Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

248hyperthyroidism See thyrotoxicosis.hypertonic A solution more concentrated than the body fluids;see isotonic.hypervitaminosis Overdosage with vitamins, leading to toxiceffects. A problem with high levels of intake of vitamins a, d, b 6and niacin, normally at levels of intake from supplements considerablyhigher than might be obtained from foods, althoughhypervitaminosis A and D may result from (enriched) foods.See also hormesis; hypercalcaemia; reference intakes; ul.hypobaric storage Of fruits and vegetables, storage below atmosphericpressure to enhance loss of CO 2 and ethylene, so slowingripening.See also packaging, modified atmosphere.hypocalcaemia Low blood calcium, leading to tetany (uncontrollabletwitching of muscles) if severe; may be due to underactivityof the parathyroid gland, kidney failure or vitamin ddeficiency.hypochlorhydria Partial deficiency of hydrochloric acid secretionin the gastric juice.See also achlorhydria; anaemia, pernicious; gastricsecretion.hypogeusia Diminished sense of taste. An early sign of marginalzinc deficiency, and potentially useful as an index of zinc status.See also dysgeusia; gustin; parageusia.hypoglycaemia Abnormally low blood glucose; (normal is3.5–5.5 mmol/L); may result in loss of consciousness, hypoglycaemiccoma.hypoglycaemic agents Three groups of compounds are used asoral hypoglycaemic agents for treatment of non-insulindependentdiabetes mellitus: the sulphonylureas (chlorpropamide,glibenclamide, glicazide, glimepiride, glipizide, gliquidone,tolazamide, tolbutamide) act to enhance secretion ofinsulin; buformin, metformin and phenformin are biguanidesthat act to decrease gluconeogenesis and increase peripheralutilisation of glucose; thiazolidinediones activate the PPAR γreceptor, so decreasing insulin resistance, modifying adipocytedifferentiation and decreasing leptin secretion.hypokalaemia Abnormally low plasma potassium.hypophosphataemia Abnormally low plasma phosphate.hypoproteinaemia Abnormally low total plasma proteinconcentration.hyposite Little used word, from Greek, for low-energy food.hypothermia Low body temperature (normal is around 37 °C).Occurs among elderly people far more readily than in younger