only a few selected partner institutionsto enjoy such a broad investment of human and financialresources.Enabling environmentZIL is conscious that this highest level of capacity developmentgoes beyond its own possibilities. Yet, the content ofsome of the ZIL or RFPP projects address exactly this issue,e.g. research on production networks in Côte d’Ivoire (p. 33),forest management in Kyrgyzstan and Madagascar (pp. 37,43, 51), or production chains in Peru (pp. 23 and 39).Else Bünemann collecting soil samples during her post-doc research (p. 25)And the vision is clear: ZIL’s entire research agenda for generatingknowledge for poverty alleviation has this ultimategoal of enabling and empowering the rural poor with products,technologies or knowledge for improving their livelihoods.This is expressed in the ZIL mission statement:ZIL’s mission is to initiate, support, and coordinate collaborativeresearch by its members and partners that will enableresource-poor farmers in low-income countries to achievesustainable improvements of their livelihoods. This includesthe mobilisation of Swiss research capacity and the promotionof awareness about the role of agricultural and food sciencein meeting the human and environmental challengesof low-income countries.Barbara Becker21

Capacity developmentExploring maize genotypes for chemical attributesthat promote the effectiveness of biologicalcontrol agentsI carried out my PhDRFPPwith financial supportDoctoral Fellowshipfrom the RFPP at the 1997–2000Laboratory of Animal Research fellowEcology and Entomology Maria Elena Fritzsche-Hoballahat the University of SupervisorTed Turlings,Neuchâtel in the groupInstitute of Zoology,of Prof. Martine Rahier University of Neuchâteland Dr. Ted Turlings. CollaboratorOur principle objectiveDavid Bergvinson,CIMMYT, Mexicowas to find IntegratedPest Management (IPM)methods to reduce damage of the caterpillar Spodopterafrugiperda, an important pest on maize crops in low-incomecountries in South America. For this purpose, the SDC-fundedRFPP enabled me to carry out field experiments in Mexico, collaboratingwith scientists from the International Maize andWheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and scientists of theUniversity of Mexico City (UNAM). During these periods I wasin contact with resource-poor farmers and gained an enormousamount of information about the logistic, economicand human problems that need to be solved.In the beginning, full of ideological andidealistic thoughts, I went to Mexico to“save the farmers” with my head full oftheories about IPM. On the site, I understoodthat we were only at the beginningof introducing these methods in thiscountry. During my PhD I realised howimportant the collaboration betweenfarmers, local scientists and scientistsfrom abroad was. I learned to communicatewith collaborators and to coordinate field trials – whichwas the most precious skill that I brought home. In fact, duringmy post-doc at the Institute of Plant Sciences in thegroup of Prof. Cris Kuhlemeier at the University of Berne, Ihad to coordinate field experiments and set up the collaborationwith scientists from Uruguay where my PhD experiencehelped me enormously. Without my RFPP grant I probablywould have been working exclusively in the laboratory inSwitzerland during my PhD and would never have learned tocollaborate with people of other cultures and carry out complexfield trials!Maria Elena Hoballah, Senior scientist,University of Neuchâtel, SwitzerlandEstablishing capacity for regeneration andtransformation of cassava (Manihot esculentaCrantz) in AfricaScientists and governmentsin sub-Saharan Afri-RFPPDoctoral Fellowshipca will continue relying on1998–2003funding and scientificResearch fellowBertrand Bachaumond Hankoua expertise from their counterpartsin industrialisedSupervisorsShou Yong Choy Ng, IITA,countries to address theNigeria / Johanna Puontiincreasinggap in researchKaerlas, EPO, Munich(formerly IPW, ETH Zurich) and development betweenCollaboratorsAfrica and the developedIyi Fawole, University of Ibadan, world. The SDC-fundedNigeria / Alfred Dixon IITA,RFPP was set up to giveNigeria / Micheal Pillay,IITA-ESARC, Kampala, Uganda / young African scientistsNigel J. Taylor and Claude M. the opportunity to learnFauquet, ILTAB/DDPSC,new science in advancedSt. Louis, MO, USAlaboratories and return totheir home countries well-equipped to handle scientificresearch and contribute to the development of their countries.My current career as plant scientist and cassava biotechnologistis one of the proofs that the RFPP is a central instrument forshaping and enhancing the scientific ability of African scientists.The RFPP fellowship helped me tremendously in learning advancedprotocols in plant science and molecular biology. It alsoallowed me to interact with world-renowned biotechnologists,and to establish scientific linkages with world plant scienceresearch institutions. Therefore, the RFPP contribution to myintellectual manhood has been instrumental and will continueto stand as the backbone of my success as a plant scientist.As an African originating from a verypoor background, it would have justbeen a dream for me to obtain a PhDdegree and qualify for two higherlevel positions in USA institutions,previously as a Post Doctoral Fellowat the Donald Danforth PlantScience Center, St. Louis, Missouri,and currently as Faculty ResearchAssociate in the Department of Biotechnology, Delaware StateUniversity, Dover, Delaware. The funding from SDC via the RFPPmade this dream possible and prevented me from ending up inthe undignified situation as an unproductive scientist, as is thecase with most of my African colleagues. For all these reasons,I will personally remain an advocate of the Research FellowPartnership Programme, and I will encourage policy makers inSwitzerland to promote and sustain this programme by providingmore funding to support its various activities.Bertrand Hankoua, Faculty research associate,Delaware State University, USA22

Capacity developmentUnderstanding and fomenting effective regionalresearch and development processes in rural areasof the AndesWhen I joined the InternationalPotato CenterRFPPPost-doc Fellowship (p. 39)(CIP) in Lima to assist 2001–2005different project partnersin developing and implementing research and development(R&D) methods that would allow them to effectivelylink poor farmers to markets, I was not aware how this partnershipsetting would affect my capacities and professionalfuture. First, the clear demand from project partners for tangibleapproaches that add value to their work made me abandonconventional “supply-based thinking”, where researchersproduce public goods that somehow are picked up by potentialusers. This new paradigm to strictly focus on and respondto user needs was reinforced with the participatory actionresearch set in place within partners’ projects involving bothpublic and private sector actors. Second, the exposure as afacilitator to this multi-stakeholder setting was a highlyenriching experience, as not only essential insights weregained related to market chain constraints and opportunities,but also key skills were acquired on how to effectively designand manage such participatory R&D processes. Third, themethodologically strict targeting of market opportunitiesconfronted me with an exciting new area: communicationand marketing. How must a product be sold in an optimalfashion, so that its package communicates its real value to thepotential consumer? In this area I greatly benefited fromgraphic designers and marketing experts who shared theirknowledge with me as consultants to the project.The lessons and skills learnt during this RFPP assignmentinspired me to capitalise on them in the private sector where Iwould get a direct handle on marketing. So just recently, Iformed an enterprise with a Peruvian colleague to take on thisexciting task of market and product development for underutilised(pro-poor) Andean crops. In close collaboration withCIP, as a consultant, I will alsokeep up the work with theParticipatory Market ChainApproach (PMCA), the main outcomeof my RFPP project, whereI will be involved in training activitiesin Uganda, Laos and Nicaragua.I thank ZIL, SDC and myproject partners for all the supportthat have brought me so far!Improving resistance to barley scald throughunderstanding the processes that govern theevolution of Rhynchosporium secalis populationsI was born and raised inRFPPCameroon but receivedPost-doc Fellowship (p. 44)2003–2006higher education inNigeria and Germany. Istarted off in root and tuber crop pathology at the Universityof Nigeria (Nsukka) and IITA, working on pathogen characterisationand breeding for resistance to anthracnose disease ofyam. I eventually obtained a PhD on the molecular identificationand genetic structure of Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesfrom yam. Soon after my PhD, I received an RFPP fellowship toconduct postdoctoral research on the evolutionary potentialof the barley scald pathogen, Rhynchosporium secalis, withProf. Bruce McDonald (ETH Zurich) and Dr. Amor Yahyaoui(ICARDA). This RFPP project gave me the rare opportunity toacquire skills in investigating pathogen population geneticsthat are vital for understanding pathogen evolution and fordeveloping effective and sustainable strategies of breedingfor disease resistance.This postdoctoral training is a great asset in mycurrent research at ICARDA, which seeks to harnessknowledge of epidemiology and populationgenetics for integrated disease management infood legumes. The RFPP project afforded me anunderstanding of the underpinnings of internationalagricultural research, and the challengesand opportunities of research partnershipsbetween collaborating institutions such as ICAR-DA and the ETH Zurich. I will certainly benefitfrom that knowledge as I explore opportunities for North-South research partnerships in my current assignment. AMemorandum of Understanding has been signed betweenICARDA and the ETH Plant Pathology Group, which will furtherstrengthen my collaboration with the ETH Zurich. Somehighlights of my training include several contacts I made duringinternational symposia and conferences, and trips to MtRigi (Switzerland) and Palmyra (Syria). My time was sharedequally between Syria (field work) and Switzerland (microsatelliteanalyses) and I had the opportunity of a lifetime todiscover the wonderful people and rich cultures of bothcountries while helping to improve the livelihood of farmersin the developing world.Mathew Abang, Senior researcher,ICARDA, SyriaThomas Bernet, Independant consultant / founder andmanager of a private company, Colcahausi, Lima, Peru23

Capacity developmentPublic acceptance of transgenic food in industrialisedand developing countries under consideration ofdifferent economic and social backgroundsWhat perspectives exist for a young mother of three smallchildren, an agricultural economist interested in developmentquestions? In 1996, ZIL offered me a grant for expandingmy research on the public acceptance of genetically modifiedplants (GMOs) to developing countries. In industrialisedcountries the public reluctance to GMOs has often beenexplained by risks perceived as high, while the related benefitsare perceived as comparatively small. But why is there astrong opposition towards genetic engineering in thePhilippines, although perceived benefits of GMOs should behigh in a country with a poor population? We developed amethodology to assess perceived risks and benefits withinvarious stakeholder groups as well as their potential to influencethe public discussion on this controversial issue. Animportant finding of our work was that GMOs were seen bymany farmer organisations and NGOs mainly as a means toincrease production without sustainable improvement in theagricultural sector. Most importantly, we learnt to establishfruitful long distance research collaboration with people weonly knew virtually.I left ZIL and the ETH Zurich five years ago andnow am the Head of Public Affairs and Sustainabilitywith a large retailer in Switzerland.Responsible sourcing is an increasingly importantchallenge both in Food as in Non-Food.And again, I have to build up long-distancecollaborations with diverse organisations. Animportant project is GRASP (Good Risk-basedAgricultural Practices in Agriculture), aimingat integrating legal compliance with labourlaw in the European Standard for Good Agricultural PracticeEurepGAP. Again, a concern of consumers in industrialisedcountries turns out to be an important issue in developingcountries. The international and intercultural experiencewith ZIL has helped me in working successfully with a numberof organisations and persons both in Europe as well asin developing countries in order to share experiences andcommon visions.Sibyl Anwander Phan-Huy, Head of Public Affairsand Sustainability, Coop, BaselIn 1996, I completed myZIL Projectgraduate studies inPhase II, 1997–1999Geography at the Universityof Zurich. BasedProject leaderPeter Rieder, IAWon my Master’s thesis,Contact personsProf. Peter Rieder, thenSibyl Anwander Phan-HuyHead of the Institute ofPhilipp AerniCollaboratorsAgricultural EconomicsC. Bogahawatte, University (IAW), hired me as aof Perideniya, Sri Lanka /research assistant. HeO. B. Zamora, Universityof the Philippines, Los Bañosasked me to supportSibyl Anwander Phan-Huy with her ZIL fundedproject on “Public acceptance of transgenic food in industrialisedand developing countries”. Eventually, I was not justassisting S. Anwander Phan-Huy but had developed my ownresearch project for a survey on public acceptance of transgenicrice in the Philippines. I was very fortunate to count onthe confidence of S. Anwander Phan-Huy in the developmentof an unconventional survey design and methodology aswell as her support during my seven-month stay in thePhilippines. The data analysis of the survey highlighted differentstakeholder perception patterns and revealed theirassessed influence on political decisions and public opinionin the Philippines through the use of a policy network analysis.According to the feedback of the stakeholders one yearafter the survey, the results were found to reflect the situationin the Philippines reasonably well. I was able to publisha first article of the study in the Biotechnology and DevelopmentMonitor. Due to this success, Peter Rieder was willing toaccept me as a doctoral candidate.I completed my doctoral degreein Agricultural Economics in1999 and continued my researchcareer as a post-doctoralresearch fellow at the KennedySchool of Government at HarvardUniversity from 2000–2002. After my return from theUnited States, I worked again asa senior research fellow at theIAW and at the Center for Comparative and InternationalStudies (CIS) of the University and ETH Zurich. My experiencein developing countries, the knowledge in science, technologyand innovation policy gained at Harvard University and mybroad academic background allowed me to establish a worldwideacademic network related to agricultural biotechnologypolicy and sustainable development.24Philipp Aerni, Senior scientist, Centre for Comparative andInternational Studies, University and ETH Zurich

Capacity developmentInfluence of legume fallows on P transformationsin tropical soilsIdeal versionHow can you possiblysummarise in just one ZIL Projectparagraph what you Phase III, 1999–2003have learned during theProject leaderthree or four years of Emmanuel Frossard, IPWyour PhD, especially if Contact personsthe project involves Else Bünemann andAstrid Oberson, IPWworking in a developingCollaboratorscountry? Many different Paul C. Smithson, Bashir Jamaskills may come to and Deborah Bossio, ICRAFmind: research skillssuch as planning and conducting experiments, communicationskills including oral presentations, written publicationsand the daily business in the group, as well as the personalexperience of focusing on one project for several years. Inaddition to all of that, you may see images of a lush tropicallandscape where every little patch is cultivated, images ofbeautiful dark faces and dusty suburbs with poorly constructedhouses, and you may remember sad stories ...After your PhD, you move on to your next research job. Youmay find that the analytical methods you learned are indemand, but that your interpersonal skills are valued evenmore. You are now responsible for steering a larger project.You supervise students from different parts of the world. Youneed to prevent or resolve conflicts that occur in a busy lab.You need good time management, both for yourself, a technician,and the students. You experience a variety ofapproaches to research by interacting with different senioracademics. In addition to all of that, you experience a very drycountry, you see vast areas of highly mechanised plant productionwith salinity and erosion problems, but you alsoexperience true wilderness, and you get to know humorousand laid-back people ...You have now developed a strong vision of high qualityresearch with the potential of benefiting developing countriesin the short- or long-term. It’s time to put it into practice.You move on again, back to where you started!Factual versionDuring my PhD, within a ZIL project, I acquired a range of differentskills, above all research skills such as planning andconducting experiments, and communication skills includingoral presentations, written publications, and the daily scientificand non-scientific talk in the group. I was grateful to beable to focus entirely on one project for several years – awarethat this was unlikely to happen again. Two stays of a fewmonths each at ICRAF, Kenya gave me a good exposure toworking in a centre of the CGIAR and living in a developingcountry.At the end of my PhD, I was keen to continue with research,and my previous work qualified me for a postdoctoral positionin Adelaide, Australia. The methods that I had learnedduring my PhD were useful in this new position, but interpersonalskills were even more important. My duties werenow more varied and included doing my own experiments,supervising various students, both from Australia and fromAsia, managing the lab, chairing the project meetings andorganising seminars within the discipline. The Waite campusin Adelaide hosts several institutions within agriculture andnatural resource management, and I have benefited greatlyfrom this impressiveconcentration of expertisein the areas ofsoil and plant science.In particular, the exposureto a range of scientificapproaches hasbeen highly stimulating.I feel privileged toreturn soon to theGroup of Plant Nutrition at the ETH Zurich and to put thecontinuing vision of high-quality research with potentialbenefit for developing countries into practice.Else Bünemann, Senior scientist,Group of Plant Nutrition, IPW, ETH Zurich25

ZIL research projectsLivestocksystemsresearchLivestock systems research in support of poor people –OverviewThe year 2005 was characterised by the final phase of theongoing projects. Thus, the time had come to evaluate theresearch programme, to check its justification, to defineadjustments and if at all possible, to assess the impact it hashad so far. Three major events were organised to develop thenew research programme:The first was the Progress Forum held on March 11. For thefirst time we were joined by some of our research partnersfrom CIAT, ILRI and the CSRS (pp. 26, 27, 30, 33). While theevent intended in the first place to review the project progressand to provide an opportunity for exchange, it also served asa step in the programme development, mainly through theanalysis of the present situation. It became evident that ourinternational partnerships are a main asset, but also thatpotentially conflicting agendas between research and developmentobjectives need to be addressed continuously.Furtherdisciplines /collaboratorsDiscipline /instituteCommon core /individual fieldsof researchDiscipline /instituteFurtherdisciplines /collaboratorsOne week later we held a consultation with an outstandinground of international experts*. They shared their insights oncurrent developments and urgent needs in livestock-centredresearch topics. It was evident that livestock research cancontribute to a great extent to the overall goal of povertyalleviation. This event was also the kick-off for the newlystructured LivestockNet, the collaboration network of Swissscientists and development experts.In the beginning of September, we held a workshop wherewe developed the future research programme, broadeningthe basis of ZIL contributors and improving the scope, structure,and justification of the scientific programme.The three events resulted in a new project document thatserves as the basis for the new contract with the SDC as wellas for ZIL’s own institutional and scientific development.Throughout this entire process the Steering Committee**was involved in defining and structuring our research programme.It met twice in the course of 2005.GeobotanyForest ScienceFeedingstrategiesPlant ScienceAnimal ScienceFodderresourcesAsset managementas livelihood strategy ofpoor (rural) householdsAnimalgeneticresourcesAgriculturalEconomicsEnhancedcompetitivenessHumannutritionFood Scienceand NutritionPro-poorpoliciesSocio-cultural research / MacroeconomicsWhile the planning and preparation of the next programmephase was in the focus of the ZIL activities, in October 2005the ongoing programme was presented again at the “Tropentag”conference in Hohenheim by a ZIL stall and several presentations.With more than 500 participants this conferencehas grown into the major event on international agriculturein Germany and the neighbouring countries. A group of sevenZIL members and collaborators presented their researchthrough posters and an oral presentation, joined this year bythe doctoral students of the beans and cassava projects.Mathias Egloff26* Joachim Voss, Director General of CIAT, Cali; Carlos Sere, Director General of ILRI, Nairobi; Samuel Jutzi, Head of the FAO Animal Production and Health Division,Rome; Fritz Schneider, SHL Zollikofen; Jakob Zinnstag, STI Basel** Members of the ZIL livestock systems programme Steering Committee are: Michael Kreuzer (Chair, INW), Emmanuel Frossard (IPW), Richard Hurrell (ILW),Annette Kolff (Intercooperation, Berne), and Bernard Lehmann (IAW).

Project leaderEmmanuel FrossardContact personsAnnabé Louw-GaumeAlain GaumeSergio Mejía KerguelénCollaboratorsIdupulapati Rao, Manabu Ishitani andCarlos Lascano, CIAT, Colombia /Michael Kreuzer, INW, ETH ZurichDurationAugust 2003 – August 2006ZIL research projectsLivestocksystemsresearchFodder resourcesAdaptation of Brachiaria species to low-P soilsThe breeding of nutrient-efficient genotypes adapted to lowinputagricultural ecosystems has become a priority in thequest for sustainable agriculture. Growing phosphorus-efficientBrachiaria genotypes on tropical soils of low nutrientavailability represents an environmentally friendly approachthat would reduce land degradation by minimising the applicationof fertilisers. Recent research activities focused on thedevelopment of selection criteria for evaluating low-P tolerancein the Brachiaria genetic enhancement programme.Hydroponically grown Brachiaria grasses are used for phenotypic as wellas biochemical evaluation of low-P adaptation mechanisms. Uniformseedling selection is important in the standardisation of optimal growthconditions of Brachiaria grasses in nutrient solutions.Two approaches permitted phenotypic analysis in Brachiariagrasses: the use of seedlings and the use of stem cuttings.Results from experiments in which seedlings were grown ina sand-based system to determine P acquisition and use efficiencyfrom soluble and less available P sources led to a conceptualmodel of understanding low-P tolerance in the twoparentals, B. decumbens and B. ruziziensis. The model providesfor the functional evaluation of the plant’s investment patternby considering not only biomass allocation patterns butalso morphology and tissue structure, as variation in thesetraits might help to overcome the constraints imposed bybiomass allocation. Overall, it highlights the importance ofroot plasticity in low-P adaptation of Brachiaria decumbens.A slow-P releasing nutrient-based growth system was alsodeveloped for simulating low- and high-P stress conditions toscreen for physiological markers of low-P adaptation, e.g.exudation of organic acids and phosphatase enzymes.Differences between the two parents when grown in nutrientsolutions (without P) were not significant if stem cuttingswere used, indicating that the effect of P deficiency wasinfluenced by greater P concentrations in the stolons thatwere recycled for shoot and root development. Experimentsare in progress to standardise the methodology of evaluation,using stem cuttings and nutrient solutions and soil systems.These experiments include testing low-P adaptation inthe presence of aluminum toxicity that is very common inlow-P acid soils.The feeding value of selected Brachiaria hybrids adapted tolow phosphorus has also been tested. Results from this projectdemonstrated that the milk yield of cows with limitedmilking genetic potential and mineral concentration in leaftissue were similar in well-managed pastures of Brachiariahybrids when compared with commercial cultivars. This isan important finding because the genetically improvedhybrids combine both edaphic adaptation and animal nutritionaspects.27

ZIL research projectsLivestocksystemsresearchFeeding strategiesProject leadersHans-Dieter Hess / Michael Kreuzer /Emmanuel FrossardContact personTassilo TiemannCollaboratorsRolando Barahona, Fernando Rodríguez,Corpoica, Colombia / Juan E. Carulla, BárbaraMoreno, Universidad Nacional de Colombia,Colombia / Federico Holmann, Carlos E.Lascano and Michael Peters, CIAT, Colombia /Carla Riccarda Soliva, ETH ZurichDurationJanuary 2004 – December 2006The forage potential of tanniniferous legumes:Search for sustainable ways to cope withnutritional limitations in smallholder livestockMany tropical forage legumes either show poor agronomicperformance on acidic soils or contain high tannin levels thatprevent an effective protein and fibre digestion by the ruminant.Previous experiments demonstrated a substantialimpact of the growing site on the feeding value of tanniniferouslegumes. Two field trials conducted this year deliveredbetter insight into the effect of soil fertility and level and typeSampling of rumen liquid for in vitro incubation experimentsof fertilisation. The biomass yield of shrub legumes wasaffected by planting site and fertilisation, but the extent ofthe response varied widely among species. Leucaena leucocephalawas by far the most affected species, while Flemingiamacrophylla was not affected at all. On average, Calliandracalothyrsus showed a higher biomass production than theother shrub legumes. These results indicate that Flemingiaand Calliandra are highly promising species for extensive productionsystems on acidic low-fertility soils where no fertilisersare applied.The in vitro experiments carried out this year confirmed thatthere exist large differences in the effects of tannins from differentlegume species on ruminal fermentation. Tannins fromLeucaena and Flemingia were found to be less effective indecreasing ruminal nutrient degradation than tannins fromCalliandra. On the other hand, supplementation with tanniniferouslegumes clearly increased the proportion of acidpepsindigestible protein of dietary origin, which wasassessed by a device simulating abomasal and small intestinaldigestion in vitro. Overall, this indicates that a major part ofthe tannin-bound protein, which is protected from microbialdegradation in the rumen, is available for later acid-pepsindigestion and suggests that the use of mixtures of legumeswith and without tannins could effectively improve the supplyof metabolisable protein. This hypothesis is currently testedin two extensive feeding experiments with sheep.28

Project leadersHans-Dieter Hess / Michael Kreuzer /Annette Kolff, Intercooperation, BerneContact personKarin BartlCollaboratorsCarlos Gómez, La Molina, Peru / FedericoHolmann, Carlos E. Lascano, CIAT, Colombia /Christoph Morger, IC, Switzerland / Carlos J.Pérez, IC, Nicaragua / Urs Scheidegger, SHL,Switzerland / Axel Schmidt, CIAT, Nicaragua /Hans-Rudolf Wettstein, ETH ZurichDurationJuly 2004 – June 2007ZIL research projectsLivestocksystemsresearchFeeding strategiesImproved feeding systems for smallholderdairy cattle with emphasis on dry season feedingand its effect on milk production and qualityThe overall aim of this project is the development of feedingsystems for dairy cattle that enable smallholders in Peru andNicaragua to overcome feed restrictions during the dry season.Participatory approaches are being applied in moststages of the project. Twelve forage species and varietieshave been evaluated at two sites in Peru. Differences in drymatter yield within species by fertiliser treatment and sitewere significant and mean protein yields of introduced andlocal varieties showed the superior quality of the introducedHordeum varieties with 496 versus 292 kg/ha. The mean drymatter yields (kg/ha) with and without fertiliser applicationof the most promising species were 5460 and 3917 for Avenasativa var. Mantaro 15, 7233 and 2699 for Hordeum vulgarevar. UNA 80 and 6601 and 2473 for Triticosecale Wittmack,respectively. In Nicaragua, Hyparrhenia rufa and Andropogongayanus showed the best establishment among the localspecies, although being inferior to the introduced ones.Evaluations of pasture plots show higher dry matter yield inplots of Brachiaria hybrid CIAT 36061 cv. Mulato andBrachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110 cv. Toledo compared to thelocal check Hyparrhenia rufa.In the Peruvian lowlands (100 m asl), the effects on milkyield and composition of three different diets were deter-Above: Experimental plots four months after establishment at thefarmers’ community in Chalhuas, PeruBelow: Participants of a workshop held at the farmer communityin Aramachay, Peru, in February 2005mined in six indigenous (Criollo) and six Brown Swiss cows.Diets represented the quality of (i) typical dry season forage,(ii) typical rainy season forage or (iii) a diet completely coveringthe cows’ requirements. The mean milk yield (kg/head/day) of Criollo and Brown Swiss cows on the three diets was(i) 1.91 and 3.86, (ii) 3.50 and 6.56, and (iii) 4.22 and 8.23,respectively.56 Peruvian and 40 Nicaraguan farmers participated in aseries of interviews aimed at gathering information aboutthe local system of milk production. Several workshops andpresentations were held to disseminate research results andintegrate local knowledge in the project activities.29

ZIL research projectsLivestocksystemsresearchProject leaderAwudu Abdulai,Kiel University, GermanyContact personEmily Awuor OumaCollaboratorAdam Drucker, ILRI, KenyaDurationSeptember 2003 – September 2006Animal genetic resourcesDeveloping optimised cattle breeding schemes, with aspecial focus on trypanotolerance, based on the demands andopportunities of poor livestock keepers – Economic aspectsFocus group discussion in the Narok District of KenyaThe broad objective of this study is to assess the contributionof economic valuation of cattle keepers’ trait preferenceson the design of sustainable cattle breed improvementprogrammes, with a focus on trypanotolerance in pastoraland crop-livestock systems in Eastern Africa. The specificobjectives are: (i) to determine the socio-economic reasonsfor keeping cattle in pastoral and crop-livestock systems inEastern Africa, as well as the breeding practices and constraints,(ii) to estimate economic values of preferred cattletraits and identify possible existence of preference heterogeneityand the factors driving the preference structures,and (iii) to investigate pathways by which cattle keepers canaccess genetically improved cattle based on their preferredtraits and identify obstacles to access. The research designhas utilised cross-sectional farm-level choice experiment surveyscovering 506 households in the Suba and Narok districtsin Kenya and the Ghibe Valley in Ethiopia.The results from the econometric analyses (mixed logit andlatent class modelling) indicate existence of heterogeneity inpreferences for cattle traits among cattle keepers. This isinfluenced by the livelihood functions of cattle and the productionenvironments which determine the cattle productionsystems. Three distinct segments of producers emergebased on the production systems, i.e. pastoral, agro-pastoraland crop-livestock systems. In cropping systems, whichinclude agro-pastoral and crop-livestock systems, fitness totraction in bulls is a highly valued trait, more valued that trypanotolerancewhile in the pastoral systems, traits associatedwith herd increase such as high fertility in bulls and goodreproduction potential in cows are highly valued traits. Thesefindings suggest that in order to be effective and sustainable,breed improvement programmes should not focus on trypanotolerancein isolation of other traits considered importantby cattle keepers, since cattle keepers are willing to tradeoff trypanotolerance with traction fitness and high fertility.In addition, there is need to develop breed improvement programmesthat target specific producer segments due todifferences in preferences across producer segments.30

Project leaderHaja KadarmideenContact personUlrike Janßen-TapkenCollaboratorJack C. M. Dekkers,Iowa State University, USADurationAugust 2003 – August 2006ZIL research projectsLivestocksystemsresearchAnimal genetic resourcesDeveloping optimised cattle breeding schemes, with aspecial focus on trypanotolerance, based on the demands andopportunities of poor livestock keepers – Genetic aspectsDue to the many different demands livestock meets in marginalproduction systems, the major benefit of local livestockproduction remains with the producers who are responsiblefor the genetic development of their breeds. To identify, characteriseand use their preferences in a breeding scheme, aparticipatory approach was chosen. First, the preferred cattletraits were identified in focus-group discussions with farmers.Second, choice-experiment studies were conducted incrop-livestock and pastoral production systems in Kenya andin agro-pastoral production systems in Ethiopia. This resultedin the estimation of socio-economic values for the mostimportant cattle traits shared by bulls and cows; i.e. trypanotolerance,reproduction capacity, live weight, coat colour andwatering frequency. Milk yield and feeding ease for cows aswell as traction for bulls were evaluated separately.Except watering frequency, which remains a factor mainlycontrolled by management with no variance in the phenotypethat could be used for genetic selection, all other traitswere included in a breeding goal using the socio-economicvalues from the field trial. The results from a simulationassuming a simple population structure with 20 cows over10 age groups, a survival rate of 0.8 and a selection proportionof males and females of 2.27 % and 25 %, respectively,show major differences in the possible genetic changes perF2-cross offspring from N’Dama and Boran breedstrait both in size and direction for the production systemsdue to the different economic weights assigned (see figurebelow: “Economic weights for breeding goal traits”). Thestrong emphasis on disease resistance results in a geneticgain on trypanotolerance.Collaborative research with Iowa State University, USA, in connectionwith supervision and exchange of their “maBLUP”(marker-assisted best linear unbiased prediction) programmeaimed at simulating breeding schemes under marker-assistedselection addressing trypanotolerance as the major trait. Thisaspect of the research is still continuing and shall give animpression of the possibilities and value of modern techniques.31

ZIL research projectsLivestocksystemsresearchHuman nutritionProject leadersRichard HurrellLena Davidsson, IAEA, Vienna, AustriaContact personsStephanie GoodYoseph ShiferawCollaboratorsThomas Fitz Randolph, ILRI, Kenya /Belay Kassa, Alemaya University,EthiopiaDurationSeptember 2004 – August 2007Animal source foods andnutrition during early lifeThe ongoing, longitudinal study on animal source foods andnutrition during early life in Ethiopia evaluates the possiblelink between livestock keeping, food intake and nutritionalstatus of young children (6 – 18 months old) in resource-poorareas. Fieldwork started in March 2005. A total of 302 lowincome families (with small livestock n = 108, without livestockn = 194) with six-month-old infants have been recruitedfor the study in the Debre Zeit area, 50 km from AddisAbaba. During the bi-monthly visits for the duration of theone-year study, information about dietary intake and, in particular,the introduction and consumption of ASF has beencollected and the childrens’ growth monitored. Parallel tothis, information about agro-economic factors is collected inorder to link the households’ economies with the consumptionof ASF. At the end of the study, a blood sample is drawnto assess the prevalence of anemia in the study population.Interviewing a head of household in Dire village, EthiopiaIn Ethiopia, as in most developing countries, most food suppliesare derived from plant products, in particular cereals,pulses and root crops. Only 7 % of the daily energy intakecomes from animal products such as milk, eggs or meat.Animal source foods (ASF) provide not only energy and highquality protein but are also excellent sources of bioavailablemicronutrients. The extremely low consumption of ASF (milk,eggs, meat and liver) can be assumed to be a contributingfactor to the poor nutrition and health of Ethiopian infantsand young children.Preliminary analysis showed that the consumption of ASF isvery low. Only cows’ milk had been introduced to more thanhalf of the children by the age of six months. The most commoncomplementary foods are gruel, biscuits, and injera, astaple food made of fermented teff (Eragrostis tef).The overall aim of this project is to provide the basis for subsequentintervention studies to determine the appropriatetypes, amounts, and frequency of consumption of ASF. Withthe understanding of the roles that livestock and animalsource foods play in the nutritional status of young children,the results will help us to identify and create new livestockbasedinterventions to improve the nutrition and health ofyoung children in Ethiopia.32

Project leaderBernard LehmannContact personsMichel Dumondel, IAW /Daouda Dao, CSRS and University of CocodyCollaboratorsAndres Tschannen, CSRS / Athanase Youan Bi,CSRS and University of Cocody /Gisèle Sedia, CSRS and University of Bouaké,Côte d’Ivoire / Olivier Girardin, DélémontAgricultural School, Switzerland /Jakob Zinnstag, STI, BaselDurationJuly 2004 – July 2007ZIL research projectsLivestocksystemsresearchPro-poor policiesAnalysis of the potential contribution ofimprovements in the livestock production system tobetter livelihood of small farmers’ householdsIn spite of the important role played by livestock productionin the Ivorian economy, many constraints at the productionlevel as well as poorly adapted and inefficient local, commercialnetworks characterise the system.Acknowledging this inefficiency, this project aims to providea detailed description, analysis and understanding of thelocal livestock system for small and large ruminants as wellas for monogastrics.We carry out a system-wide study using group mapping,which interlinks all participants in the livestock productionprocess. Exploratory investigations in the two selected areas(Korhogo and Toumodi) have been completed. Qualitatively,focus discussion groups whose members include experiencedlivestock technicians and selected producers havebeen formed; the resulting verbal data has been transcribedand analysed.To tackle supply chain constraints, the first phase comprisedthe method “Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP)” which isaimed at identifying the actors of the system. The availablesurvey data permit the identification of stakeholders and thecategorisation of markets.Concerning livestock system characterisation, livestock ownerscan be classified into two types based on their educationallevel, age, and production objectives. Older owners tend tobe illiterate, and more interested in high numbers of animalsrather than in good management. Their objectives seem notto be profit maximisation, though their real production goalsremain to be elucidated. Younger and mostly literate producershave had training in livestock breeding, and their principalobjective of production is profit maximisation.The geographic location as well as the individual farm seemto influence the production objective, profit maximisationbeing the essential motivation determining livestock productionpractice for peri-urban producers.In the following phase, we intend to better understand thebreeders’ behaviour. Focus group discussion has demonstratedthe pre-eminent role played by the Peulh (Fulani)shepherds in the management of the herds. Additionally,social perceptions of livestock production activities seem tostrongly influence the development of the sector.Smallholder farming in transition: Traditional and improved production methods33

ZIL research projectsCassavaresearchProject leaderWilhelm GruissemContact personsPeng ZhangHerve VanderschurenCollaboratorsHernan Ceballos, CIAT, Colombia /Alfred Dixon, IITA Nigeria /Thomas Hohn, University of Basel /Linda Hanley-Bowdoin, NCSU, USADurationMarch 2003 – December 2005Development and testing of cassava lines withimproved resistance to African Cassava Mosaic VirusCassava mosaic disease (CMD) is one of the major problemsencountered in cassava fields in Africa where the disease cantrigger overall yield losses up to to 25 %. CMD is caused bywhitefly-transmitted geminiviruses. Synergism, recombinationand pseudorecombination between different cassavagemini-virus species have led to the recent pandemics of severeCMD in Africa. Our research aims at developing differentCMD prevention strategies in transgenic cassava and thereforeproviding local farmers with geminivirus-resistant linesto secure cassava production in the subsistence faming system.Using antisense technology, the first cassava lines resistantto African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) have been producedin our lab and are about to be field-trialed in Africa.We are now trying to engineer broad-spectrum geminivirusresistance in cassava. The new approach is based on downregulationof viral protein production through the RNAinterference (RNAi) pathway. RNA interference is a conservedsilencing mechanism which accounts for mRNA regulationvia post-transscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and/or transscriptionalgene silencing (TGS). The specificity of this RNAregulation is based on homologous short double-strandedinterfering RNAs (siRNA). Transgenic cassava expressing hairpindouble-stranded RNA (dsRNA) homologous to geminiviralsequences are expected to reduce viral mRNA productionleading to decreased levels of viral replication and movementin the infected plant. Highly conserved sequencesamongst geminivirus species have been considered to be thebest target candidates for a RNAi-based resistance.We have successfully speeded up the recovery process ininfected cassava plants by expressing hairpin dsRNA targetingthe geminiviral promoter region. In vitro and in vivo studiessuggest that CMD resistance could be due to a reducedlevel of virus replication in transgenic cassava plants. We arecurrently combining different potential viral mRNA targets inorder to optimise the RNAi strategy in cassava.Wild-typeRNAi transgenicabTransgenic cassava expressinghairpin RNA homologous to ACMVpromoter sequence shows fastrecovery from ACMV infection(a) and inhibition of viral DNAaccumulation (b)Leaf position4 th 10 th 4 th 10 th Viral DNAs34

Project leaderSilvia DornContact personsGuido VeltenAnja S. RottCollaboratorsCesar Cardona, CIAT, Cali, Colombia /Béatrice Conde Petit, ILW, ETH ZurichDurationJanuary 2003 – January 2006ZIL research projectsIntegrated PestManagementFood chain legumes: Combining natural resourcesfor safe storage and favourable food processingThis project aims to elucidate favourable host-plant traits,which, in concert with a parasitic wasp, suppress postharvestdamage by the bruchid pest Acanthoscelides obtectus,and allow for good food processing. Using the tritrophic systemof bean, the pest A. obtectus and the parasitoidDinarmus basalis, the project investigates which bean plantresistance factors are optimal in combination with the parasitoidto suppress bruchid damage, and how they influencefood processing. The host-plant related traits to be studiedcomprise physical traits, in particular seed coat parameters,and chemical traits, in particular the storage protein arcelin.Arcelin causes a considerable prolongation of the developmentof A. obtectus, independent of its relative concentration. Thus,suitable host stages for parasitisation persist over a longerperiod of time, with a chance for higher bruchid suppression.In 2005, we evaluated the parasitoid’s development and itsefficiency in reducing its hosts on two commercially availablearcelin-free varieties (Calima and Pijao) and seven arcelincontainingbean lines. We observed the reproduction rate perfemale and estimated parasitoid offspring fitness by meansof body size. This study provides evidence for the selectivenessof the anti-herbivore protein arcelin. Results will contributeto a better understanding of the role of this plantresistance factor in tritrophic interactions between bean,pest insect and beneficial insect.In general, D. basalis was able to parasitise hosts independentlywhether they were reared on bean lines with arcelin oron susceptible control seeds. No indications were found thatthe mean number of parasitoid offspring per female wasaffected by bean genotype. Our results indicate that hostquality was sufficient,since the sex ratio of parasitoidprogeny was femalebased,meaning that mosthosts were accepted foroviposition of fertilisedeggs. Hind tibia length,used as a measurement forparasitoid offspring fitness,was not significantlydifferent between thetreatments, indicating nodirect negative effect ofthe anti-herbivore proteinarcelin on the fitness ofparasitoid progeny.The parasitoid Dinarmus basalis performedwell in conjunction with arcelin-containingbeans when added at a consistentdevelopment stage of the bruchid pestlarvae Acanthoscelides obtectus, providingencouraging baseline data for futurebiological control programmes.The parasitoid’s performance was indirectly assessed throughpest bruchid emergence. In two arcelin lines the emergencerate of A. obtectus was significantly reduced as compared tothe susceptible control samples. A slight decrease withincreasing relative arcelin concentration was found with theexception of the genotype with the highest relative arcelinconcentration, which yielded also the highest number ofparasitoid progeny. However, this line had the thinnest seedcoat in the seed set used for the experiment, showing thatthe strong influence of physical properties such as seed coatoverrides potential plant resistance effects.Altogether the results of this project will be the first evidencerevealing possible synergisms or incompatibilities betweenthis type of plant resistance and the use of biological control.35

Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Research Fellow Partnership Programme for Agriculture,Forestry and Natural Resources – OverviewThe ZIL-managed Research Fellow Partnership Programme(RFPP) is designed as a research capacity building instrumentin the fields of agriculture, forestry and natural resources.Since its inception in 1996, RFPP has undergone several phasesand the funds of the current Phase 1 of RFPP for Agriculture,Forestry and Natural Resources have been entirely committed.A successive phase was therefore negotiated. Based on thepositive results of the external evaluation of RFPP conductedin January 2005 (p. 18), SDC agreed to fund a second phase ofthe current RFPP. These negotiations were successfully concludedby the signing of the new contract in July 2005. Phase2 of the RFPP for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resourcessecures the continuation of RFPP until 2009 and implies somemodifications to its predecessor phase, such as the introductionof a budget limit of CHF 200 000 and a minimum of 25 %co-funding. These measures aim at reducing the cost perfellowship which results in a larger number of beneficiariesand a greater potential for capacity development.In 2005, four fellowships have commenced. Clémence Diracand Lanto Andriambelo have begun their doctoral studiesaiming at providing the scientific bases for participatory forestlandscape management in Madagascar. The newly startedfellowship of Sajad Bukobero is thematically and geographicallyclosely related, as it analyses social practices andconservation policies in the Malagasy rainforest. By fundingthe PhD of Kouamé Hgaza on the effect of fertiliser on yam,RFPP continues supporting the research partnershipbetween the ETH Zurich’s Institute of Plant Sciences and theCentre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques in Côte d’Ivoire(CSRS) – despite the difficult political situation. The fellowshipgranted to Ricardo Oliva explores the origin of Phytophthorainfestans, the most important potato disease worldwide,and thereby aims at contributing to a more effectivemanagement of late blight. This project is based on the firstresults of the ongoing fellowship of Gabriela Chacón (p. 38).Three fellowships have been successfully concluded in 2005.Ralph Knuesel has concluded his post-doctoral project by providingthe first professional fish health service in South Africa.Lucien Diby obtained his doctoral degree from the Universityof Cocody, Côte d’Ivoire, for the study on the growth and yieldpotential of two different species of yam. In his post-doctoralfellowship, Thomas Bernet has developed the “ParticipatoryMarket Chain Approach” (PMCA), a methodology bringingtogether all actors along a market chain. Within the Peruviancontext, PMCA has led to several newly introduced productsand improved demand of native potatoes grown by resourcepoorfarmers in the Andes. The high demand of developingagencies to use PMCA in different spatial contexts is a clearindication of the fellowship’s relevance and impact.In May 2005, RFPP contributed to the stand entitled “Potatoresearch for poverty reduction: Discover the Inca’s treasures”as part of the ETH Zurich’s 150-year anniversary exhibition(p. 13). More than 250 000 people visited the “Worlds ofKnowledge” exhibition and hopefully for many of them, theRFPP exhibit demonstrated that capacity building throughresearch partnership is an appropriate answer to the challengesin the developing world.Marc Zoss36

Research fellowKaspar SchmidtSupervisorsJohn Northridge, IRDD, University ofReading, United Kingdom / Jean-Pierre Sorg,ETH Zurich / Bronislav I. Venglovsky,Forest Research Institute, KyrgyzstanCollaboratorsCarol J. Colfer, CIFOR, Indonesia /Jean-Marie Samyn, Intercooperation,Switzerland / Gulnaz T. Jalilova,Forest Research Institute, KyrgyzstanDurationMay 2001 – December 2005Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Knowledge and strategies of local peopleinvolved in forest managementin the walnut-fruit forests in KyrgyzstanThis project aimed at contributing to the development ofparticipatory approaches to forest management in thewalnut-fruit forests in Southern Kyrgyzstan, and was conductedin the following interlinked areas:• local knowledge and forest use practices;those regarding silvicultural treatments of forest stands,underline the importance of the advisory role of professionalforesters in the future. The recommendations derived fromthe analysis focus on the future roles of the State ForestService, local people and other stakeholders in the sustainablemanagement of these remarkable forest ecosystems.• the role of forest resources in local livelihood systems;• the linkage between biodiversity conservation and forestmanagement.Opportunities and constraints for local people to participatein the management of these forests were identified and discussed.Field work for the research was conducted on foursites that differ in terms of the general conditions for forestmanagement (e.g. pressure on natural resources, ethnic compositionof the population).Today, different leasehold schemes exist in the state-ownedwalnut-fruit forests. Hereby, local people, either as individualsor in small groups, are granted user rights for delimited forestplots. The results obtained from this study suggest that suchleases have considerably increased ownership among theleaseholders for their forest plots and thus also improved forestprotection. The leaseholders use their plots for a range offorest and agricultural products, either for subsistence or togenerate much-needed cash income. Walnut and a few othernon-timber forest products are particularly significant for thelatter. The skills and the knowledge held by leaseholders constitutea major potential for the involvement of local peoplein forest management. Gaps in local knowledge, for instanceA leaseholder explains how he uses his agroforestry plot37

Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Research fellowGabriela Chacón, CIP,Quito, EcuadorSupervisorsCesare Gessler, IPW, ETH Zurich /Gregory Forbes, CIP, Lima, PeruCollaboratorMeridith Bonierbale,CIP, Lima, PeruDurationAugust 2001 – June 2006Variability in Phytophthora infestans and itspotential role in breeding for resistance in potatoLate blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans,is one of the most devastating potato and tomato diseasesworldwide. The development of resistant varieties usingresistance found in wild potato species has been an increasinglyimportant factor in the integrated management of thedisease. Nonetheless, several important research issueshave impaired our ability to directly use wild sources ofTropical highlands of Ecuador, where Phytophthora infestans isolates werecollected from solanaceous plantsresistance. For example, it was not clear that wild potatoesare attacked by the same pathogen population attacking thecultivated potato. Rather, it appears highly plausible thatspecific pathogen populations are adapted to particularspecies of potato. To answer this question and to have a betterunderstanding of the existing variability in the pathogenpopulation, isolates of P. infestans were collected in the highlandsof Ecuador from various host plants and characterisedwith a set of phenotypic and genotypic markers. Resultsindicated that the variability of the pathogen in Ecuador ishigh. Five pathogen groups were found infecting at leasttwenty plant species of the Solanaceae family. Five of thesespecies are cultivated crops. Among the pathogen groups,two include sexual forms that increase the risk of the developmentof more aggressive and adapted forms of thepathogen via sexual reproduction. Although the generalpathogen variability was high, the pathogen populationdirectly affecting the edible potato was not diverse. In fact,all cultivated and wild potato species are attacked by thesame clonal lineage, EC-1. Studies on the aggressiveness ofindividual EC-1 isolates collected from various wild potatoesand inoculated on different potato species, did not produceevidence to confirm the existence of host specificity withinthis group. This is good news for local potato breeders sincethey can use wild potatoes as sources of desirable traits(including resistance to P. infestans) without worrying aboutthe eventual effects of widely diverse and host-specificpathogen groups. Additionally, EC-1 isolates from any wildpotato would be appropriate to screen for resistance in segregatinghost populations in areas where this pathogen lineageis dominant.38

Research fellowThomas Bernet, CIP, Lima, PeruSupervisorsAndré Devaux and Oscar Ortiz,CIP, Lima, PeruCollaboratorsAlbéric Hibon, ASO-SDC, Lima, Peru /Graham Thiele, CIP-Quito, Ecuador /Thomas Zschocke, CIP-Training,Lima, Peru / Ueli Scheuermeier,LBL, Lindau, Switzerland /Bernhard Lehmann, IAW, ETH ZurichDurationAugust 2001 – March 2005Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Understanding and fomenting effective regional researchand development processes in rural areas of the AndesThe main objective of this RFPP project has been to developnew methods aiming to improve market linkages of smallscalefarmers and rural areas. First, the “Marketing Approachto Conserve Agricultural Biodiversity” (MACAB) was designed,helping Research and Development (R&D) organisations toset in place the necessary steps to engage efficiently with theprivate sector when creating new products and markets forunderutilised crops. Second, the “Participatory Market ChainApproach” (PMCA) was designed, a participatory methodthat helps R&D organisations to identify, analyse and implementmarketing opportunities together with marketchain actors and supporting organisations, including researchcentres, government agencies, NGOs and donors ofdevelopment projects.In collaboration with research colleagues of the InternationalPotato Center (CIP), MACAB was used to create a marketingconcept for coloured native potato varieties. This product wassuccessfully launched in Lima’s duty-free shops with the helpof a private company engaging with the Andean farmers whoproduce these exclusive potatoes. PMCA was developed andused in the context of the SDC-financed “INCOPA” potato project,where the two initial applications generated not only newcommercial label products (e.g. yellow potato chips, standardisedwholesale potatoes, fresh and freeze-dried native potatoesfor supermarkets, mashed potatoes from native varieties, informationbulletins), but also new technologies (e.g. a flexiblepotato grater) and new institutions (e.g. production arrangementsfor native potatoes and CAPAC PERU, a new marketchain association that seeks to enhance quality production andcommercialisation of agricultural produce in Peru).PMCA workshop in the Andes with Ugandan participationThe promising results obtained in Peru have generated awide interest in PMCA. Under the leadership of the PapaAndina project, PMCA was taught in Bolivia and Uganda,where it is currently used to stimulate innovations in thepotato, sweetpotato and vegetable sectors. A user guide hasbeen developed. Driven by concrete demand, PMCA will soonbe applied in Asia (Laos) and Central America (Nicaragua).39

Research fellowNicolas Roost,IWMI, Sri LankaSupervisorDavid Molden,IWMI, Sri LankaCollaboratorsAndre Musy, EPFL, Switzerland /Yuanlai Cui and Bin Dong,Wuhan University, ChinaDurationNovember 2002 – May 2005Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Water savings and improved productivity in water-scarcebasins: A DSS for improved irrigation managementSaving water and increasing the productivity of water(achieving more crop per drop) in irrigated agriculture is thekey to mitigate problems of scarcity in many areas. An innovativesimulation model, designed to help water managersmake a more efficient and productive use of water in irrigation,has been developed in this project. This model, OASIS,takes recycling of irrigation return flows and conjunctive useof multiple sources of water into account. It also factors inthe influence of non-irrigated areas such as fallow lands andnatural vegetation. These aspects are critical but not adequatelyaddressed in water management decisions. Themodel was applied in China and Sri Lanka in order to learnlessons about water savings.The most informative results were found when OASIS wasapplied in the Zhanghe Irrigation System (ZIS, Central China)to look at the impacts of farm reservoirs (ponds) and ricewater-saving irrigation (WSI) practices. Simulations clearlyshowed that ponds, providing a major contribution to yields,have been instrumental in coping with the shrinking suppliesfrom the Zhanghe reservoir. Results suggest that adoption ofWSI practices such as alternate wetting and drying (AWD) isnot the result of a deliberate choice made by farmers but theconsequence of the water availability constraints they aredealing with. Because of the powerful recycling mechanismsin place, practices such as AWD do not create significant realwater savings in ZIS. AWD is, however, an effective way tomaintain water in storage in the upper reaches of the system,thereby contributing to maximising the amount of riceproduced per unit of water released from the Zhanghe reservoir.Because the issue of water savings is critical in China,local as well as provincial stakeholders have expressed stronginterests for the results of this research. Extension to otherareas in China is being discussed.Rice nursery beds in the Zhanghe Irrigation System, Central China41

Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Research fellowsJoachim SellThomas KöllnerSupervisorRoland Scholz, ETH ZurichCollaboratorsLucio Pedroni CATIE, Turrialba, CostaRica / Markku Kanninen, CIFOR,Bogor, Indonesia / Carmenza Robledo,EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland /Wendy Proctor, CSIRO Landand Water, AustraliaDurationJanuary 2003 – January 2006Demand and supply for ecosystem servicesfrom tropical forestryTropical forests provide valuable ecosystem services (ES) suchas biodiversity or carbon sequestration. Besides their importancefor human welfare, ES are usually considered to be publicgoods. In recent years it has been argued that market basedapproaches may substantially foster the sustainable use oftropical forests and their ecosystem services. Accordingly,institutional settings for private investments and correspondingmarkets are being developed. However, the requirementsand preferences of market actors are not well known. In addition,there are deficiencies in the integrated assessment ofproject management (including sustainability dimensions)and the marketing of forestry projects that provide ES.Our objectives are• to determine and compare decision criteria, preferencesand expected benefits of market actors from the supplyand the demand side;• to develop a multi-criteria based method that allows anintegrated assessment of projects; and• to propose marketing and project managementmeasures that foster market activities and balance theneeds of actors on the supply and demand sides.Using three questionnaire surveys we investigated decisioncriteria, preferences and expected benefits of key marketactors from tropical and non-tropical countries with regardto tropical forestry-based ES. The surveys reveal that bothgroups have distinct decisionmaking perspectives. Marketactors from tropical countries emphasise criteria related tomarkets, profitability and information management, whereasthe actors from non-tropical countries tend to stress criteriarelated to sustainability. Accordingly, the former groupexpects much higher market potential for ES than the lattergroup. A survey on marketing aspects revealed that thisissue shows high potential for optimisation. In order to coordinatemarketing-related research, an international networkis being created, based on an international conferencein January 2006 organised by the research fellows.Final conference “Supply and Demand for Ecosystem Services from TropicalForestry. Market Actors, Marketing and Institutions” on January 16, 2006 in Zurich42

Research fellowFrank MuttenzerSupervisorMarc Hufty,IUED, Geneva, SwitzerlandCollaboratorBruno Ramamonjisoa,University of Antananarivo,MadagascarDurationMarch 2003 – March 2006Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Fiscal incentives for community forestry:Procedural legitimacy in co-managementof forests by multiple stakeholdersCommunity forestry has become a key policy principle of biodiversityconservation in Madagascar. It continues, however,to be practiced much like in the 1980s to justify local aid projects.Although a contractual forest management law wasenacted in 1996, no local management plan has been negotiatedwithout external funding as yet. Transaction costs ofresource access through customary institutions are in factless significant than those of contractual forest management.When villagers express an interest in community contracts,they do so not to establish clear boundaries or torestrict access to common pool resources, but rather tosecure access to forest lands and resources.We studied two cases of agrarian colonisation of rainforestlands in the North and on the Eastern escarpment in order tounderstand how the property relations of production in differentparts of the rural economy are established by socialpractice: The organisation of rural charcoal markets in theWestern lowlands, as well as “raphia” palm fibre extractionon the Eastern coast. In each of the case studies, We researchedhow people secure, contest and justify institutionalisedproperty relations by embedding these relations in amorally binding context of social representation. The issue offiscal incentives has been analysed in the empirical contextof energy wood management. To reduce transaction costs ofcommunity-based management of rural charcoal markets,the forest service is required to return tax revenues to villageuser associations that should create local incentives toimplement contractual management plans. We found however,that the measure hardly affects the economy of illegaltransactions and authorisations since legal powers to autho-Charcoal production: A forest-related going concernrise, tax and control the production of charcoal remain in thehands of the central administration.Among the results of the comparison of a variety of cases isthe finding that contractual community-based resource managementcannot achieve sustainable management of forestresources because policy objectives and procedures are incompatiblewith prevailing social representation of labour, theancestral domain and a common national identity. Anotherresult is that the failure to effectively implement state forestlaw does not challenge its political legitimacy, given that contractual“recognition” of customary law leads to a repositioningof actors’ strategies and thus to a reinterpretation of integratedconservation policy as officially understood.43

Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Research fellowMathew Musumbale Abang,ICARDA, SyriaSupervisorsBruce McDonald, ETH Zurich /Celeste Linde, ANU, AustraliaCollaboratorsAmor Yahyaoui, Salvatore Ceccarelli,Stephania Grando and Michael Baum,ICARDA, SyriaDurationMarch 2003 – February 2006Improving resistance to barley scald throughunderstanding the processes that govern the evolutionof Rhynchosporium secalis populationsMajor resistance genes deployed in barley to control scald(Rhynchosporium secalis) have frequently exhibited a finitelife span due to shifts in the virulence structure of thepathogen population. One of the objectives of this projectwas to understand the evolution of R. secalis in response tohost resistance genes by measuring the adaptive responsesof experimental pathogen populations to host selection duringboth parasitic and saprophytic phases of the diseasecycle. Competition among eight Rhynchosporium secalis isolateswas assessed during both phases of the disease cycle infield experiments conducted at two locations and over twogrowing seasons. The eight isolates were inoculated onto sixbarley populations exhibiting varying degrees of resistance.Microsatellite analysis of 2866 isolates recovered from theSeedling assay conducted to compare the aggressiveness of R. secalis isolates inthe greenhouse to their fitness on the same barley cultivars in the fieldfield experiments showed significant, and sometimes opposite,changes in the frequencies of R. secalis genotypes duringthe growing season (parasitic phase) and between growingseasons (saprophytic phase). Significant differences in isolatefitness were found on different host populations and in differentenvironments. Selection coefficients were large, indicatingthat evolution can occur rapidly in field populations.These results provide the first direct evidence that R. secalispathogen genotypes differ in their saprophytic ability andfitness under field conditions.Individual assignment based on microsatellites was used todetect immigration of R. secalis from surrounding barleyfields (source populations) into an experimental field (recipientpopulation), which comprised barley host populationsartificially inoculated with eight distinct R. secalis genotypesor left uninoculated (as a control) to be infected naturallywith airborne ascospores. Thirty-nine isolates from the controlplots had a multilocus haplotype that did not match thatof the inoculants. Bayesian-based individual assignment confirmedthat these novel isolates were immigrants. Infectedseed, infected straw, and splash-dispersed conidia could beexcluded as the source of the immigrants, leaving airborneascospores as the most likely source of primary inoculum inour control plots and of the immigrants detected in the inoculatedplots. These findings emphasise the important rolethat ascospore-mediated long-distance dispersal plays in theepidemiology of R. secalis. Recombinant strains were identifiedin the inoculated plots and additional tests are ongoingto ascertain which recombinants arose through sexual orparasexual recombination. Sexual recombination makes possiblethe emergence and dispersal of new R. secalis genotypesduring the growing season.44

Research fellowRalph KnüselSupervisorsHelmut Segner and Thomas Wahli, FIWI,University of Berne, Switzerland /Louw Hoffmann and Danie Brink, Universityof Stellenbosch, South AfricaCollaboratorsAnna Mouton, Stanford, South Africa /Hafizah Chenia, University of Stellenbosch,South Africa / Daniel Jamu, NationalAquaculture Center, Zomba, MalawiDurationApril 2003 – May 2005Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Development and implementation of an aquaculturehealth management plan in support of the small-scale fishfarming programme in rural communities of South AfricaHealth status plays a major role in growth, survival andtherefore overall production of cultured fish. High stockingdensities of susceptible individuals favour the outbreak andspread of fish diseases which therefore represent a specialthreat to aquaculture. Fish disease knowledge, fish healthmanagement and diagnostic skills are therefore of particularimportance for successful aquaculture. However, there is asubstantial lack in all these fields of expertise throughoutsub-Saharan Africa.The aim of the present project was to promote joint researchand practical measures to reduce the impact of this importantbottleneck in current aquaculture production inSouthern Africa, i.e. fish losses due to disease.Achievements of the project were:• The project provided the first professional fish health serviceto fish farmers in South Africa;• the project performed the first fish disease survey inSouth Africa. More than 2000 fish from South Africa andMalawi were analysed;• information on fish diseases prevalent in farmed fish inSouthern Africa was updated and disseminated. Resultswere communicated in scientific and popular papers;manuals on fish diseases were published, lectures andpresentations held for both academics and non-academicswith the aim of promoting knowledge on fish diseases,their diagnosis, prevention and treatment;• the identification of the Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) was thefirst description of this serious fish pathogen in Africa;• several workshops including hands-on training wereorganised. Fish diseases and health management hasnow its proper place in the training of future small-scalefarmers and students at the University of Stellenbosch;A typical harvest from a small-scale fish farmer’s pond in Malawi• an improvement of fish health management was furtherachieved by introducing effective prophylactic fish healthproducts and performing trials under farm conditions;• the detection of KHV and other results of the surveysmotivated a private laboratory to establish diagnostic testmethods for several fish diseases;• the project provided connections and interactions forvarious specialists (microbiologists, parasitologists, veterinarians,nutritionists) in the field of fish diseases thatresulted in intensified local, regional and internationalcollaboration;• contacts between the WorldFish Centre (Malawi) and theUniversities of Stellenbosch and Grahamstown (RSA)were strengthened; and• two South African candidates will attend a training stayat the FIWI in Berne in 2006.45

Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Research fellowFrank Eyhorn, NADEL, ETH ZurichSupervisorsUrs Wiesmann, University of Berne,Switzerland / Ruedi Baumgartner,NADEL, ETH ZurichCollaboratorsMahesh Ramakrishnan, InternationalCompetence Centre for Organic Agriculture,Bangalore, India / Tushaar Shah, IWMI,Anand, India / Uma Rani, Gujarat Instituteof Development Research, Gujarat, IndiaDurationDecember 2003 – December 2006The impact of organic cotton cultivationon the livelihood of Indian smallholdersThe trade fair “India Organic 2005” in Bangalore, during which the organic cottonstakeholder workshop was heldThe aim of this project is to assess to what extent organicfarming can be a way to improve the livelihoods of smallholdersin developing countries in general and of Indian cottonfarmers in particular. The specific project objectives are:• To provide a framework for a livelihood-oriented designand analysis of organic cotton production projects;In April 2005, the Indo-Swiss research team completed thedata collection on 120 organic and conventional farms, coveringtwo cropping periods. Interviews with selected farmersin the Maikaal project and in organic cotton projects in theState of Andhra Pradesh complemented the quantitativeresults. The agronomic findings were documented in aresearch report and submitted as a paper to an agriculturaljournal. In November 2005, the results were presented in anorganic cotton stakeholder workshop in Bangalore, India, andin a symposium in Lucerne, Switzerland. Altogether, the presentationswere attended by almost 300 participants andreceived considerable media coverage. Subsequently, theAgricultural Department of the Indian state Maharashtrainvited the researchers to present the results, and to supportthe Department in a planning process for a programme topromote organic cotton farming.The doctoral thesis is linked to a research project mandatedby the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)and WWF Switzerland. The reports and extension tools onorganic cotton elaborated by the research team are availableon the website http://www.organiccotton.fibl.org.Research partner Dr. Uma Rani in an interview with an organic cottonfarmer in Andhra Pradesh• to generate profound data and knowledge on the agronomicperformance and the socio-economic impact oforganic cotton cultivation on farm households in theMaikaal project, Central India (compared to the prevailingconventional production system); and• to explore ways of utilising the potential of organiccotton farming as a development option for smallholders.46

Research fellowAtti TchabiSupervisorsAndres Wiemken and Fritz Oehl,University of Basel, Switzerland /Danny Coyne, IITA, NigeriaCollaboratorsFabien Hountondji, IITA,Cotonou, Benin / Paul Mäder,FiBL, Frick, Switzerland /Robert Asiedu, IITA, NigeriaDurationSeptember 2004 – August 2007Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)from the “yam belt” for improved yam growth andreduced yam nematodes infestation in West AfricaThe arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is the most widely occurringmicrobial symbiosis with higher plants. It is known for facilitatingplant mineral nutrient uptake, particularly of phosphorusunder conditions of P-limitation common in tropicalsoils due to leaching and/or severe immobilisation.Furthermore, it is believed to improve plant-water relationsand to provide resistance against pathogens. Yam (Dioscoreaspp.) is the most important tuber crop in terms of area coveragein West Africa, particularly in Benin and Togo. Alarmingly,over the last years, the annual yam production per hectarehas been decreasing considerably due to a loss of soil fertilityand nematode damage. This study aims at exploring indigenousAM fungi and assessing their effect on yam growth andyam nematode infestation. The specific goal of the first yearwas to isolate and identify AM fungi from soils of variousagro-ecosystems of the “yam belt” in Togo and Benin. AMfungal species were identified based on spore morphology.Our findings show that there is a high diversity of species inthe soils of the “yam belt”. Representatives of almost allknown AM fungal genera so far described were detectedcomprising over 40 different AM fungal species. In AM fungaltrap cultures established with soil samples from all agroecosystemsexamined, the most common species recoveredwas Glomus etunicatum. In general, species diversitydecreased parallel to increasing land use intensity. Greatestspecies diversity was observed in natural forest soils followedby soils from yam fields, which were planted in the first yearfollowing primary forest clearance. Lowest AM fungal speciesdiversity was found in the intensively managed cotton fields.The species diversity appears to restore, however, during fallowperiods and secondary forest regeneration, but only partlyso. Most importantly for our project, we discovered thatroots of Dioscorea spp. are highly mycorrhizal and more than20 different AM fungal species formed spores in trap culturesusing yam as host plant. The most abundant species thatsporulated in association with yam were G. etunicatum andAcaulospora scrobiculata. Currently, single spore derived G.etunicatum isolates recovered from the survey and, for comparison,commercially available AM fungi, are being assessedin the greenhouse at IITA-Benin for their impact on yamgrowth and nematode suppression, using both yam sets andtubers produced from tissue-cultured yam plantlets as startingmaterial.Yam root cortex colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi47

Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Research fellowDavid Odongo, ILRI, KenyaSupervisorsClaudia Daubenberger,STI, Basel, Switzerland /Richard Bishop, ILRI, KenyaCollaboratorsGerd Pluschke, STI, Switzerland /Rinaldo E. Zurbriggen,Pevion Biotech, Switzerland /Evans Taracha, ILRI, KenyaDurationSeptember 2004 – August 2006Development of a second generation anti-tick vaccineusing a mimotope-virosome approachThis project is pursuing a novel approach to synthetic vaccinedesign, optimisation and delivery by using a virosome strategywith the aim of improving TickGARD, an already existingcommercial anti-tick vaccine in terms of its efficiency, handling,user-friendliness and pricing for farmers. TickGARD vaccineprotects cattle against tick infestation with Boophilusmicroplus and B. decoloratus, which are major ecto-parasitesCattle vaccination against ticksand a veterinary problem affecting cattle health, causingimportant economic losses due to the diseases they transmitand high costs of control. This vaccine could be improved andextended to protect cattle from infestation with other tickspecies. Using a Pepscan methodology, we identified andselected immuno-dominant peptide regions recognised bysera from TickGARD-immunised and -protected animals butnot with pre-immunisation sera, and have generated syntheticmimotopes to be tested on their capacity to inducetick gut-cell binding antibodies initially in mice and later incattle. We also evaluated the performance of extended versionsof three previously described short peptide candidatescoupled to virosomes. Two of these three mimotopes producedhigh antibody tires in mice that were immunised. Byimmuno-histochemical and immuno-fluorescence staining,we demonstrated the capacity of the mimotope-inducedmouse polyclonal antibodies to bind to native Bm86 proteinwhich is expressed on the mid-gut cell surface of semiengorgedfemale ticks, this compared to a lack of reactivitywith sera from mice that were immunised with virosomesalone. One of these mice was then used to generate ahybridoma cell line by cell fusion for production of monoclonalantibodies capable of binding to the recombinantprotein in ELISA and to tick gut cells expressing the nativeprotein. We are currently evaluating the levels of protectioninitially against laboratory Boophilus tick challenge in cattle,induced by these two short structurally modified syntheticpeptide candidates, in conjunction with a novel antigendelivery system for use in cattle based on virosomes that isusable in African settings. The experience gained during thispilot project should establish the suitability of this technologyplatform for vaccine development for control of a range oflivestock diseases.48

Research fellowChanghu Wang, CIAT, ColombiaSupervisorsZaida Lentini, CIAT, Colombia /Peng Zhang, ETH ZurichCollaboratorsHernán Ceballos, CIAT, Colombia /Jan Custer, University of Wageningen,The NetherlandsDurationJanuary 2005 – December 2007Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Development of an in vitro protocol for the productionof cassava doubled haploids and its use in breedingThe in vitro production of doubled haploids (DHs) lines wouldserve as a baseline for the development of populations allowingthe identification of valuable recessive traits and providingthe opportunity for the incorporation of molecular tools. In2005, the project was focused on: i) improving further themicrospore isolation protocol to obtain homogenousmicrospore preparations (i. e. of similar developmental stage);ii) optimising conditions for high viability of microspores overtime upon isolation; iii) analysing the effect of field sites onthe development of microspores from donor plants; and iv)identifying parameters allowing a close association betweenmorphological characteristics of flower buds/inflorescencesand the developmental stage of microspores.Main results and conclusions include:• Two of the main bottlenecks affecting microspore culturein cassava have been elucidated: i) obtaining homogenousmicrospore suspensions according to their developmentalstage; and ii) obtaining high yielding microsporesuspensions to allow culture at 10 5 cells/ml by careful selectingof flower bud size, the inflorescence used andtheir position within the inflorescence. Meanwhile, thestandardisation of protocols used for donor plant andflower bud selection, flower bud harvest and storageuntil processing, viability monitoring and microspore isolationhas been accomplished.• By using tetrads as indicators, low temperature has beenproven to be a crucial factor for keeping viability of cassavamicrospores.Male flower pattern and developmental difference between inner and outer whorlof anthers. A: Ten anthers arranged in two whorls. B: Anthers from inner whorl withlonger filaments alternated with anthers from the outer whorl. C: Microspores andold tetrads from outer whorl. D: Microspores from the same bud, but located inouter whorl. The size of the microspores is bigger than those in C and the exine wallis further developed with visible particles on the surface.• Percoll gradient 30–40–50 % allowed a cleaner and betterseparation of microspores by size and developmentalstages than the 50–60–70 % gradient.• Putative cell divisions aroused from pre-chilled SM1219-9tetrads cultured at 10 4 cell/ml in B5 liquid medium at26°C in the darkness.Next year, work will be mainly devoted to improve cultureconditions with various pre-treatments, media as well as cultureconditions.49

Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Research fellowRicardo Oliva,CIP, Quito, EcuadorSupervisorsCesare Gessler, IPW, ETH Zurich /Gregory Forbes, CIP, Lima, PeruCollaboratorWilbert Flier,PRI, Wageningen, The NetherlandsDurationJanuary 2005 – December 2007Exotic strains of Phytophthora infestans in the Andes –Genetically isolated curiosities or time bombsfor native Solanaceous crops?levels of host specificity have been demonstrated and mightbe acting as reproductive isolating barriers between A1 andA2 populations, sporadic events of cross infection and geneflow might be occurring. In this context, the possible appearanceof new aggressive strains resulting from sexual recombinationis an important threat for Solanum-dependentfarmers. The main objective of this project is to predict possiblechanges in the genetic structure of P. infestans populationsin Ecuador due to sexual reproduction or other forms ofgenetic recombination.Solanum quitoense plants growing in the CIP greenhouseLate blight of potatoes is caused by the pathogen Phytophthorainfestans, a heterothallic oomycete that needs thepresence of both mating types (A1 and A2) to produce longlivingstructures called oospores and to complete the sexualstage of propagation. In the highlands of Ecuador, the populationgenetic structure of this pathogen is being influencedby the existence of multiple host species. Recent studiesrevealed that the pathogen populations comprise both matingtypes within several genetic subgroups. Although certainDuring the first stages of the research, we have focused onseveral subjects, including genetic structure of populations,gene flow, sexual reproduction in vitro and infectivity ofoospores in planta. Isolates of different mating types wereable to interact in vitro and produce viable oospores.Furthermore, oospores could be produced in leaf tissues ofwild and cultivated Solanum hosts. Although the rate of germinationin vitro was low, it appears to be enough to producepopulations in nature resulting from sexual reproduction.Preliminary data suggest that the genetic diversity of P. infestansin the highlands of Ecuador could be increased thoughtsexual reproduction, and this might have an important effecton population dynamics and aggressiveness. All theseparameters should allow us to predict the overall potential ofthe sexual reproduction of the pathogen in the Andean highlands,ensuring that disease control strategies are based onaccess to accurate knowledge on pathogen dynamics.50

Research fellowSajad BukoberoSupervisorsMarc Hufty,IUED, Geneva, Switzerland /Jean-Pierre Sorg, ETH ZurichCollaboratorsBruce Campbell,CIFOR, Indonesia /Bruno Ramamonjisoa,ESSA, MadagascarDurationMay 2005 – May 2008Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Social practices and conservation policies:Enhancing livelihoods through sustainableforests management in MadagascarThis research project aims to analyse how forest-related policiesimpact local practices and livelihoods of forest-dependentpeople. It will develop an explanatory model of the relationshipbetween people and forests. Recommendations willthen be formulated to allow policy makers to elaborate conservationstrategies that contribute to enhance livelihoods.From June to October 2005, a series of interviews, groupdiscussions, household surveys and field observations werecarried out in two study sites Mahajanga and Moramanga.The data collection was centred on (i) the types and quantitiesof forest products commonly used, (ii) the institutionsgoverning access to and control over these resources, (iii) theimpact of devolution* on the resource use pattern, on institutions,and on the status of forests.Preliminary results:Wood, fruits and tubers are the most important forest productsharvested. The most striking change is with regard to thegovernance of forest resources. Since devolution was implemented,there is a significant decrease in forest conversionand settlement in the transferred forests. Yet, devolutionresulted in the reconfiguration of power relations in the community,most often at the expense of the lower tiers. As a consequence,one can observe an oligopsony trend in charcoaltrading (i.e. a market with very few buyers), the emergence ofmoney lenders, and an increase in sharecropping that retainsthe poorest in hardship. Furthermore, some types of products(e.g. cashew nuts) are harvested in an unsustainable manner.Conclusion:Devolution benefits the local communities but there is lackof equity. Its effects on forest conservation are a mixed blessing:although settlement in and conversion of forests areslowing down, there is overharvesting of forest productswhich remains a threat to the forests.Perspectives:The emerging “rules of the game” and the contextual factorsneed deeper understanding. The next phase of field work willbe focussed on the “rules of the game” and perceptionsregarding deforestation and livelihoods.The free-rider behaviour in harvesting forest products has become commonplace:Children harvesting cashew apples and nuts in an unsustainable manner* “Devolution” is defined here as the transfer of rights and responsibilities over natural resources from the state to user groups at the local level.51

Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Research fellowMarkus SchneiderSupervisorsIan W. Marison, EPFL, Switzerland /Tolly S. A. Mbwette, Universityof Dar-es-Salaam (UDSM), TanzaniaCollaboratorsJamidu H. Y. Katima, UDSM, Tanzania /Peter Lüthy, ETH Zurich /Ahmed Hassanali, ICIPE, Kenya /Sixtus Kayombo and HarishchandraB. Pratap, UDSM, TanzaniaDurationOctober 2005 – September 2008Drinking water treatment in Tanzania using seed extractsfrom the pan-tropical tree Moringa oleiferaThe project started in October 2005 in East Africa and aims atverifying the transfer of a sustainable drinking water treatmenttechnology developed in Switzerland to tropical developingcountries.Water treatment in tropical developing countries dependsheavily on water treatment agents. Until now, however,these cannot be produced locally and therefore must beimported using scarce foreign currency.Over the past six years, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technologyin Lausanne (EPFL) has developed an innovative procedurefor a robust and cost-effective large-scale productionof Moringa oleifera seed extracts. These extracts show highlypromising coagulation and antimicrobial activities in laboratoryexperiments which emphasise their sustainable use indrinking water treatment processes in countries, where thepan-tropical tree M. oleifera is naturally abundant.Our research objectives are:• to evaluate the effectiveness of the seed extracts underactual conditions (i.e. the tropics) according to international(WHO) drinking water quality standards;• to assess the risk of M. oleifera seed extracts; and• to develop a method for extract implementation intolocal water treatment plants.A woman harvesting M. oleifera podsThe main research activities will be carried out at theprospective College of Engineering and Technology of theUniversity of Dar-es-Salaam (UDSM) in Tanzania. Both thelaboratory testings and the consecutive large-scale watertreatment trials in a containerised water treatment plant arebelieved to result in valuable data for a thorough assessmentof the M. oleifera extracts.The project will also considerably enhance a previouslysigned Memorandum of Understanding between Switzerlandand Tanzania in the field of research and education.52

Research fellowsLanto Herilala Andriambelo / Clémence DiracSupervisorsAlexandre Buttler, EPFL, Switzerland /Jean-Pierre Sorg, ETH Zurich, Switzerland /Gabrielle Rajoelison, ESSA, MadagascarCollaboratorsSamuel Razanaka, Centre National deRecherche sur l’Environnement, Madagascar /Menabe Saha, Intercooperation, Madagascar /Albert Rivoarijaona, Centre de FormationProfessionelle Forestière, MadagascarDurationNovember 2005 – October 2008Research Fellow Partnership Programme (RFPP)Enhancing the livelihood of the local populationin a biodiversity hotspot in Madagascar: Scientific basesfor a participatory forest landscape managementIn the dry region of Central Menabe, along the west coast ofMadagascar, clearing has drastically reduced the once largeforests. If the deforestation continues at the present rate, theforest will disappear and no longer be capable of ensuringthe different services and products it provides to the villagers.It is therefore urgent to intervene in this region witha view to ensuring the sustainability of all forest functionsand to filling the needs of a range of stakeholders.With these goals in mind, the main objective of the project isto set up scientific bases for a sustainable multifunctionaland participatory management of a forest landscape inCentral Menabe.The specific objectives are:• to assess the role of forest products and local knowledgeabout forest and tree management in the livelihoodstrategies (human-forest interface);• to determine production potential and regenerationcapacity of the most important forest products thatunderpin livelihoods; and• to deduce opportunities and constraints for sustainablemanagement of a landscape with a majorforest component.The project is based on a consultative and an active participatoryapproach that integrates scientific and indigenousknowledge. Starting from present-day local knowledge onland use, it aims to provide, at a landscapelevel, scientific managementbases respecting forest biodiversity. Inparticular, the project aims to improvestrategies in the market chains offorest products, to integrate agriculture(agro-forestry) and livestock inforestry and to establish the potentialin biodiversity conservation of paymentsor compensations for ecologicalservices.As the project is being carried out inan area representative of the dry forestzone, it is likely that researchresults can be applied to other regionsof Menabe in the future.A baobab, symbol of thedry forest landscapesThe project has begun in November 2005 and will be concludedin October 2008. During the first months, the doctoralstudents have conducted a bibliographical review on similarinternational studies and on previous research in theMenabe region. An article describing the project has alreadybeen proposed to a journal and a review on Madagascarhuman-forest interface with a special view on the CentralMenabe region is being prepared and should be presentedfor publication in March 2006. In February 2006, the two doctoralstudents will begin their one-year field period for thefirst part of data collection.53

Other international projects of ZIL membersProjects at the ETH Zurich related to agriculture,food and nutrition, and forestry in developing countriesAnimal Sciences (INW)Impact of natural and human-induced disasters onlivestock production, including Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR)and HIV/AIDSProject leader: Michael R. GoeProject partner: FAO, Rome, ItalySupervisor: Gerald StranzingerFunding sources: Velux Foundation / ETH ZurichDisaster risk management and livestock in urban planningProject leader:Project partner:Supervisor:Funding sources:Michael R. GoeMassachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT), Cambridge, MA, USAGerald StranzingerVelux Foundation / ETH ZurichThe “one medicine”: Molecular epidemiology of zoonoticMycobacterium bovis in relation to host genetic variation inAfrican animal hosts.Project leaders: Jakob Zinsstag, Swiss Tropical Institute,Basel / Haja Kadarmideen, ETH ZurichProject partner: Rudovick Kazwala, Sokoine University ofAgriculture, Morogoro, TanzaniaCollaborators: Morocco, Mauretania, Senegal, Mali, Nigeria,Chad, TanzaniaFunding source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)Development and use of rumen molecular techniques forpredicting and enhancing livestock productivityProject leaders: Michael Kreuzer, Hans-Dieter Hess, CarlaR. Soliva (Research Agreement Holders)Project partners: Nadide Hulya Ozdemir, Turkey / Keith Joblin,New Zealand / Roderick Mackie, USA /Makoto Mitsumori, Japan / Devki NandanKamra, India / Charles J. Newbold, UK /Jian-Xin Liu, China / Adibe L. Abdalla, Brazil /Denia C. Delgado Fernandez, Cuba / RolandoBarahona Rosales, Colombia / A.B. Zeleke,Ethiopia / Rui-Jun Long, China /C. Wachirapakorn, ThailandSupervisor: Michael KreuzerCollaborator: Harinder M.P. Makkar, IAEA, AustriaFunding source: International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA), Vienna, AustriaProject type: Coordinated research project of IAEACharacterisation of the value and utilisation of forage plantson tropical wood pastures: The case of the Bolivian Chacoand SubandinoProject leader: A.C. MayerProject partners: Eidgenössisches Institut für Schnee undLawinenforschung (SLF) /Universidad Católica de Bolivia /Herbario Nacional de BoliviaSupervisor: Michael KreuzerCollaborators: S. Marquardt / H. Alzérreca / S. Beck /C. Vacaflores / M. MendozaFunding source: Velux FoundationProject type: Doctoral dissertationInvestigation of the anti-methanogenic potential of foliagefrom African multipurpose trees used as supplementsto improve livestock productivityProject leader: Carla R. SolivaProject partners: National Veterinary Institute of Ethiopia /International Livestock Research Institute(ILRI), EthiopiaSupervisor: Michael KreuzerCollaborator: A.B. ZelekeFunding sources: NIDECO /International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),Vienna, AustriaProject type: Doctoral dissertationCondensed tannins as part of an integrated concept to controlgastrointestinal parasites in ruminants in organic farming:Effects on palatability and nutrient utilisationProject leader: F. DohmeProject partners: Swiss Federal Research Station for AnimalProduction and Dairy Products (ALP) / SwissFederal Research Station for Agro-ecologyand Agriculture (FAL) / Research Institute ofOrganic Agriculture (FiBL)Supervisor: Michael KreuzerCollaborators: A. Scharenberg / A. Gutzwiller / U. WyssFunding sources: Public institutionsProject type: Doctoral dissertation54

Other international projects of ZIL membersFood Science and Human Nutrition (ILW)Structure, texture and processing of yam (Dioscorea spp.)Project leaders: Jeannette Nuessli / Béatrice Conde-Petit /Felix EscherProject partner: Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique(CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d’IvoireSupervisor: Judith BrunnschweilerFunding source: Internal funding, Group of Food Technologyand Sensory ScienceProject type: Post-doctoral research projectDual fortification of salt with iron and iodine in KenyaProject leader: Mary HarringtonProject partner: KEMRI, Nairobi, KenyaSupervisor: Richard HurrellFunding source: Micronutrient InitiativeProject type: Post-docEfficacy of elemental iron powders as cereal food fortificantsProject leader: Richard HurrellProject partner: Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandSupervisor: Richard HurrellCollaborator: Michael ZimmermannFunding source: Micronutrient InitiativeProject type: Research projectEffect of calcium, ascorbic acid and iron status oniron absorption in humansProject leader: Thomas WalczykProject partner: St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, IndiaSupervisor: Richard HurrellCollaborator: Rita WegmüllerFunding source: UnileverProject type: Doctoral dissertationEffect of spices and herbs on iron absorption in humansProject leader:Project partner:Supervisors:Collaborator:Funding source:Project type:Thomas WalczykMahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandRichard HurrellSiriporn TuntipopipatInternational Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA), Vienna, AustriaDoctoral dissertationIdentification of iron-rich varieties of common beans(Phaseolus vulgaris) for iron biofortificationProject leader:Project partner:Supervisors:Collaborator:Funding source:Project type:Thomas WalczykHarvestPlusRichard HurrellAnna KieneHarvestPlusResearch projectIron fortification of riceProject leader:Project partner:Supervisor:Collaborator:Funding source:Project type:Michael ZimmermannSt. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, IndiaRichard HurrellDiego MorettiMicronutrient InitiativeDoctoral dissertationContent and bioavailability of phytoferritin-bound iron inmajor food staplesProject leader: Thomas WalczykSupervisor: Richard HurrellCollaborator: Matthias HopplerFunding source: ETH ZurichMethod for measuring thyroglobulin on dried blood spotsProject leader:Project partner:Supervisor:Collaborator:Project type:Michael ZimmermannMinistry of Health, MoroccoRichard HurrellDiego MorettiDiploma thesisThe impact of vitamin A deficiency on iodine metabolismand thyroid functionProject leader: Michael ZimmermannProject partner: Ministry of Health, South AfricaSupervisor: Richard HurrellCollaborator: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)Project type: Research projectPlant Sciences (IPW)The eco-hydrological significance of fog in the easternSierra Madre, Central Veracruz, MexicoProject leader: L. A. Bruijnzeel, VU Amsterdam, The NetherlandsProject partner: Guadalupe Williams-Linera, Instituto deEcologia, Xalapa, Veracruz, MexicoSupervisors: Miguel Equihua Zamora, Instituto de Ecologia,Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico / Nina BuchmannFunding source: Wotro, The NetherlandsThe Sardinilla project: Biodiversity and ecosystemProject leader: Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Nina BuchmannProject partners: C. Potvin, McGill University, Montreal, Canada /Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,PanamaCollaborator: Nina BuchmannFunding sources: McGill University, Montreal / SmithsonianTropical Research Institute Panama /ETH Zurich internal fundsSustainable codling moth management: Mobility and SITProject leader:Project partner:Collaborator:Funding source:Project type:Silvia DornStephanie Bloem, Florida A&M, USAMarc Vreysen, FAO/IAEA, Vienna, AustriaETH ZurichVisiting professor to the ETH Zurich55

Other international projects of ZIL membersInfluence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal diversity onplant growth and phosphorus (P) uptake in crop plantsProject leader: Mathimaran NatarajanProject partner: ICRAFSupervisors: Emmanuel Frossard / Jan JansaCollaborator: ICRAFFunding source: ETH ZurichProject type: Doctoral dissertationBioCassava Plus – Improving cassava for nutrition, healthand sustainable developmentProject leader: Peng ZhangProject partner: BioCassava Plus ConsortiumSupervisor: Wilhelm GruissemCollaborator: BioCassava Plus ConsortiumFunding source: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundationthrough the Grand Challenges in GlobalHealth InitiativeProject type: Doctoral dissertationsImproving cassava for human nutrition and sustainableproductionProject leaders: Peng Zhang and Wilhelm GruissemProject partners: CIAT / IITASupervisor: Wilhelm GruissemFunding source: Eiselen Foundation UlmProject type: Part of a doctoral dissertationGreen manure integration in upland cropping systemsProject leader:Project partner:Funding source:Project type:Ravi Sangakkara,Peradeniya University, Sri LankaPeter StampInternal, mainly from the project leaderResearchEnvironmental Sciences (D-UWIS)Reducing human health and environmental risks from pesticideuse: Integrating decisionmaking with spatially explicit riskassessment modelsProject leader: Claudia R. BinderProject partner: UNIBOYACA, ColombiaCollaborators: Ministry of Health, Colombia /International Potato Center (CIP), Peru /Chair for Food Economics and Food Policy,University of Kiel, GermanyFunding sources: Syngenta / KFPE / ZIL seed moneyProject type: ResearchORECH-LES: Biodiversity and sustainable management ofKyrgyzstan’s walnut-fruit forests. Development of newsilvicultural approachesProject leaders: Jean-Pierre Sorg /Bronislav Ivanovitch VenglovskyProject partners: Chair of Landscape Ecology, ETH Zurich /Forest Research Institute Bishkek /Academy of Agriculture, Bishkek /KIRFOR / IntercooperationFunding sources: Various sourcesProject type: Applied researchAménagement et gestion de la forêt dense sècheà MadagascarProject leaders: Jean-Pierre Sorg /Gabrielle RajoelisonProject partners: Chair of Landscape Ecology, ETH Zurich /Ecole Supérieure des Sciences AgronomiquesAntananarivo / Centre de FormationProfessionnelle Forestière, MadagascarFunding sources: Various sourcesProject type: Applied researchDrought tolerance of tropical maize (Zea mays L.)as affected by pre-anthesis droughtProject leader: Sansern Jampatong,Kasetsart University, ThailandProject partner: Peter StampFunding source: InternalProject type: ResearchEvolution of flowering pattern along maize earProject leader: Surapol Chowchong, National Corn andSorghum Research Center, ThailandProject partners: Ingrid Aulinger / Peter StampFunding source: InternalProject type: Research56

Teaching activities related to developing countriesTeaching activities at the ETH Zurichrelated to agriculture in developing countriesTitle of Key Type of % related to Responsibleteaching unit words teaching unit dev. countries person(s)Animal Sciences (INW)Sustainable livestock production Smallholder livestock production systems Lecture 100 % M. R. Goein non-European countriesSystems for sustainable Tropical livestock systems, environment, Seminar 90 % M. Kreuzerlivestock production sustainability, development W. Langhans(Systeme zur nachhaltigenH. KadarmideenErzeugung tierischer Produkte)C. WenkG. StranzingerAnimal nutrition and environment Secondary plant constituents, Lecture 10 % M. Kreuzer(Tierernährung und Ökologie) tropical plants C. WenkC. SolivaAnimal nutrition in the tropics Tropics, animal nutrition, feed resources Block course 100 % K. SamarasingheC. WenkRindviehzucht Rinderzucht, Tropen Lecture 10 % U. Janßen-Tapken(Rinderzucht in den Tropen) (2 h) H.N. Kadarmideen(M. Schneeberger)Food Science and Nutrition (ILW)Nutrition in Undernutrition, micronutrient Lecture 100 % I. Eglideveloping countriesdeficiencies, vulnerable populationgroups, breast feeding,complementary foodsHuman nutrition Micronutrients in nutrition, food Lecture 10% R. Hurrell(Undergraduates inprocessing and nutrition, nutritionFood Science Engineering, of different population groups,Agriculture and Pharmacy) diet and health57

Teaching activities related to developing countriesTitle of Key Type of % related to Responsibleteaching unit words teaching unit dev. countries person(s)Plant Sciences (IPW)Plant protection in the tropics: Subsistence agriculture and cash crops Lecture 100 % S. DornEntomologySeminar in applied entomology Food chain legumes Seminar 20 % S. DornÖkologische und ökonomische Bodendegradierung und Massnahmen Lecture 100 % E. FrossardProblemfelder der zur Wiederherstellung der A. Oberson DräyerEntwicklungsländer IIBodenfruchtbarkeit in den TropenCrop Science (Kulturpflanzen) I Rice production Lecture 10 % P. StampCrop Science (Kulturpflanzen) II Tropical legumes, oil and fibre crops Lecture 18 % R. SangakkaraP. StampEnvironmental Sciences (D-UWIS)Markets for ecosystem services: Markets, ecosystem services Seminar (Yale 2 h T. KöllnerDeveloping an integrated School of Forestry (guest lecturer)framework for analysis and Environmental B. Gentry,Studies, FES)Yale FESWeltforstwirtschaft l Waldtypen, -flächen, Fragen der Lecture 70 % J.-P. SorgWalderhaltung und -bewirtschaftung,Holzproduktion, HandelsströmeWeltforstwirtschaft ll Mensch, Wald und Baum im Süden Colloquium 80 % J.-P. Sorgund Osten, Agroforstwirtschaft,Brennholzkrise, Entwicklungspolitik,Forschung, FallbeispieleErd- und Produktionssysteme Übersicht über die Bedeutung von Lecture 50 % J.-P. SorgWald und Baum weltweit. Waldverteilung,Gründe der eintretenden Veränderungen.Multifunktionalität, Produktionssysteme.InterdisciplinaryErnährungssicherung in Food security, development scenarios, Seminar 100 % B. BeckerEntwicklungsländern und resource management, biotechnology U. Eggertropische LandwirtschaftC. Sautter58

Development-related thesesSupervision of theses and practical workrelated to agriculture in developing countriesSupervisor Candidate Title of thesis Key words Study type CountryAgricultural Economics (IAW)B. Lehmann Hermann Daisy Analyse de la performance de la Chaîne d’approvision- Doctoral Côte d’IvoireN’nhon Comoe filière bétail/viande et lait local nement, marché, l’efficacité dissertationen Côte d’Ivoiredu système de commercialisation,filière bétail/viandeAnimal Sciences (INW)H.-D. Hess Christoph Stürm Effect of combinations of legumes Tannins, legumes, Post- Colombiawith contrasting contents of tannins protein, ruminal graduateon in vitro ruminal fermentation fermentation practicalM. Kreuzer Svenja Marquardt Characterisation of the value and Wood pasture, Doctoral Boliviautilisation of forage plants on transhumance, dissertationtropical wood pastures: The case of dry season, foragethe Bolivian Chaco and SubandinoM. Kreuzer Aschalew Investigation on the anti-methano- Multipurpose trees, Doctoral EthiopiaBekele Zeleke genic potential of foliage from African methane, rumen dissertationmultipurpose trees used as supple- physiology, rumenments to improve livestock production microbes, methanogensH.-D. Hess Rahel Kilchsperger Economic and biophysical characteri- Milk quality, hillsides, Semester Nicaraguasation of dairy production systems dairy cattle, dry season studyin the hillsides of NicaraguaH.-D. Hess Nicole Milena Economic and biophysical characteri- Milk quality, hillsides, Practical NicaraguaLocher sation of dairy production systems dairy cattle, dry season workin the hillsides of NicaraguaH.-D. Hess Lina Maria Suplementación con leguminosas Tannins, tree legumes, Master ColombiaMonsalve Castro mixtas para aumentar la fermentación supplementation, nitrogen, thesisruminal, el flujo de proteina duodenal rumen fermentation,y la absorción de nitrógeno en ovejas sheepF. Rodríguez / Claudia Patricia / Monitoreo de las poblaciones del eco- Tannins, tree legumes, Master ColombiaT. Tiemann Sanabria Galindo sistema ruminal en ovinos alimenta- rumen microbes thesisdos con dietas variables en el contenidode taninos por PCR en tiempo realJ. Carulla / Javier Cortés Efecto de diferentes niveles de inclusión Tannins, tree legumes, Master ColombiaT. Tiemann Cortés de leguminosas taníferas y no taníferas rumen fermentation, thesisa Brachiaria dyctioneura sobre la protein digestiondegradación de la MS, la MO, la proteínay la liberación de amonio in vitro59

Development-related thesesSupervisor Candidate Title of thesis Key words Study type CountryC. Lascano / Laila Cristina Evaluación in vivo e in vitro del efecto Tannins, tree legumes, Master ColombiaT. Tiemann Bernal Bechara de taninos asociados en Paspalum rumen fermentation, milk thesisnotatum, Vigna unguiculatum y production, methane,Calliandra callothyrsus en bovinos RUSITEC, foragede lecheconservationH.-D. Hess Markus Spuhler Determination of prices and feeding High altitude, milk Semester Peruvalue of locally available feeds and composition, cattle studysupplements for dairy cattle in the feeding, economics,central highlands of Perudry seasonC. Gómez / Elias Muños Characterisation of the dairy pro- High altitude, cattle Diploma PeruK. Bartl duction systems of four communities feeding, economics, thesisin the central highlands of Peru milk productionJ. Gamarra / Alfredo Puell Determination of productivity and High altitude, milk Diploma PeruK. Bartl feeding value of perennial forage composition, cattle feeding, thesisvarieties for dairy cattle in the central economics, dry seasonhighlands of PeruJ. Gamarra / Milton Medina Determination of productivity and High altitude, milk Diploma PeruK. Bartl feeding value of annual forage composition, cattle feeding, thesisvarieties for dairy cattle in the central economics, dry seasonhighlands of PeruJ. Gamarra / Hector Llantoy Determination of productivity and High altitude, milk Diploma PeruK. Bartl feeding value of annual forage varieties composition, cattle feeding, thesisand their hay and silage in the central economics, dry season,highlands of Peruhay, silageC. Gómez / Miriam Garcia Determination of the response in Milk composition, fatty Master PeruK. Bartl milk components and fatty acid acids, cattle feeding thesisprofile of milk of two breeds of cowsto three types of feedsC. Turin Justina E. Barros / Workshop: Good practices for the Forage species, dry Practical PeruPamela Caldas / establishment of forage species season, high altitude, trainingAnthony Tenorio for dairy cattle rural extensionEusebio /Ana WatsonH.-R. Wettstein Silvia Schicht Milchqualität in den Tropen: Milk quality, tropical milk Bachelor BrazilBestimmung der Einflussfaktoren production, production thesisund Charakterisierung dersystems, dairy cowsProduktionssystemeC. R. Soliva Céline Clément In vitro Untersuchung der antiproto- Multipurpose trees, Diploma Switzerland,zoären und antimethanogenen methane, rumen thesis EthiopiaWirkung afrikanischer Futterbäume physiology, nitrogenim Pansen sowie deren Auswirkungenauf den ruminalen Stickstoffumsatz60

Development-related thesesSupervisor Candidate Title of thesis Key words Study type CountryFood Science and Nutrition (ILW)R. Hurrell Valeria Galetti Installation and optimisation of the Diploma IndiaEGRAC method for determination ofthesisriboflavin status in Bangalore, SouthIndia, and measurement of riboflavinstatus in children from low socioeconomicstrata in BangaloreR. Hurrell Daniela Hediger Vitamin losses and preventive Diploma Thailandmeasures of vitamin A-fortifiedthesiscooking oil distributed and cookedunder different conditionsR. Hurrell Tina Spiess Installation of the Sandell-Kolthoff Diploma Indiamethod for determination of urinethesisand measurement of iodine status inschool children in urban and ruralschools in Bangalore, IndiaR. Hurrell / Rita Wegmueller Dual fortification of salt Dual fortification, salt, Doctoral Côte d’IvoireM. Zimmer- with iron and iodine iron, iodine, Côte d’Ivoire, dissertationmann in Côte d’Ivoire anemia, goiterR. Hurrell Simone Westphal Phytic acid content of foods and Diploma Indiadietary iron biovailability inthesisBangalore, IndiaPlant Sciences (IPW)E. Frossard H. Bouillot Effects of the use of KH 2 PO 4 as Semesterphosphorus fertiliser on the growthstudyof Brachiaria decumbens andBrachiaria ruziziensisE. Frossard A. Jordan Effects of the use of low soluble SemesterCaHPO 4 as phosphorus fertiliserstudyon the growth of Brachiariadecumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensisP. Zhang / Dario Copetti Cassava biotechnology practice Cassava, plant transfor- Semester ItalyW. Gruissem mation, gene cloning studyR. Sangakkara / Helen Rast Early root establishment of maize (Zea Rooting systems of Diploma Sri LankaP. Stamp mays), crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea) cover crops thesisand tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) asaffected by soil type (low and highfertility) and P fertiliserR. Sangakkara / Salome Schneider Impact of organic matter on Green manure in Semester Sri LankaP. Stamp early growth of rice rice production studyLe Huy Ham / Adrian Alder Expression of gene encoding surface Lemna transformation Semester VietnamP. Stamp protein of bird flu virus H5N1 in studyLemna species in order to produceedible vaccine against bird fluP. Stamp Theres Székely Versuchskonzept zum Vergleich Biologischer Landbau Diploma Kenyabiologischer und konventionellerthesisAnbausysteme in Kenia61

Development-related thesesSupervisor Candidate Title of thesis Key words Study type CountryEnvironmental Sciences (D-UWIS)C. Binder Marianne Environmental and health risk Pesticides, dynamic Diploma ColombiaLeuenberger assessment of cultivation strategies modelling, risk thesisin Tunja, ColombiaassessmentT. Köllner / Laura Import and export of agricultural Sustainability, food Diploma SwitzerlandC. Binder Würtenberger land use. Quantification and imports, land use impacts thesissustainability assessmentL. Pedroni Pablo Imbach GIS for environmental services GIS, biodiversity, CO 2 , Diploma Costa Ricascenic beauty, water thesisT. Köllner / Sandro Quantification of companies’ Ecosystem services, Diploma CostaRica /J. Sell / G. Glanzmann / demand for ecosystem services contingent valuation thesis SwitzerlandNavarro, CATIE, Madeleine Guyer from tropical forestry methodCosta RicaJ. Sell / Thomas Ziltener Modelling the carbon sink potential Carbon sequestration, Diploma Costa Rica /T. Köllner of selected tropical forestry projects tropical forestry thesis SwitzerlandT. Köllner / Manuela Gähwiler Marketing for ecosystem services Marketing, Diploma LatinO. Weber from tropical forestry ecosystem services thesis AmericaJ. Sell / Oliver Gardi Modellierung der Wirtschaftlichkeit Teak plantations, carbon Semester SwitzerlandT. Köllner / von Teak Plantagen in Costa Rica – sequestration, economic studyT. Ziltener Holzproduktion versus performanceCO 2 -SenkenleistungJ. Sell / Christian Risk assessment for tropical forestry Tropical forestry, Semester SwitzerlandT. Köllner Dannecker projects that provide biodiversity risk assessment studyK. Seeland Dhan Bahadur Ecotourism in protected areas Ecotourism, national Doctoral BhutanGurung in Bhutan park policy, tourism policy, dissertationrural developmentG. Rajoelison / Eliane L. Analyse de l’interface homme-forêt. Secondary forests, forest Doctoral MadagascarJ.-P. Sorg Raminoarisoa Elaboration de modèles de gestion management, non-timber dissertationparticipative de forêts secondaires forest productstrès dégradées dans le nord-ouestde MadagascarP. Van Damme / Amadou Une monographie de Sudan-Sahelian zone, Doctoral MaliJ.-P. Sorg M. Kouyaté Detarium microcarpum native species dissertationJ.-P. Sorg / G. L. Rajoelison Les forêts littorales de la région Rainforests, human-forest Habilitation MadagascarD. Raveloson orientale de Madagascar: vestiges interface, Madagascarà conserver et à valoriserJ.-P. Sorg / Davlet K. Investigation and selection of Silviculture, selection, Doctoral KyrgyzstanB.I. Venglovsky Mamadjanov promising varieties and forms of provenances, afforestation, dissertationEuropean walnut for the purpose walnut fruit forestsof plantation in the walnut fruitforest area of Southern Kyrgyzstan62B. Lehmann / Isabelle L’importance des produits forestiers Non-timber forest products, Doctoral EcuadorJ.-P. Sorg / Gambetta non ligneux pour les communautés forest management, dissertationR. Steppacher villageoises des environs de la man-forest interfacecordillère Huacamayos, provincede Tena, Amazonie équatorienne

PublicationsPublicationsRefereed journal publicationsZIL funded projectsDaellenbach, G. C., Kerridge, P. C., Wolfe, M. S., Frossard, E., Finckh,M. R., 2005: Plant productivity in cassava-based mixed croppingsystems in Colombian hillside farms. Agriculture Ecosystems andEnvironment, 105: 595–614.Frei, A., Blair, M. W., Cardona, C., Beebe, S. E., Gu, H., Dorn, S., 2005:QTL mapping of resistance to Thrips palmi Karny in common bean.Crop Science, 45: 379–387.Schmale, I., Wäckers, F. L., Cardona, C., Dorn, S., 2005: How host larvalage, nutrition and density of the parasitoid Dinarmus basalis(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) influence control of Acanthoscelidesobtectus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Bulletin of EntomologicalResearch, 95: 145–150.Zhang, P., Vanderschuren, H., Fütterer, J., Gruissem, W., 2005:Resistance to cassava mosaic disease in transgenic cassavaexpressing antisense RNAs targeting virus replication genes. PlantBiotechnology Journal, 3: 385–397.RFPP projectsHoballah, M.E., Turlings, T., 2005: The role of fresh versus old leafdamage in the attraction of parasitic wasps to herbivore-inducedmaize volatiles. Journal of Chemical Ecology 31 (9): 2005–2020.Other international projects (non ZIL funded)Andersson, M., Takkouche, B., Egli, I., Allen, H. E., de Benoist, B.,2005: Current global iodine status and progress over the lastdecade towards the elimination of iodine deficiency. Bulletin of theWorld Health Organization, 83 (7): 481–560.Brunnschweiler, J., Luethy, D., Handschin, S., Escher, F., Conde-Petit,B., 2005: Isolation, physiochemical characterisation and applicationof yam (Dioscorea spp.) starch as thickening and gelling agent.Starch/Stärke, 57 (3/4): 107–117.Carulla, J. E., Kreuzer, M., Machmüller, A., Hess, H. D., 2005:Supplementation of Acacia mearnsii tannins decreases methanogenensisand urinary nitrogen in forage-fed sheep. AustralianJournal of Agricultural Research, 56: 961–970.Conde-Petit, B., Brunnschweiler, J., Konan, G., Tschannen, A., Escher,F., 2005: Prozesstechnische Möglichkeiten zur Verarbeitung vonYam zu Grundstoffen und Lebensmitteln in Westafrika. Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik, 77 (8): 1196–1197.Daneel-Otterbech, S., Davidsson, L., Hurrell, R., 2005: Ascorbic acidsupplementation and regular consumption of fresh orange juiceincrease the ascorbic acid content of human milk: Studies inEuropean and African lactating women. American Journal ofClinical Nutrition, 81 (5): 1088–1093.Davidsson, L., Ziegler, E., Zeder, C., Walczyk, T., Hurrell, R., 2005:Sodium iron EDTA [NaFe(III)EDTA] as a food fortificant: Erythrocyteincorporation of iron and apparent absorption of zinc, copper, calcium,and magnesium from a complementary food based onwheat and soy in healthy infants. American Journal of ClinicalNutrition, 81 (1): 104–109.Jaturasitha, S., Khiaosa-ard, R., Chungsiriwat, P., Tubboonmee, T.,Kreuzer, M., 2005: Effect of the period of feeding tuna oil to fatteningpigs on the qualtity of Chinese-style sausage. Journal ofAgricultural Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, 83(Supp.): 129–137.Koona P., Dorn, S., 2005: Extracts from Tephrosia vogelii for the protectionof stored legume seeds against damage by three bruchidspecies. Annals of Applied Biology, 147: 43–48.Moretti, D., Lee, T.-C., Zimmermann, M. B., Nuessli, J., Hurrell, R. F.,2005: Development and evaluation of iron-fortified extruded ricegrains. Journal of Food Science, 70 (5): 330–336.Natarajan, M., Ruh, R., Vullioud, P., Frossard, E., Jansa, J., 2005:Glomus intraradices dominates arbuscular mycorrhizal communitiesin a heavy textured agricultural soil. Mycorrhiza, 16: 61–66.Nguyen, T. T., Genini, S., Ménétrey, F., Malek, M., Vögeli, P., Goe, M. R.,Stranzinger, G., 2005: Application of bovine microsatellite markersfor genetic diversity analysis of Swiss yak (Poephagus grunniens).Animal Genetics, 36 (3): 484–489.Rohner, F., Zeder, C., Zimmermann, M. B., Hurrell, R. F., 2005: Comparisonof manual and automated ELISA methods for serum ferritinanalysis. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 19 (5): 196–198.Soliva, C. R., Kreuzer, M., Foidl, N., Foidl, G., Machmüller, A., Hess, H.D., 2005: Feeding value of whole and extracted Moringa oleiferaleaves for ruminants and their effects on ruminal fermentation invitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 118: 47–62.Tschannen, A., Escher, F., Stamp, P., 2005: Post-harvest treatment ofseed tubers with gibberellic acid and field performance of yam(Dioscorea cayennensis-rotundata) in Ivory Coast. ExperimentalAgriculture, 41: 175–186.Walczyk, T., Tuntipopipat, S., Zeder, C., Sirichakwal, P., Wasantwisut,E., Hurrell, R. F., 2005: Iron absorption by human subjects from differentiron fortification compounds added to Thai fish sauce.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59 (5): 668–674.Wang, C. H., Zhang, P., Ma, Z. R., Zhang, M. Y., Sun G.C., Ling, D. H.,2005: Development of a genetic marker linked to a new thermosensitivemale sterile gene in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Euphytica, 140:217–222.Zimmermann , M. B., 2005: The effects of vitamin A deficiency andvitamin A supplementation on thyroid function in goitrous children.Sight and Life Newsletter, 3: 3–9.63

Publications64Zimmermann, M. B., Chaouki, N., Hurrell, R. F., 2005: Iron deficiencydue to consumption of a habitual diet low in bioavailable iron:A longitudinal cohort study in Moroccan children. AmericanJournal of Clinical Nutrition, 81 (1): 115–121.Zimmermann, M. B., Ito, Y., Hess, S. Y., Fujieda, K., Molinari, L., 2005:High thyroid volume in children with excess dietary iodine intakes.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81 (4): 840–844.Zimmermann, M. B., Molinari, L., Staubli-Asobayire, F., Hess, S. Y.,Chaouki, N., Adou, P., Hurrell, R. F., 2005: Serum transferrin receptorand zinc protoporphyrin as indicators of iron status in African children.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81 (3): 615–623.Zimmermann, M. B., Winichagoon, P., Gowachirapant, S., Hess, S. Y.,Harrington, M., Chavasit, V., Lynch, S. R., Hurrell, R. F., 2005:Comparison of the efficacy of wheat-based snacks fortified withferrous sulfate, electrolytic iron, or hydrogen-reduced elementaliron: Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in Thai women.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82 (6): 1276–1282.Book chapters and monographsZIL funded projectsNziguheba, G., Bünemann, E. K., 2005: Organic phosphorusdynamics in tropical agro-ecosystems. In: Turner, B. L., Frossard, E.,Baldwin, D. S. (eds.), Organic Phosphorus in the Environment, CABIPublishing, Wallingford, UK: 243–268.RFPP projectsBernet, T., Hibon, A., 2005: Rescatando un cultivo ancestral con investigacióny organización de la cadena – El caso de yacon. In: ¿Cómohacer análisis de cadenas? Metodologías y casos, ASOCAM: 20–21.Bernet, T., Ordinola, M. Devaux, A., 2005: Generando inovacionesen una cadena productiva – El caso de la papa. In: ¿Cómo haceranálisis de cadenas? Metodologías y casos, ASOCAM: 22–23.Bernet, T., Devaux, A., Ortiz, O., Thiele, G., 2005: ParticipatoryMarket Chain Approach. In: Gonsalves, J. et al (eds.), Participatoryresearch and development for sustainable agriculture and naturalresource management: A sourcebook, International Potato Center(CIP-UPWARD/CRDI), Los Baños, Philippines: 181–187.Colfer, C. J. P., Schmidt, K., 2005: Case 8: Kyrgyzstan. In: Colfer, C. J.P. (ed.), The complex forest. Communities, uncertainty, and adaptivecollaborative management, Resources for the Future (RFF Press),Washington D.C., USA: 272–282.Eyhorn, F., 2005: Organic cotton project guide. Forschung für biologischenLandbau (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland.Eyhorn, F., 2005: Producing organic cotton: A toolkit. Forschung fürbiologischen Landbau (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland.Eyhorn, F., Ratter, S. G., Ramakrishnan, M., 2005: Organic cottoncrop guide: A manual for practitioners in the tropics. Forschung fürbiologischen Landbau (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland.Eyhorn, F., Mäder, P., Ramakrishnan, M., 2005: The impact of organiccotton farming on the livelihoods of smallholders: Evidence fromthe Maikaal bioRe project in central India. Forschung für biologischenLandbau (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland.Thiele, G., Bernet, T., 2005: Conceptos, pautas y herramientas:Enfoque participativo en cadenas productivas y plataformas de concertación.International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru.Other international projects (non ZIL funded)Huber, U. M., Bugmann, H. K.M., Reasoner, M.A. (eds.), 2005: Globalchange and mountain regions: An overview of current knowledge.Advances in Global Change Research 23. Springer, 650 pp.Kebreab, E., Smith, T., Tanner, J., Osuji, P. (van Vuuren, A., Odenyo, A.,Tegegne, A., Saarisallo, E., McCrabb, G., Dijkman, J., Topps, J., Kreuzer,M., Fernandez-Rivera, S., Thorpe, W.) 2005: Review of undernutritionin smallholder ruminant production systems in the tropics. In:Ayantunde, A. A., Fernandez-Rivera, S., McCrabb, G. (eds.), Copingwith feed scarcity in smallholder livestock systems in developingcountries, Wageningen University (The Netherlands), University ofReading (UK), ETH Zurich, Switzerland, and International LivestockResearch Institute (ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya): 3–94.Kreuzer, M., 2005: Undernutrition and realimentation in dairy cattle:Carry-over effects and environmental implications. In:Ayantunde, A. A., Fernandez-Rivera, S., McCrabb, G. (eds.), Copingwith feed scarcity in smallholder livestock systems in developingcountries, Wageningen University (The Netherlands), University ofReading (UK), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich,Switzerland) and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI,Nairobi, Kenya): 237–247.Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Potvin, C., Koricheva, J., Schmid, B., Hector, A.,Bornik, Z., Reynolds, G., Schulze, E.-D., 2005: The design of experimentaltree plantations for functional biodiversity research. In:Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Körner, C., Schulze, E.-D. (eds.), Forest diversityand function. Temperate and boreal systems. Ecological Studies176, Springer, Berlin: 347–376.Soliva, C. R., 2005: Nutritive inhibition of ruminal methanogenesisand implications for methane formation in manure. In: Rowlinson,P. et al (eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference onIntegrated Livestock-Crop Systems to Meet the Challenges ofGlobalisation, British Society of Animal Science, The British Societyof Animal Science (BSAS) and the Animal Husbandry Associationof Thailand (AHAT), Khon Kaen University, Thailand, 1: 297–306.VariaZIL funded projectsBartl, K., 2005: Memoria del Taller sobre caracterización de lossistemas de producción de leche en la comunidad de Aramachay –Distrito de Sincos. ETH Zurich and Universidad Nacional Agraria LaMolina, Lima, Peru: 7 pp.Bartl, K., 2005: Memoria del Taller sobre caracterización de lossistemas de producción de leche en la comunidad de Chalhuas –Distrito de Sincos. ETH Zurich and Universidad Nacional Agraria LaMolina, Lima, Peru: 7 pp.Bartl, K., 2005: Memoria del Taller sobre caracterización de lossistemas de producción de leche en la comunidad de Llacuari –Distrito de Sincos. ETH Zurich and Universidad Nacional Agraria LaMolina, Lima, Peru: 7 pp.Bartl, K., 2005: Memoria del Taller sobre caracterización de lossistemas de producción de leche en la comunidad de Sallahuachac– Distrito de Sincos. ETH Zurich and Universidad Nacional AgrariaLa Molina, Lima, Peru: 5 pp.Bartl, K., Medina, M., Puell, A., Gamarra, J., Gómez, C. A., Wettstein,H.-R., Kreuzer, M., Hess, H. D., 2005: Forage alternatives for dryseasonfeeding of dairy cattle in tropical smallholder farms in thePeruvian Andes. In: Tielkes, E. et al (eds.), Proceedings of DeutscherTropentag 2005: The Global Food and Product Chain – Dynamics,Innovations, Conflicts, Strategies, University of Hohenheim,Stuttgart, Germany: 188.Hess, H. D., Schmidt, A., Pérez, C., 2005: Mejoramiento de sistemasde alimentación de ganado vacuno durante la estación seca en fincasde pequeños ganaderos. Memorias del Taller de Revisión Anualdel 13 de abril 2005, Intercooperation (Berne), CIAT (Colombia), ETHZurich, Managua, Nicaragua: 21 pp.

PublicationsHess, H. D., Kreuzer, M., Egloff, M., 2005: Research in tropical livestocknutrition at ETH: Contribution to ZIL’s priority “LivestockSystems Research in Support of Poor People”. In: InternationalConference on Agricultural Research for Development: EuropeanResponses to Changing Global Needs (EFARD), ETH Zurich,Switzerland, April 27–29: 47.Hess, H. D., Stürm, C. D., Tiemann, T. T., Lascano, C. E., Kreuzer, M.,2005: Effects of mixing tropical legumes with contrasting tannincontents for supplements to low-quality grass diets on ruminalfermentation in vitro. In: Tielkes, E. et al (eds.), Proceedings ofDeutscher Tropentag 2005: The Global Food and Product Chain –Dynamics, Innovations, Conflicts, Strategies, University ofHohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany: 184.Hess, H. D., Stürm, C., Tiemann, T. T., Lascano, C. E., Kreuzer, M., 2005:Einfluss von Leguminosenmischungen mit unterschiedlichenTanningehalten auf die in vitro Pansenfermentation. In: Kreuzer, M.,Wenk, C., Lanzini, T. (eds.), Fokus Verdauung – Schlüssel für eineeffiziente Tierernährung, Schriftenreihe Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften,Ernährung-Produkte-Umwelt, 26: 135–137.Hess, H. D., Tiemann, T. T., Noto, F., Carulla, J. C., Kreuzer, M., 2005:Strategic use of tannins as a means to limit methane emissionsfrom ruminant livestock. In: Soliva, C. R., Takahashi, J., Kreuzer, M.(eds.), Working Papers of the 2 nd International Conference onGreenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture, Institute of AnimalScience, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 27: 548–551.Hess, H. D., Valencia, F. L., Avila, P., Lascano, C. E., Kreuzer, M., 2005:Effects of tropical legumes with contrasting tannin contents andmixtures of them on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis.In: O’Mara, F. P. et al (eds.), XX International GrasslandCongress: Offered papers, Wageningen Academic Publishers, TheNetherlands: 573.Hess, H. D., Noto, F., Tiemann, T. T., Franzel, S., Lascano, C. E., Kreuzer,M., 2005: Effect of the cultivation site (Kenya or Colombia) on ruminalfermentation characteristics of Calliandra calothyrsus var.Patulul. In: Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition Physiology, 14: 138.Hess, H. D., Noto, F., Tiemann, T. T., Franzel, S., Lascano, C. E., Kreuzer,M., 2005: Verbesserung der Futterqualität von Calliandra calothyrsusvar. Patulul durch geeigneten Anbaustandort. In: Kreuzer, M.,Wenk, C., Lanzini, T. (eds.), Fokus Verdauung – Schlüssel für eineeffiziente Tierernährung, Schriftenreihe Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften,Ernährung-Produkte-Umwelt, 26: 132–134.Hess, H. D., Tiemann, T. T., Stürm, C. D., Carulla, J. C., Lascano, C. E.,Kreuzer, M., 2005: Effects of dietary tannins on ruminal degradationand excretion pattern of nitrogen and the implications on thepotential N emission from the manure. In: Soliva, C. R., Takahashi,J., Kreuzer, M. (eds.), Working Papers of the 2 nd InternationalConference on Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture, Instituteof Animal Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 27: 548–551.Janßen-Tapken, U., Li, Y., Kadarmideen, H. N., 2005: Sustainable cattlebreeding schemes to improve livelihoods of resource-poorfarmers in Eastern Africa. In: International Conference onAgricultural Research for Development: European Responses toChanging Global Needs (EFARD), ETH Zurich, Switzerland, April27–29: 51.Kadarmideen, H. N., Janßen-Tapken, U., 2005: Sustainable use andmaintenance of animal genetic resources in the tropics and subtropics.In: Sustainable Animal Breeding and Genetic Diversity,International Conference on Science and Technology forSustainable Development, Kerala, India, August 10–13.Locher, N. M., 2005: Three months of working experience with CIATNicaragua. Internship Report, ETH Zurich, Switzerland: 37 pp.Louw-Gaume, A., Gaume, A., Rao, I., Ishitani, M., Lascano, C.,Kreuzer, M., Frossard, E., 2005: Adaptation of Brachiaria species tolow-P soils. ZIL Annual Report 2004: 24.Ouma, E., Abdulai, A., Drucker, A, 2005: Assessment of farmer preferencesfor cattle traits in cattle production systems of Kenya.Paper contribution, Conference of the European Association of AgriculturalEconomists (EAAE), Copenhagen, Denmark, August 23–27.Velten, G., Rott, A., Cardona, C., Dorn, S., 2005: Controlling a bruchidpest with a combination of host-plant resistance and a parasiticwasp. In: Stengard Hansen, L. et al (eds.), Biocontrol of arthropodpests in stored products, 5 th meeting of COST Action 842, WorkingGroup IV: 25–26.Zhang, P., Vanderschuren, H., Gruissem, W., 2005: Developmentand testing of cassava lines with improved resistance to AfricanCassava Mosaic Virus. ZIL Annual Report 2004: 31.RFPP projectsBernet, T., Devaux, A., Ortiz, O., Thiele, G., 2005: ParticipatoryMarket Chain Approach. BeraterInnen News (1), LBL, Lindau,Switzerland.Diby, N.L., Assa, A., Carsky, R., Tra, T.B., Girardin, O., Frossard, E., 2005:Evaluation of nutrients uptake and partitioning in two yam(Dioscorea spp.) species. Proceedings of the 15 th InternationalColloquium of Plant Nutrition, Beijing, China, September 14–19:334–335.Diby, N.L., Ayémou, A., Carsky, R., Girardin, O., Tié Bi, T., Comoé Kini,B., Kouamé Hgazat V., Koffi Yao, E., Frossard, E., 2005: Understandingthe growth and the yield formation of two yam(Dioscorea spp.) species. ZIL Annual Report 2004: 34.Sell, J., Koellner, T., Scholz, R. W., 2005: Preferences of market actorsfor tropical forestry projects – The role of ecosystem services.Summary report on results, NSSI Zurich.Sell, J., Koellner, T., Gaehwiler, M., Pedroni, L., 2005: Demand andsupply for ecosystem services from tropical forestry – Integratedproject assessment and marketing. Workshop, ETH-NSSI and CATIEGCG, Turrialba, Costa Rica, October 24–25.Tchabi, A., Coyne, D., Lawouin, L., Wiemken, A., Oehl, F., 2005:Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the “yam belt” of West Africa. In:Achievements and Future Landscape for Arbuscular MycorrhizaResearch, Final meeting of COST Action 8.38: Managing arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi for improving soil quality and plant health inagriculture, Dijon, France, June 2–4.Other international projects (non ZIL funded)Buchmann, N., 2005: Development needs environmental protection:Recommendations for the Millennium+5 Summit. PolicyPaper 4, WBGU Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der BundesregierungGlobale Umweltveränderungen: 1–20.Bugmann, H. et al. (2005): Projecting global change impacts inmountain regions. Thematic Workshop Report. MRI, Berne, 34 pp.Goe, M. R., 2005: Linkages between livestock production andHIV/AIDS in countries in East and Southern Africa. Working Paper,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),Rome, Italy.Goe, M. R., Mack, S., 2005: Linkages between HIV/AIDS and the livestocksector in East and Southern Africa. Expert ConsultationMeeting, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), AddisAbaba, Ethopia, March 8–10.65

PublicationsKhiaosa-ard, R., Jaturasitha, S., Chungsiriwat, P., Pongpiachan, P.,Rattanapanon, V., Kreuzer, M., 2005: Importance of the periodof feeding tuna oil to pigs on its efficacy to decrease the omega-6omega-3 fatty acid ratio in pork. In: Kreuzer, M., Wenk, C., Lanzini,T. (eds.), Fokus Verdauung – Schlüssel für eine effiziente Tierernährung,Schriftenreihe Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften,Ernährung-Produkte-Umwelt, ETH Zurich, 26: 163–168.Mayer, A. C., Marquardt, S., Beck, S., Alzérreca, H., Kreuzer, M., 2005:A manual for the sustainable use of silvopastoral systems in theBolivian “Subandino”. In: Stietenroth, D. et al (eds.), Proceedings ofthe International Symposium on The Stability of Tropical RainforestMargins: Linking Ecological, Economic and Social Constraints ofLand Use and Conservation, Universitätsverlag Göttingen: 124.Zeleke, A. B., 2005: Pre-doc grant scheme. NIDECO Portrait andAnnual Report 2004: 19.Zeleke, A. B., Clément, C., Hess, H. D., Kreuzer, M., Soliva, C. R., 2005:Effect of foliage from multi-purpose trees and a leguminous cropresidue on in vitro methanogenesis and ruminal N use. In: Soliva,C. R., Takahashi, J., Kreuzer, M. (eds.), Working Papers of the 2 ndInternational Conference on Greenhouse Gases and AnimalAgriculture, Institute of Animal Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland,27: 448–451.Zeleke, A. B., Clément, C., Hess, H. D., Kreuzer, M., Soliva, C. R., 2005:Methane emission from ruminal fermentation of various tropicalfeeds as measured in vitro. In: Kreuzer, M., Wenk, C., Lanzini, T.(eds.), Fokus Verdauung – Schlüssel für eine effiziente Tierernährung,Schriftenreihe Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Ernährung-Produkte-Umwelt, ETH Zurich, 26: 138–141.PostersZIL funded projectsBartl, K., Medina, M., Puell, A., Gamarra, J., Gómez, C. A., Wettstein,H.-R., Kreuzer, M., Hess, H. D., 2005: Forage alternatives for dry-seasonfeeding of dairy cattle in tropical smallholder farms in thePeruvian Andes. The Global Food and Product Chain: Dynamics,Innovations, Conflicts, Strategies, Deutscher Tropentag 2005,University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, October 11–13.Hess, H. D., Kreuzer, M., Kolff, A., 2005: Improved feeding systemsfor smallholder dairy cattle with emphasis on dry season feedingand its effect on milk production and quality. ZIL Progress Forum2005, Institute of Plant Science, Lindau, Switzerland, March 11.Hess, H. D., Noto, F., Tiemann, T. T., Franzel, S., Lascano, C. E., Kreuzer,M., 2005: Einfluss des Standortes (Kenya oder Kolumbien) auf dieruminalen Fermentationseigenschaften von Calliandra calothyrsusvar. Paratul. 59. Tagung der Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie,Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany, March 3–10.Hess, H. D., Stürm, C., Tiemann, T. T., Lascano, C. E., Kreuzer, M.,2005: Einfluss von Leguminosenmischungen mit unterschiedlichenTanningehalten auf die in vitro Pansenfermentation. FokusVerdauung – Schlüssel für eine effiziente Tierernährung, ETHZurich, Switzerland, May 13.Hess, H. D., Stürm, C. D., Tiemann, T. T., Lascano, C. E., Kreuzer, M.,2005: Effects of mixing tropical legumes with contrasting tannincontents for supplements to low-quality grass diets on ruminal fermentationin vitro. The Global Food and Product Chain: Dynamics,Innovations, Conflicts, Strategies, Deutscher Tropentag 2005,University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, October 11–13.Hess, H. D., Valencia, F. L., Avila, P., Lascano, C. E., Kreuzer, M., 2005:Effects of tropical legumes with contrasting tannin contents andmixtures of them on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis.Grassland – a Global Resource. XXth International GrasslandCongress, University College, Dublin, Ireland, June 26–July 1.Hess, H. D., Noto, F., Tiemann, T. T., Franzel, S., Lascano, C. E., Kreuzer,M., 2005: Verbesserung der Futterqualität von Calliandra calothyrsusvar. Patulul durch geeigneten Anbaustandort. Fokus Verdauung– Schlüssel für eine effiziente Tierernährung, ETH Zurich,Switzerland, May 13.Hess, H. D., Tiemann, T. T., Stürm, C. D., Carulla, J. C., Lascano, C. E.,Kreuzer, M., 2005: Effects of dietary tannins on ruminal degradationand excretion pattern of nitrogen and the implications on thepotential N emission from the manure. 2 nd InternationalConference on Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture, ETHZurich, Switzerland, September 20–24.Janßen-Tapken, U., Li, Y., Kadarmideen, H. N., 2005: Selectionresponses from optimised breeding objectives for East-Africanpastoralists including trypanotolerance. The Global Food andProduct Chain: Dynamics, Innovations, Conflicts, Strategies,Deutscher Tropentag, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart,Germany, October 11–13.Stupak, M., Sautter, C., Zhang, P., Gruissem, W., 2005: Biofortification– Improving the nutritional value of cassava and rice. PSCSymposium 2005: Plant Genome Evolution and Regulation, ETHZurich, Switzerland, December 16.Tiemann, T. T., Kreuzer, M., Lascano, C. E., Hess, H. D., 2005: The foragepotential of tanniniferous legumes: Search for sustainableways to cope with nutritional limitations in smallholder livestock.ZIL Progress Forum 2005, Institute of Plant Science, Lindau,Switzerland, March 11.Vanderschuren, H., Gruissem, W., Zhang, P., 2005: Cassava mosaicdisease resistance in transgenic cassava. PSC Symposium 2005:Plant Genome Evolution and Regulation, ETH Zurich, Switzerland,December 16.Vanderschuren, H., Gruissem, W., Zhang, P., 2005: Cassava MosaicDisease Resistance in Transgenic Cassava. The Global Food andProduct Chain: Dynamics, Innovations, Conflicts, Strategies,Deutscher Tropentag 2005, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart,Germany, October 11–13.Velten, G., Rott, A. S., Cardona, C., Dorn, S., 2005: Exploitation ofnatural resources for food security in developing countries.Herbsttagung der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Phytomedizin,Délémont, Switzerland, September 29.Velten, G., Rott, A. S., Cardona, C., Dorn, S., 2005: Exploitation ofnatural resources for food security in developing countries. TheGlobal Food and Product Chain: Dynamics, Innovations, Conflicts,Strategies, Deutscher Tropentag 2005, University of Hohenheim,Stuttgart, Germany, October 11–13.Velten, G., Rott, A., Cardona, C., Conde-Petit, B. J., Dorn, S., 2005:Exploitation of natural resources for food security in developingcountries. ZIL Progress Forum 2005, Zurich, Switzerland, March 11.Zhang, P., Gruissem, W., 2005: Leaf senescence-inducible expressionof isopentenyl transferase in cassava rendering it resistant todrought stress. The Global Food and Product Chain: Dynamics,Innovations, Conflicts, Strategies, Deutscher Tropentag 2005,University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, October 11–13.Zhang, P., Gruissem, W., 2005: Leaf senescence-inducible expressionof isopentenyl transferase in cassava rendering it resistant todrought stress. 2 nd International Conference on IntegratedApproaches to Sustain and Improve Plant Production UnderDrought Stress, Rome, Italy, September 24–28.66

PublicationsZhang, P., Stupak, M., Gruissem, W., 2005: Genetic improvement ofcassava for prolonged leaf life and improved protein content. 2 ndGeneral Meeting of Biotechnology, Breeding and Seed Systems forAfrican Crops, Nairobi, Kenya, January 24–27.Zhang, P., Vanderschuren, H., Gruissem, W., 2005: RNA-mediatedcassava geminivirus resistance in transgenic cassava. 2 nd InternationalSymposium on Sweetpotato and Cassava, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia, June 14–17.Zhang, P., Vanderschuren, H., Stupak, M., Gruissem, W., 2005:Contribution of cassava biotechnology on sustainable developmentin tropical agriculture. International Conference on AgriculturalResearch for Development: European Responses toChanging Global Needs (EFARD), ETH Zurich, Switzerland, April27–29.Zeleke, A. B., Clément, C., Hess, H. D., Kreuzer, M., Soliva, C. R., 2005:Methane emission from ruminal fermentation of various tropicalfeeds as measured in vitro. Fokus Verdauung – Schlüssel für eineeffiziente Tierernährung, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, May 13.Zimmermann , M. B., 2005: Iron deficiency due to consumption ofa habitual diet low in bioavailable iron: A longitudinal cohort studyin Moroccan children. 12 th International Symposium on TraceElements in Man and Animals (TEMA), University of Ulster,Coleraine, Ireland, June 19–23.Zimmermann , M. B., 2005: High thyroid volume in children withexcess dietary iodine intakes. Nutrition Safari for InnovativeSolutions 2005, International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS),Durban, South Africa, September 19–23.RFPP projectsChacón, G., Gessler, C., Forbes, G. A., 2005: Phytophthora infestansin the highland tropics of Ecuador – The other faces of this wellknownpotato pathogen. International Conference on AgriculturalResearch for Development: European Responses to ChangingGlobal Needs (EFARD), ETH Zurich, Switzerland, April 27–29.Diby, L., 2005 : Evaluation of nutrients uptake and partitioning intwo yam (Dioscorea spp.) species. 15 th International Colloquium ofPlant Nutrition, Beijing, China, September 14–19.Other international projectsBrunnschweiler, J., Conde-Petit, B., Konan, G., Tschannen, A., Escher,F., 2005: Prozesstechnische Möglichkeiten zur Verarbeitung vonYam zu Grundstoffen und Lebensmitteln in Westafrika. AnnualConference, Session on “Lifescience and Engineering”, VDIGesellschaft für Verfahrenstechnik und Chemie-Ingenieurwesen,Wiesbaden, Germany, September 6.Hilfiker, K., Lüthi, R., Zingerli, C., Sorg, J.-P., 2005: NTFPs to mitigatepoverty in the northern uplands of Vietnam? The XXII IUFRO WorldCongress, International Union of Forest Research Organizations(IUFRO), Brisbane, Australia, August 8–13.Jansa, J., Natarajan, M., Thonar, C., Frossard, E., 2005: MultispeciesAMF communities – what do they all do in there? ManagementCommittee and Final meeting on “Achievements and FutureLandscape for Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Research”, COST 8.38.Meeting, European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific andTechnical Research, Dijon, France, June 2–4.Khiaosa-ard, R., Jaturasitha, S., Chungsiriwat, P., Pongpiachan, P.,Rattanapanon, V., Kreuzer, M., 2005: Importance of the period offeeding tuna oil to pigs on its efficacy to decrease the omega-6omega-3 fatty acid ratio in pork. Fokus Verdauung – Schlüssel füreine effiziente Tierernährung, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, May 13.Natarajan, M., Ruh, R., Jama, B., Vullioud, P., Frossard, E., Jansa, J.,2005: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi functionally adapt to phosphorusfertilization of soil. Management Committee and Final Meetingon “Achievements and Future Landscape for Arbuscular MycorrhizaResearch”, COST 8.38. Meeting, European Cooperation in the Fieldof Scientific and Technical Research, Dijon, France, June 2–4.Zeleke, A. B., Clément, C., Hess, H. D., Kreuzer, M., Soliva, C. R., 2005:Effect of foliage from multi-purpose trees and a leguminous cropresidue on in vitro methanogenesis and ruminal N use. 2 ndInternational Conference on Greenhouse Gases and AnimalAgriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland,September 20–24.Oral presentationsZIL funded projectsDorn, S., 2005: Gesunde Ernährung für Menschen in Industrie- undEntwicklungsländern. Aktion “150 Jahre ETH: ETH unterwegs”,Urdorf, Switzerland, April 12.Dorn, S., 2005: Perspektiven der Agrarforschung. ArbeitsgruppeAgrarforschung des Deutschen Wissenschaftsrats, Köln, Germany,May 23.Dorn, S., Schmale, I., 2005: Biological control of storage pests withparasitoids: Quick kill or long duration of effect? 10 th EuropeanMeeting of the IOBC/WPRS (International Organisation forBiological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals andPlants/West Palaeartic Regional Section) Working Group “InsectPathogens and Insect Parasitic Nematodes” in cooperation withthe COST Actions 842 “Entomophthorales” and 850 “BiocontrolSymbiosis”, Locorotondo, Italy, June 10–15.Gómez, C., Gamarra, J., Bartl, K., 2005: Presentation of the project.Chalhuas, Peru, January 17.Gruissem, W., 2005: Plant biotechnology: Beyond Bt-corn andround-upready soya. Symposium, University of Tel Aviv, Israel,October 27.Gruissem, W., 2005: Pflanzenbiotechnologie – Herausforderungenund Chancen. Generalversammlung SGCI Chemie PharmaSchweiz, Lucerne, Switzerland, June 24.Gruissem, W., 2005: Pflanzenbiotechnologie – Von der Konzeptentwicklungzur klinischen Relevanz. Verein Forschung für Leben,Landesmuseum Zurich, Switzerland, May 9.Gruissem, W., 2005: Gentherapie in Cassava: Vom Konzept zurstrategischen “Therapie” und klinischer Relevanz. 111. Kongressder Deutschen Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin, Wiesbaden,Germany, April 4.Gruissem, W., 2005: Improving plants for human nutrition andsustainable agriculture. Gordon Research Conference, Ventura CA,USA, February 18.Hess, H. D., Egloff, M., 2005: Research in tropical livestock nutritionat ETH. International Conference on Agricultural Research forDevelopment: European Responses to Changing Global Needs(EFARD), ETH Zurich, Switzerland, April 27–29.Hess, H. D., Schmidt, A., Pérez, C. J., 2005: Mejoramiento de sistemasde alimentación de ganado vacuno durante la estación secaen fincas de pequeños ganaderos. Workshop, Managua,Nicaragua, April 14.67

PublicationsHess, H. D., Tiemann, T. T., Noto, F., Carulla, J. C., Kreuzer, M., 2005:Strategic use of tannins as a means to limit methane emissionsfrom ruminant livestock. 2 nd International Conference onGreenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture, ETH Zurich,Switzerland, September 20–24.Louw-Gaume, A., 2005: Adaptation of Brachiaria grasses to lowphosphorussoils. Colloquium of the Institute for Plant Sciences,ETH Zurich, Switzerland, December 6.Molina, J. A., 2005: Mejoramiento de sistemas de alimentaciónde ganado vacuno durante la estación seca en fincas depequeños ganaderos. 2004–2007 – Los avances en la regiónde Las Segovias: 2004–2005, Feedback Workshop, Esteli,Nicaragua.Muñoz, E., Bartl, K., 2005: Workshop on description of the localmilk production system. Aramachay, Peru, February 23.Puell, A., Bartl, K., 2005: Presentation of project results. Chalhuas,Peru, August 22.Puell, A., Bartl, K., 2005: Presentation of project results. Sallahuachac,Peru, August 23.Rott, A. S., Zurbuchen, A., Velten, G., Dorn, S., 2005: How do plantand host traits influence the reproductive success of a bruchid parasitoid,Dinarmus basalis? International Symposium on BiologicalControl of Arthropods, Davos, Switzerland, September 12–16.Salazar, I., Spuhler, M., Muñoz, E., Bartl, K., 2005: Workshop on thedescription of the local milk production system. Chalhuas, Peru,February 21.Salazar, I., Spuhler, M., Muñoz, E., Bartl, K., 2005: Workshop on thedescription of the local milk production system. Llacuari, Peru,February 22.Sautter, C., Poletti, S., Zhang, P., Gruissem, W., 2005: Plant biotechnology– From concept to targeted improvement and clinical relevance.Nutrition Society’s Norwich Meeting, Norwich, England,June 28–July 1.Schmidt, A., 2005: Mejoramiento de sistemas de alimentación deganado vacuno durante la estación seca en fincas de pequeñosganaderos – Los Avances del proyecto en Nicaragua. AnnualPlanning Workshop, Managua, Nicaragua, April 13.Spuhler, M., Bartl, K., 2005: Project presentation. Llacuari, Peru,February 11.Spuhler, M., Bartl, K., 2005: Project presentation. Aramachay, Peru,February 11.Spuhler, M., Muñoz, E., Bartl, K., 2005: Workshop on the descriptionof the local milk production system. Sallahuachac, Peru, February 24.Stupak, M., Gruissem, W., Sautter, C., Zhang, P., 2005: Improvingthe protein content in staple crops via biofortification. The GlobalFood and Product Chain: Dynamics, Innovations, Conflicts, Strategies,Deutscher Tropentag, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart,Germany, October 11–13.Turin, C., Bartl, K., Barros, E., Caldas, J., Eusebio, P., Tenorio, A.,Watson, A., 2005: Workshop on the installation of pastures.Chalhuas, Peru, November 11.Vanderschuren, H., 2005: Cassava mosaic disease resistance intransgenic cassava. Selected Aspects of Sustainable Development,Colloquium of the Network for International Development andCooperation (NIDECO), ETH Zurich, Switzerland, May 12 and June 9.Zhang, P., 2005: Cassava biotechnology: From proof-of-concept toapplication. Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, ShanghaiInstitute for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China, June 23.Zhang, P., 2005: Cassava utilisation and biotechnology. ShanghaiSci-Tech Forum, Xinghu Library, Shanghai, China, May 27–28.Zhang, P., 2005: Cassava biotechnology: From gene discovery tofunction. National Congress on Plant Molecular Biology andBiotechnology and IAPTC&B, Shandong Agricultural University,Taiwan, China, May 22–24.Zhang, P., 2005: Development and application of transgenic technologiesin cassava. Guangxi Key Laboratory for SubtropicalBioresource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University,Nanning, China, January 6.Zhang, P., 2005: Progress of cassava biotechnology. Institute ofTropical Biosciences and Biotechnology (ITBB), State Key Laboratoryof Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of TropicalAgricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, China, January 4.Zhang, P., Stupak, M., Gruissem, W., 2005: Genetic improvement ofcassava for prolonged leaf life and improved protein content. 2 ndInternational Symposium on Sweetpotato and Cassava, KualaLumpur, Malaysia, June 14–17.Zhang, P., Vanderschuren, H., Gruissem, W., 2005: RNA-mediatedcassava geminivirus resistance in transgenic cassava. 2 nd GeneralMeeting of Biotechnology, Breeding and Seed Systems for AfricanCrops, The Rockefeller Foundation and Kenya Agricultural ResearchInstitute (KARI), Nairobi, Kenya, January 24–27.RFPP projectsChacón, G., Gessler, C., Forbes, G. A., 2005: Especificidad de hospederoen el mejoramiento para resistencia al tizón tardío en papa.Encuentro Ecuatoriano de la Papa, Universidad Central del Ecuador,Quito, Ecuator, April 14–15.Schmidt, K., 2005: NTFPs and poverty alleviation in Kyrgyzstan:Potential and critical issues. Between market forces and povertyalleviation: The contribution of non-timber forest products.Workshop of the Trees and Forests in Development CooperationGroup, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) andthe Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (seco), Berne,Switzerland, January 31.Schmidt, K., 2005: Challenges for the sustainable management offorests in a country in transition, the example of the walnut-fruitforests in Kyrgyzstan. Department of Environmental Sciences, ETHZurich, Switzerland, January 11.Sell, J., 2005: Decision criteria and preferences of market actors forecosystem services from tropical forestry. 6 th InternationalConference of the European Society for Ecological Economics,Lisbon, Portugal, June 14–17.Other international projects (non ZIL funded)Bloem, S., Dorn, S., 2005: Potential mobility difference betweencodling moths mass-reared using standard and diapause productionprotocols. FAO/IAEA International Conference on Area-WideControl of Insect Pests, Vienna, Austria, May 9–13.Bloem, S., Carpenter, J., Dorn, S., 2005: Mobility of mass-reareddiapaused and non-diapaused Cydia pomonella: Effect of matingstatus and treatment with gamma radiation. 3 rd FAO/IAEAResearch coordination meeting on “Improvement of Codling mothSIT to facilitate expansion of field application”, Mendoza,Argentina, September 16–20.Buchmann, N., 2005: Wie global denkt die Schweizerische Forschung?KFPE Jahrestagung 2005, Berne, Switzerland, September 22.68

PublicationsBrunnschweiler, J., 2005: Evaluation of structure-texture relationshipof processed yam (Dioscorea spp.). Seminar CIRADMontpellier, France, June 6.Dorn, S., Gu, H., 2005: Codling moth dispersal, demographicparameters and mating preference: Optimisation for SIT. 3 rdFAO/IAEA research coordination meeting on “Improvement ofcodling moth SIT to facilitate expansion of field application”,Mendoza, Argentina, September 16–20.Frossard, E., Sinaj, S., 2005: Press conference on soil degradationissues. Tirana, Albania, March 18.Frossard, E., 2005: Nachhaltige Entwicklung in Afrika; globaleAgenda und lokales Wissen. Die Degradation landwirtschaftlichgenutzter Böden in Afrika und die Wiederherstellung von derenFruchtbarkeit. Interdisciplinary lecture series, University of Zurichand ETH Zurich, December 15.Goe, M.R., 2005: Role of livestock in mitigating the effects ofHIV/AIDS. Symposium on the occasion of World Food Day “Poorhealth, food security and poverty – How to break the vicious circle?”,Berne, Switzerland, October 13.Hilfiker, K., Lüthi, R., Zingerli, C., Sorg, J.-P., 2005: NTFPs to mitigatepoverty in the northern uplands of Vietnam? The XXII IUFRO WorldCongress, International Union of Forest Research Organizations(IUFRO), Brisbane, Australia, August 8–13.Hurrell, R. F., 2005: Measuring iron bioavailability in biofortifiedcrops using stable isotopes. Coordination Meeting, InternationalAtomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Bali, Indonesia, February 21–25.Hurrell, R. F., 2005: Issues and challenges in iron fortification.Partnering and Programme Developing Workshop, Global Alliancefor Improved Nutrition (GAIN), Geneva, Switzerland, May 27–31.Hurrell, R. F., 2005: Factors influencing iron bioavailability in biofortifiedcrops. HarvestPlus Coordination Workshop GroupMeeting, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT), Mexico, May 24–27.Hurrell, R. F., 2005: This house believes that iron fortification ismurder with a rusty knife. 12 th International Symposium on TraceElements in Man and Animals (TEMA), University of Ulster,Coleraine, Ireland, June 19–23.Hurrell, R. F., 2005: Interaction between vitamins and trace elements.10. Symposium “Vitamine und Zusatzstoffe”, Institut fürErnährungswissenschaften, Friedlich-Schiller-Universität Jena,Jena, Germany, September 28–29.Hurrell, R. F., 2005: Recent developments in iron fortification offoods. First Annual Forum of the Business Alliance for FoodFortification (BAFF), Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN)and World Bank Institute, Beijing, China, October 22–23.Hurrell, R. F., 2005: Implementation of food fortification programmesat national level: The GAIN experience. Nutrition Safarifor Innovative Solutions 2005, International Union of NutritionalSciences (IUNS), Durban, South Africa, September 19–23.Jansa, J., Natarajan, M., Thonar, C., Frossard, E., 2005: MultispeciesAMF communities – What do they all do in there? ManagementCommittee and Final Meeting on “Achievements and FutureLandscape for Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Research”, COST 8.38.Meeting, European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific andTechnical Research, Dijon, France, June 2–4.Khiaosa-ard, R., Jaturasitha, S., Chungsiriwat, P., Pongpiachan, P.,Rattanapanon, V., Kreuzer, M., 2005: Importance of the period offeeding tuna oil to pigs on its efficacy to decrease the omega-6omega-3 fatty acid ratio in pork. Fokus Verdauung – Schlüssel füreine effiziente Tierernährung, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, May 13.Kreuzer, M., 2005: Mitigation of the greenhouse gas methane:How can tropical livestock nutrition contribute? Universidad LaMolina, Lima, Peru, September 2.Kreuzer, M., 2005: Potential of plants of tropical origin in methanemitigation. Workshop on Methane Research at the Institute of AnimalScience of ETH Zurich. BASF, Mannheim, Germany, October 12.Kreuzer, M., 2005: System-wide methane emission research: Therole of livestock nutrition. Planning Meeting of the Food andAgriculture of the United States (FAO) and International AtomicEnergy Agency (IAEA): Coordinated Research Project onDevelopment and Use of Rumen Molecular Techniques forPredicting and Enhancing Livestock Productivity, ETH Zurich,Switzerland, September 12–16.Mayer, A. C., Marquardt, S., Beck, S., Alzérreca, H., Kreuzer, M., 2005:A manual for the sustainable use of silvopastoral systems in theBolivian “Subandino”. Conference on the Stability of TropicalRainforest Margins: Linking Ecological, Econimic and SocialConstraints of Land Use and Conservation, University ofGöttingen, Germany, September 19–23.Natarajan, M., Ruh, R., Jama, B., Vullioud, P., Frossard, E., Jansa, J.,2005: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi functionally adapt to phosphorusfertilisation of soil. Management Committee and Final Meetingon “Achievements and Future Landscape for Arbuscular MycorrhizaResearch”, COST 8.38. Meeting, European Cooperation in the Fieldof Scientific and Technical Research, Dijon, France, June 2–4.Scherer-Lorenzen, M., 2005: Forest biodiversity and C sequestration.DIVERSITAS Open Science Conference – Integrating BiodiversityScience for Human Well-being, Oaxaca, Mexico, November 9–12.Sherif, L., Sulce, S., Qilimi, B., Zdruli, P., Sinaj, S., 2005: Land resourcesof Albania: Current problems and future trends. InternationalConference on Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable LandUse and Management, Tirana, Albania, March 13–18.Soliva, C. R., 2005: Nutritive inhibition of ruminal methanogenesisand implications for methane formation in manure. InternationalConference on Integrated Livestock-Crop Systems to Meet theChallenges of Globalisation, The British Society of Animal Science(BSAS) and the Animal Husbandry Association of Thailand (AHAT),Khon Kaen University, Thailand, November 14–18.Sorg, J.-P., 2005: Allocation de remerciement pour l’octroi du titrede Docteur h.c.. University of Forestry, Sophia, Bulgaria, April 4.Sorg, J.-P., 2005: Transdisciplinarity – A new approach. University ofForestry, Sophia, Bulgaria, April 4.Sorg, J.-P., 2005: Linking research with policy and practice.Presentation of case studies on “Lothar follow-up, Switzerland”and “The NGO Pro Natura, Switzerland”. Workshop with NGO's andRegional Forestry Boards from Eastern Bulgaria, Nessebar,Bulgaria, September 14–16.Walczyk, T., Hurrell, R. F., 2005: Sampling issues for losses andbioavailability. HarvestPlus Coordination Working Group Meeting,International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT),Mexico, May 24–27.Zeleke, A. B., 2005: Investigation on the anti-methanogenic potentialof foliage from African multipurpose trees. Selected Aspects ofSustainable Development, Colloquium of the Network forInternational Development and Cooperation (NIDECO), ETHZurich, Switzerland, June 9.Zeleke, A. B., Clément, C., Hess, H. D., Kreuzer, M., Soliva, C. R., 2005:Effect of foliage from multi-purpose trees and a leguminous cropresidue on in vitro methanogenesis and ruminal N use. 2 ndInternational Conference on Greenhouse Gases and Animal69

PublicationsAgriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland,September 20–24.Zeleke, A. B., Clément, C., Hess, H. D., Kreuzer, M., Soliva, C. R., 2005:Methane emission from ruminal fermentation of various tropicalfeeds as measured in vitro. Fokus Verdauung – Schlüssel für eineeffiziente Tierernährung, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, May 13.Zeleke, A. B., 2005: Development and use of rumen molecular techniquesfor predicting and enhancing livestock productivity.Planning Meeting of the Food and Agriculture of the United States(FAO) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): CoordinatedResearch Project on Development and Use of Rumen MolecularTechniques for Predicting and Enhancing Livestock Productivity,ETH Zurich, Switzerland, September 12–16.Zimmermann, M. B., 2005: New evidence of efficacy in food fortification.Nutrition Safari for Innovative Solutions 2005, InternationalUnion of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS), Durban, SouthAfrica, September 19–23.Zimmermann, M. B., 2005: Iron deficiency due to consumption ofa habitual diet low in bioavailable iron: A longitudinal cohort studyin Moroccan children. Nutrition Safari for Innovative Solutions2005, International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS), Durban,South Africa, September 19–23.Zimmermann, M. B., 2005: High thyroid volume in children withexcess dietary iodine intakes. 12 th International Symposium onTrace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA), University of Ulster,Coleraine, Ireland, June 19–23.Zimmermann, M. B., 2005: Iodine Nutrition in Pregnancy andInfancy. Technical Consultation, World Health Organization(WHO), Geneva, Switzerland, January 25–26.Zimmermann, M. B., 2005: Triple fortification of salt with microcapsulesof iodine, iron and vitamin A. Congress, Gesellschaft fürChemische Technik und Biotechnologies e.V. (DECHEMA), Wiesbaden,Germany, September 6–7.Zimmermann, M. B., 2005: The effects of vitamin A deficiency andvitamin A supplementation on thyroid function in goitrous children.Nutrition Symposium, Medical Research Council, Cape Town,South Africa, November 11.Zimmermann, M. B., 2005: Iodine supplementation in infancy andpregnancy. Technical Consultation, UNICEF, New York, USA,November 17–18.PhD dissertationsRFPP projectsDiby, N.L., 2005: Etude de l’élaboration du rendement chez deuxespèces d’igname (Dioscorea spp.) Thèse Unique de Doctorat,Université de Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Supervised by E. Frossard.Other international projects (non ZIL funded)Natarajan, M., 2005: Communities and functions of arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi are affected by phosphorus fertilisation andcrop rotation, Diss. ETH Nr. 16305. Supervised by E. Frossard.Master and diploma thesesRFPP projectsGlanzmann, S., 2005: Quantification of companies’ demand forecosystem services from tropical forestry. ETH-NSSI, No. 23/05.Supervised by T. Köllner.Salvador-Pinos, C. A., 2005: Variabilidad morfológica y molecularen nueve especies de Solanum. Escuela de Biología, UniversidadCentral del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. Supervised by G. Chacón.Ziltener, T., 2005: Modelling the carbon sink potential of selectedtropical forestry projects. ETH-NSSI, No. 4/05. Supervised by T. Köllner.Other international projects (non ZIL funded)Clément, C., 2005: In vitro Untersuchung der antiprotozoären undantimethanogenen Wirkung afrikanischer Futterbäume imPansen sowie deren Auswirkungen auf den ruminalenStickstoffumsatz. Supervised by C.R. Soliva.Zurbuchen, A., 2005: Host location behavior of Dinarmis basalis.Supervised by S. Dorn and A. Rott.Semester thesesZIL funded projectsBouillot, H., 2005: Effects of the use of KH 2 PO 4 as phosphorus fertiliseron the growth of Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiria ruziziensis.Supervised by E. Frossard.Jordan, A., 2005: Effects of the use of low soluble CaHPO 4 as phosphorusfertilizer on the growth of Brachiaria decumbens andBrachiraria ruziziensis. Supervised by E. Frossard.Schweizer, N., 2005: Investigation of the growth responses of Brachiariagrasses to low-phosphorus conditions. Supervised by E. Frossard.Spuhler, M., 2005: Determination of prices and feeding value oflocally available feeds and supplements for dairy cattle in the centralhighlands of Peru. Supervised by K. Bartl, H.R. Wettstein, H.D.Hess, C. Gómez.RFPP projectsGardi, O., 2005: Modellierung der Wirtschaftlichkeit von TeakPlantagen in Costa Rica – Holzproduktion versus CO 2 -Senkenleistung, ETH-NSSI, No. 25/05, Supervised by T. Köllner.Other international projects (non ZIL funded)Blumer, B., 2005: Über das Suchverhalten des ParasitoidenDinarmus basalis nach Bruchiden in einem simulierten Lagersystem.Supervised by S. Dorn and A. Rott.Britschgi, D., 2005: Welches ist das zeitliche Entwicklungsmusterder Bohnenkäferlarven im Innern des Bohnensamens? Supervisedby S. Dorn and A. Rott.Reichmuth, A., 2005: Entwicklung von Dinarmus basalis auf zwei verschiedenenBruchidenkäfer-Wirten. Supervised by S. Dorn and A. Rott.70

ZIL members, collaborators and partners in researchZIL members, collaboratorsand partners in researchZIL membersProf. Dr. Renato AmadòETH Zurich, Institute of Food Science and NutritionLFO D19, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3291Fax: +41 44 632 1123E-Mail: renato.amado@ilw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Nikolaus AmrheinETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesLFW E53.1, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3838Fax: +41 44 632 1084E-Mail: nikolaus.amrhein@ipw.biol.ethz.chProf. Dr. Klaus ApelSelection CommitteeETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesLFW D17.3, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3821Fax: +41 44 632 1239E-Mail: klaus.apel@ipw.biol.ethz.chProf. Dr. Peter Bachmann(until March 2005)ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental SciencesHG F18.1, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3187Fax: +41 44 632 1127E-Mail: peter.bachmann@env.ethz.chDr. Claudia Binder(new address)University of Zurich, Department of GeographyY25 J 66, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 ZurichPhone: +41 44 635 5262Fax : +41 44 635 6848E-Mail: cbinder@geo.unizh.chProf. Dr. Nina BuchmannETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesLFW C56, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3959Fax: +41 44 632 1153E-Mail: nina.buchmann@ipw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Harald BugmannETH Zurich, Department of Environmental SciencesCHN G76.1, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3239Fax: +41 44 632 1358E-Mail: harald.bugmann@env.ethz.chDr. Matthew Cock / Dr. Ulrich KuhlmannCABI Bioscience, Switzerland Centre1 Rue des Grillons, CH-2800 DélémontPhone: +41 32 421 4874 / 4882Fax: +41 32 421 4871E-Mail: m.cock@cabi.org / u.kuhlmann@cabi.orgInternet: www.cabi-bioscience.orgProf. Dr. Geneviève DéfagoETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesLFW C22, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3869Fax: +41 44 632 1108E-Mail: genevieve.defago@agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Silvia DornZIL BoardETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesLFO G18, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3921Fax: +41 44 632 1171E-Mail: silvia.dorn@ipw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Peter EdwardsETH Zurich, Geobotanical InstituteCHN H12.1, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 4330Fax: +41 44 632 1215E-Mail: peter.edwards@env.ethz.chProf. Dr. Felix EscherZIL PresidentETH Zurich, Institute of Food Science and NutritionLFO E23, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3285Fax: +41 44 632 1123E-Mail: felix.escher@ilw.agrl.ethz.chDr. Zakaria FarahETH Zurich, Institute of Food Science and NutritionLFV D42, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 5373Fax: +41 44 632 1403E-Mail: zakaria.farah@ilw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Emmanuel FrossardZIL Board, Steering Committee Livestock SystemsETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesVersuchsstation Eschikon / FMG C17.2, CH-8315 LindauPhone: +41 52 354 9140Fax: +41 52 354 9119E-Mail: emmanuel.frossard@ipw.agrl.ethz.chDr. Alain Gaume(until October 2005)ETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesEschikon 33, CH-8315 Lindau(since November 2005)External Collaborator of ZIL ProjectAgroscope RAC ChanginsCase Postale 1012, CH-1260 Nyon 1, SwitzerlandPhone: +41 22 363 4658Fax: +41 22 362 13 25E-Mail: alain.gaume@rac.admin.chInternet: www.racchangins.ch71

ZIL members, collaborators and partners in researchDr. Monika Gessler(until June 2005)ZIL Board, Selection CommitteeETH Zurich, Office of the Vice-President for ResearchHG E69.3, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 7745Fax: +41 44 632 1564E-Mail: gessler@sl.ethz.chDr. Michael R. GoeETH Zurich, Institute of Animal SciencesTAN C4.2, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 7673Fax: +41 44 632 1167E-Mail: michael.goe@inw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Wilhelm GruissemETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesLFW E56.1, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 0857Fax: +41 44 632 1079E-Mail: wilhelm.gruissem@ipw.biol.ethz.chDr. Dominique GuenatZIL BoardAssociation de consultants en agriculture ACADECH-1423 FontanezierPhone: +41 24 436 2315Fax: +41 24 436 2345E-Mail: dominique guenat@bluewin.chProf. Dr. Hans Rudolf HeinimannETH Zurich, Department of Environmental SciencesCHN 72.2, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3235Fax: +41 44 632 1146E-Mail: hans.heinimann@env.ethz.chDr. Hans-Dieter Hess(until August 2005)ETH Zurich, Institute of Animal SciencesLFH B6, CH-8092 Zurich(since September 2005)External Collaborator of ZIL ProjectAgroscope Liebefeld-Posieux (ALP)Tioleyre 4, 1725 PosieuxPhone: +41 26 407 7275Fax: +41 26 407 7300E-Mail: dieter.hess@alp.admin.chProf. Dr. Ottmar HoldenriederETH Zurich, Department of Environmental SciencesCHN G66, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3201Fax: +41 44 632 1380E-Mail: ottmar.holdenrieder@env.ethz.chProf. Dr. Richard HurrellZIL Board, Steering Committee Livestock SystemsETH Zurich, Institute of Food Science and NutritionLFV D20, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 8420Fax: +41 44 632 1470E-Mail: richard.hurrell@ilw.agrl.ethz.chDr. Jan Jansa(since June 2005)ETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesEschikon 33, FMG C 23, CH-8315 LindauPhone: +41 52 354 9216Fax: +41 52 354 9119E-Mail: jan.jansa@ipw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Haja N. KadarmideenETH Zurich, Institute of Animal SciencesUNS D7, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3266Fax: +41 44 632 1260E-Mail: haja.kadarmideen@inw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Rolf KappelSelection CommitteeETH Zurich, NADELVOB B13, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 4253Fax: +41 44 632 1207E-Mail: kappel@nadel.ethz.chAnnette KolffZIL Board, Steering Committee Livestock SystemsIntercooperationMaulbeerstrasse 10, PF 6724, CH-3001 BernePhone: +41 31 385 1010Fax: +41 31 385 1009E-Mail: akolff@intercooperation.chInternet: www.intercooperation.chProf. Dr. Michael KreuzerZIL Board, Steering Committee Livestock Systems (Chair)ETH Zurich, Institute of Animal SciencesLFW B56, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 5972Fax: +41 44 632 1128E-Mail: michael.kreuzer@inw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Christophe LacroixETH Zurich, Institute of Food Science and NutritionLFV C20, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 635 4867Fax: +41 44 632 1403E-Mail: christophe.lacroix@ilw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Wolfgang LanghansETH Zurich, Institute of Animal SciencesSLA C3, CH-8603 SchwerzenbachPhone: +41 44 655 7420Fax: +41 44 655 7206E-Mail: wolfgang.langhans@inw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Bernard LehmannZIL Board, Steering Committee Livestock SystemsETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural EconomicsSOL D1.1, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 5391Fax: +41 44 632 1086E-Mail: lehmann@ethz.chProf. Dr. Martin LoessnerETH Zurich, Institute of Food Science and NutritionLFV B20, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3335Fax: +41 44 632 1266E-Mail: martin.loessner@ilw.agrl.ethz.ch72

ZIL members, collaborators and partners in researchProf. Dr. Bruce McDonaldETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesLFW B16, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3847Fax: +41 44 632 1572E-Mail: bruce.mcdonald@agrl.ethz.chDr. Astrid ObersonETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesVersuchsstation Eschikon / FMG C24, CH-8315 LindauPhone: +41 52 354 9140/32Fax: +41 52 354 9119E-Mail: astrid.oberson@ipw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Peter Rieder(until March 2005)ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural EconomicsSOL E9.1, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 5307Fax: +41 44 632 1086E-Mail: peter.rieder@iaw.agrl.ethz.chPD Dr. Christof SautterETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesLFW E32.1, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 5713Fax: +41 44 632 1044E-Mail: christof.sautter@ipw.biol.ethz.chProf. Dr. Franz Schmithüsen(until March 2005)ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental SciencesHG G11, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3218Fax: +41 44 632 1110E-Mail: franz.schmitthuesen@env.ethz.chProf. Dr. Jean-Philippe Schütz(until March 2005)ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental SciencesHG F22.4, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3197Fax: +41 44 632 1033E-Mail: jean-philippe.schuetz@env.ethz.chProf. Dr. Klaus SeelandETH Zurich, Department of Environmental SciencesCHN J75.3, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3219Fax: +41 44 632 1110E-Mail: klaus.seeland@env.ethz.chDr. Jean-Pierre SorgZIL BoardETH Zurich, Department of Environmental SciencesCHN F75.2, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3214Fax: +41 44 632 1598E-Mail: jean-pierre.sorg@env.ethz.chProf. Dr. Peter StampETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesLFW C14, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3878Fax: +41 44 632 1143E-Mail: peter.stamp@ipw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Gerald Stranzinger(until March 2005)ETH Zurich, Institute of Animal SciencesTAN F4, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3256Fax: +41 44 632 1167E-Mail: gerald.stranzinger@inw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Caspar WenkETH Zurich, Institute of Animal SciencesLFW B57.1, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3255Fax: +41 44 632 1128E-Mail: caspar.wenk@inw.agrl.ethz.chProf. Dr. Erich J. WindhabETH Zurich, Institute of Food Science and NutritionLFO E18, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 5348Fax: +41 44 632 1155E-Mail: erich.windhab@ilw.agrl.ethz.chExternal members in theZIL Project Selection CommitteeGiancarlo De PicciottoSDC Principal AdvisorFreiburgstrasse 130, CH-3003 BernePhone: +41 31 322 3482Fax: +41 31 324 1693E-Mail: giancarlo.depicciotto@deza.admin.chDr. Irene HoffmannFAO Animal Production and Health DivisionViale delle Terme di Caracalla00100 Rome, ItalyPhone: +39 06 570 52796Fax: +39 06 570 55749E-Mail: irene.hoffmann@fao.orgProf. Fritz SchneiderSchweizerische Hochschule für Landwirtschaft SHLLänggasse 85, 3052 ZollikofenPhone: +41 31 910 2172Fax: +41 31 910 2299E-Mail: fritz.schneider@shl.bfh.chSDC representativesDr. Willy Graf(since March 2005)SDC representative to ZILSDC Natural Resources and Environment (NRU)Freiburgstrasse 130, CH-3003 BernePhone: +41 31 325 9307Fax: +41 31 324 9362E-Mail: willi.graf@deza.admin.chDr. Katharina Jenny(until February 2005)ZIL Board, Selection CommitteeSDC Natural Resources and Environment (NRU)Freiburgstrasse 130, CH-3003 BernePhone: +41 31 323 5130Fax: +41 31 324 9362E-Mail: katharina.jenny@deza.admin.ch73

ZIL members, collaborators and partners in researchContact persons in ZIL projects and studiesProf. Dr. Awudu AbdulaiExternal Supervisor of ZIL ProjectDepartment of Food Economics and Consumption StudiesUniversity of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, GermanyPhone: +49 431 880 4426Fax: +49 431 880 7308E-Mail: aabdula@food-econ.uni-kiel.deInternet: www.food-econ.uni-kiel.deKarin BartlETH Zurich, Institute of Animal SciencesLFW B58.2, CH-8092 Zurich(present affiliation)Universidad Nacional Agraria La MolinaFaculty of Animal ProductionAvenida La Molina s/n Aptdo. 456, Lima, PeruPhone: +51 1 349 4028Fax: +51 1 349 4028E-Mail: karin.bartl@inw.agrl.ethz.chInternet: www.lamolina.edu.peDaouda DaoCentre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS)01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d’IvoirePhone: +225 05 07 6203Fax: +225 23 45 1211E-Mail: Daouda.dao@csrs.ciDr. Lena DavidssonExternal Supervisor of ZIL ProjectInternational Atomic Energy Agency, Nutritional & Health-RelatedP. O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, AustriaPhone: +43 1 2600 21 657Fax: +43 1 26007E-Mail: l.davidsson@iaea.orgInternet: www.iaea.orgDr. Michel DumondelETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural EconomicsSOL B 9.1, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 5398Fax: +41 44 632 1086E-Mail: dumondel@ethz.chUlrike Janßen-TapkenETH Zurich, Institute of Animal SciencesUNSD 3, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3344Fax: +41 44 632 1260E-Mail: ulrike.janssen@inw.agrl.ethz.chAnnabé Louw-GaumeETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesEschikon 33, FMG C13.1, CH-8315 LindauPhone: +41 52 354 9143 / 9285Fax: +41 52 354 9119E-Mail: anna.louw-gaume@ipw.agrl.ethz.chStephanie GoodETH Zurich, Institute of Food Science and NutritionLFV D11.2, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 8225Fax: +41 44 632 1470stephanie.good@ilw.agrl.ethz.chSergio Mejía KerguelénCentro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical CIATApdo Aéreo 6713, Cali, ColombiaPhone: +57 2 445 0000Fax: +57 2 445 0073E-Mail: sergiomejiak@telecom.com.coEmily Awuor OumaDepartment of Food Economics and Consumption StudiesUniversity of KielOlshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, GermanyPhone: +49 431 880 3208Fax: +49 431 880 7308E-Mail: eouma@food-econ.uni-kiel.deInternet: www.food-econ.uni-kiel.deAnja Sibylle RottETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesLFO F19, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3936Fax: +41 44 632 1171E-Mail: anja.rott@ipw.agrl.ethz.chYoseph ShiferawInternational Livestock Research Institute ILRIDebre Zeit Research StationP. O. Box 5689, Addis Abada, EthiopiaPhone: +251 133 9566Fax: +251 133 8755E-Mail: y.shiferaw@cgiar.orgInternet: www.ilri.orgTassilo Tamino TiemannETH Zurich, Institute of Animal SciencesLFH B6, CH-8092 Zurich(present affiliation)Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical CIATApdo Aéreo 6713, Cali, ColombiaPhone: +57 2 445 0000Fax: +57 2 445 0073E-Mail: tassilo.tiemann@inw.agrl.ethz.chInternet: www.ciat.cgiar.orgHervé VanderschurenETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesLFW E46.1, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 4952Fax: +41 44 632 1044E-Mail: herve.vanderschuren@ipw.biol.ethz.chGuido VeltenETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesLFO F21, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3925Fax: +41 44 632 1171E-Mail: guido.velten@ipw.agrl.ethz.chDr. Peng ZhangETH Zurich, Institute of Plant SciencesLFW E17, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 2244Fax: +41 44 632 1044E-Mail: zhang.peng@ipw.biol.ethz.ch74

ZIL members, collaborators and partners in researchResearch fellows in RFPP projectsDr. Mathew Musumbale AbangInternational Center for Agricultural Researchin the Dry Areas ICARDAP.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, SyriaPhone: +963 21 221 3433Fax: +963 21 221 3490E-Mail: m.abang@cgiar.orgInternet: www.icarda.orgLanto Herilala AndriambeloCentre de Formation Professionelle Forestière CFPFBP 117 Morondava (619), MadagascarPhone: +261 32 046 77 13E-Mail: lanto.andriambelo@laposte.netDr. Thomas BernetInternational Potato Center CIPApdo 1556, Lima 12, PeruPhone: +51 1 349 6017Fax: +51 1 317 5326E-Mail: t.bernet@cgiar.orgInternet: www.cipotato.orgSajad BukoberoInstitute of Development Studies IUEDRue Rothschild 20, Case postale 136,CH-1211 Geneva 21Phone: +41 22 906 5940Fax: +41 22 906 5947E-Mail: bukober0@etu.unige.chInternet: www.iued.chGabriela ChacónInternational Potato Center CIPP.O. Box 17-21-1977, Quito, EcuadorPhone: +593 2 690 362Fax: +593 2 692 604E-Mail: g.chacon@cgiar.orgInternet: www.quito.cipotato.orgClémence DiracETH Zurich, Department of Environmental SciencesGroupe de Foresterie pour le DéveloppementCHN F75.3, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 5628Fax : +41 44 632 1598E-Mail: clemence.dirac@env.ethz.chFrank EyhornETH Zurich, NADELVOA C12, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 4682Fax: +41 44 632 1207E-Mail: eyhorn@nadel.ethz.chRalph KnüselCentre for Fish and Wildlife Health FIWILänggasstrasse 122, Postfach 8466, CH-3001 BernePhone: +41 31 631 2465Fax: +41 31 631 2611E-Mail: ralph.knuesel@itpa.unibe.chInternet: www.vetmed.unibe.ch/itpa/fiwiDr. Thomas KöllnerETH Zurich, Department of Environmental SciencesInstitute for Human Environment SystemsCHN J72.2, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 6311Fax: +41 44 632 1029E-Mail: thomas.koellner@env.ethz.chFrank MuttenzerInstitute of Development Studies IUEDRue Rothschild 24, Case postale 136, CH-1211 Genève 21Phone: +41 22 906 5940Fax: +41 22 906 5947E-Mail: frank.muttenzer@iued.unige.chInternet: www.iued.chRicardo OlivaCentro Internacional de la Papa CIPP.O. Box 17-21-1977, Quito, EcuadorPhone: +593 22 690362 / 690363Fax: +593 22 692604E-Mail: r.oliva@cgiar.orgInternet: www.cipotato.orgDr. David OdongoInternational Livestock Research Institute ILRIP.O. Box 30709 Nairobi, KenyaPhone: +254 20 422 3000Fax: +254 20 422 3001E-Mail: d.odongo@cgiar.orgInternet: www.ilri.orgNicolas RoostInternational Water Management Institute IWMIP.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri LankaPhone: +94 112 787 404Fax: +94 112 786 854E-Mail: n.roost@cgiar.orgInternet: www.iwmi.orgKaspar SchmidtETH Zurich, Department of Forest SciencesGroupe de Foresterie pour le DéveloppementHG FO22.3, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 3203Fax: +41 44 632 1033E- Mail: kaspar.schmidt@env.ethz.chMarkus SchneiderLaboratory of Chemical and Biological Engineering, EPF LausanneCH H4 614, Station 6, CH-1015 LausannePhone: +41 21 693 6019Fax: +41 21 693 3680E-Mail: markus.schneider@epfl.chJoachim SellETH Zurich, Department of Environmental SciencesInstitute for Human Environment SystemsCHN J72.2, CH-8092 ZurichPhone: +41 44 632 6152Fax: +41 44 632 1029E-Mail: joachim.sell@env.ethz.chAtti TchabiInstitute of Botany, University of BaselHebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 BaselPhone: +41 61 267 2319Fax: +41 61 267 2330E-Mail: atti.tchabi@unibas.chInternet: www.unibas.chChanghu WangInternational Center for Tropical Agriculture CIATA.A. 6713, Cali, ColombiaPhone: +57 2 445 0000 ext. 3470 (office) / 3265 (lab)Fax: +57 2 445 0073E-Mail: cwang@cgiar.orgInternet: www.cgiar.orgChristine ZundelSwiss College of Agriculture SHLLaenggasse 85, CH-3052 ZollikofenPhone: +41 31 910 2171Fax: +41 31 910 2299E-Mail: christine.zundel@shl.bfh.chInternet: www.shl.bfh.ch75

AccountsAccountsBalance, December 31, 2005CHFActivaCash 300.00ETH account 409 240.02Credit, third parties 465 000.00Total activa 874 540.02PassivaZIL capital 710 093.15Liabilities, third parties 100 760.50Surplus 63 686.37Total passiva 874 540.02Balance, December 31, 2005ExpendituresExpensesIncomeLivestock systems projects, Phase IV 590 315.00Other projects, Phase IV 62 280.00Project administration (4%) 27 636.60External Evaluation 31 947.40Conferences and studies 18 661.62Exposition “Worlds of Knowledge” 0.00Programme and partnership development 39 653.50Personnel 204 707.15Travel expenses 4 363.99Material 9 461.85Outsourcing 6 712.20Public relations 32 935.82Total expenditures 1 028 675.13IncomeSDC contribution 900 000.00Membership fees 56 000.00Administrative overhead RFPP, project overhead 24 361.50Administrative overhead RFPP, new contract 62 000.00Administrative overhead RFPP, fixed contribution 50 000.00Total income 1 092 361.50Surplus 63 686.3776

List of acronymsAll units of the ETH Zurich are in italics.ImpressumPublisherZILSchweizerisches Zentrum für Internationale LandwirtschaftSwiss Centre for International AgricultureScheuchzerstrasse 7, ETH Zurich / SECCH-8092 Zurich, SwitzerlandEditorBarbara Becker, Executive Manager ZILDesign and LayoutArt Direction Stacy Müller, ZurichReproductionWith permission of ZILPhotosCover: E. Awuor Oumap. 3: F. Escherp. 4: D. Meienbergp. 10: D. Niedzwieckap. 12: R. Canalip. 13: M. Zossp. 15: M. Kaufmannp. 20: C. Wenk; P. Zhangp. 21: E. Bünemannp. 22: M.E. Hoballah; B. Hankouap. 23: T. Bernet; M. Abangp. 24: S. Anwander; P. Aernip. 25: E. Bünemannp. 27: A. Louw-Gaumep. 28: T. Tiemannp. 29: K. Bartlp. 30: E. Awuor Oumap. 31: U. Janßen-Tapkenp. 32: S. Goodp. 33: D. Daop. 34: P. Zhangp. 35: S. Dornp. 37: K. Schmidtp. 38: G. Chaconp. 39: T. Bernetp. 40: C. Zundelp. 41: N. Roostp. 42: T. Köllnerp. 43: F. Muttenzerp. 44: M. Abangp. 45: R. Knüselp. 46: F. Eyhornp. 47: A. Tchabip. 48: D. Odongop. 49: C. Wangp. 50: R. Olivap. 51: S. Bukoberop. 52: M. Schneiderp. 53: C. DiracPrintingDruckerei Feldegg AG, Zollikerberg.Printed with a 74KARAT water-free offset machine,which substantially reduces the emission ofvolatile organic compounds, and on chlorine-free paperproduced from selected waste woods without theuse of acids and whitening agents.ANUARDBLWCATIECDECGIARCIATCIFORCIMMYTCIPCorpoicaCSIROCSRSD-AGRLD-BIOLDNADSSD-UWISEFARDELISAEMPAEPFLEPOERA-ARDERA-NETESSAEUFAOFiBLFIWIGFARGISIAEAIAWICICARDAICIPEICRAFIITAILRIILTABILWINWIPMIRDDIPWIUEDIWMIKEMRIKFPEKIRFORLBLm aslMDGsNADELNATURANCSUNGONIDECONLUNoIOECDPR&DRFPPRNASDCS-ENETHSFIARSHLSNFSTIVSFWHOAustralian National UniversityAgricultural Research for DevelopmentSwiss Federal Office for AgricultureCentro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y EnseñanzaCentre for Development and Environment, University of BerneConsultative Group on International Agricultural ResearchInternational Center for Tropical AgricultureCenter for International Forestry ResearchInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement CenterInternational Potato CenterCorporación Colombiana de Investigación AgropecuariaCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCentre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique, Côte d’IvoireDepartment of Agricultural and Food SciencesDepartment of BiologyDeoxyribonucleic acidDecision support systemDepartment of Environmental SciencesEuropean Forum on Agricultural Research for DevelopmentEnzyme linked immunosorbent assayEidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungs-AnstaltFederal Institute of Technology LausanneEuropean Patent OfficeEuropean Research Area on Agricultural Research for DevelopmentEuropean Research Area NetworksEcole supérieure des sciences agronomiques, Université d’AntanarivoEuropean UnionFood and Agricultural Organisation of the United NationsForschungsinstitut für biologischen LandbauCentre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of BerneGlobal Forum on Agricultural ResearchGeographical Information SystemInternational Atomic Energy AgencyInstitute of Agricultural EconomicsIntercooperationInternational Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry AreasInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)International Institute for Tropical AgricultureInternational Livestock Research InstituteInternational Laboratory for Tropical Agricultural BiotechnologyInstitute of Food Science and NutritionInstitute of Animal SciencesIntegrated Pest ManagementInternational and Rural Development DepartmentInstitute of Plant SciencesInstitut universitaire d'études du développementInternational Water Management InstituteKenya Medical Research InstituteCommission for Research Partnerships with Developing CountriesKyrgyz-Swiss Forestry Support ProgrammeLandwirtschaftliche Beratungszentrale Lindaumetres above sea levelMillenium Development GoalsPostgraduate Studies on Developing CountriesNetwork of European Agricultural (Tropically and Subtropically Oriented)Universities and Scientific Complexes related with Agricultural DevelopmentNorth Carolina State UniversityNon-governmental organisationNetwork for International Development and CooperationInstitut für Natur- Landschafts- und UmweltschutzNote of IntentionOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPhosphorusResearch and DevelopmentResearch Fellow Partnership ProgrammeRibonucleic acidSwiss Agency for Development and CooperationSchool Domain of Earth, Environment and Natural ResourcesSwiss Forum for International Agricultural ResearchSwiss College of AgricultureSwiss National Science FoundationSwiss Tropical InstituteVétérinaires sans frontièresWorld Health Organisation

Swiss Centre for International AgricultureSchweizerisches Zentrum für Internationale LandwirtschaftCentre Suisse pour l’Agriculture InternationaleScheuchzerstrasse 7CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland