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Utilization of rice ratooningby farmersin Rio de Janeiro State, BrazilW.E. de B. Andrade, S. Amorim Neto, A.B. de Oliveira,and G.M. B. FernandesPESAGRO-RIO, Estacão Experimental de Campos - Av. Francisco Lamego,134 - 28.100 - Campos - RJ.Irrigated rice in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, is planted on 33,000 ha, with an averageyield 3.3 t/ha, for a total production of about 100,000 t—20% of the state’s need.Although rice represents only 2% of the national economy, it is very important in thestate economy, as it contributes 12% of agricultural income and employs a 20,000-person labor force.Considering the economic importance of intensive utilization of lowlands, theRio de Janeiro Agricultural Research Corporation (PESAGRO-RIO) startedresearch on rice ratooning to try to increase production and to employ more labor.LITERATURE REVIEWStudies by Oliveira et al (5) showed that rice ratooning had been adopted by somefarmers in the Norte Fluminense region, but usually without success. The problem isthat traditional cultivars have long growth durations, so that the flowering stage ofthe ratoon crop occurs at low temperatures, causing low grain yield. With theintroduction of such modern cultivars as P899 and IR841, it has become feasible toutilize this new technology in the region. Using the new cultivars, some farmers haveobtained ratoon yields higher than the main crop yields of traditional cultivars (4).Ramos et al (7) found that sowing date and cultivar growth duration influencethe date of main crop harvest, while cutting height and vigor of ratoon tillersinfluence ratoon yield.Ishikawa (3) and Balasubramanian et al (2) reported that cutting height of themain crop did not affect the ratoon crop yield. But Parago (8) suggested that themain crop should be cut at or close to ground level. Saran and Prasad (8), however,reported that cutting at ground level produced lower ratoon yields than did highercutting.Ratooning may be a satisfactory agronomic practice. Some farmers usingmodern cultivars have had rice ratoon yields higher than the main crop yields oftraditional cultivars (1, 5).
56 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Mean monthly data in Campos Agricultural Experiment Station, September1975 to July 1978.MonthMean Temperature (°C)Max Min MeanRainfall(mm)Insolation(mm)SepOctNovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJul25.927.028.129.731.331.532.429.027.326.126.117.418.820.621.021.921.219.918.716.515.715.021.623.424.725.726.926.826.724.222.721.420.974.5119.8178.5152.282.748.541.266.077.220.266.9136.0185.0114.0154.0177.3139.2198.3160.1210.0143.5155.7Source: Campos Agricultural Experiment Station (PESAGRO-RIO).MATERIALS AND METHODSTwo experiments at Campos Agricultural Experiment Station, 14 m altitude,21°41'S, 4l°20'W, tested sowing dates and height of main crop cutting on ratoonyield and grain quality. In the Norte Fluminense Region, the climate is classified asdry and wet, with a summer rainy season (Table 1). The first trial in 1979-80 studiedratoon yields of two modern and one traditional varieties across six sowing dates.Sowing dates were from September to February. Traditional variety De Abriland modern cultivars IR841-63-5 and P899-55-6-4-61B were transplanted 30 daysafter seeding at a spacing of 30 cm between rows and 20 cm between hills using5 seedlings/hill in a split plot design with 3 replications. The main crop was fertilizedwith 50 kg N, 50 kg P 2 O 5 /ha, and 50 kg K 2 O/ha; 1/3 N and all P 2 O 5 and K 2 O wereapplied as basal and 2/3 N was broadcast at panicle initiation. The ratoon crop wasfertilized with 30 kg N/ha soon after the main crop harvest.For the main crop, cutting height was 12-15 cm above ground level. Sufficientsoil moisture was maintained to the end of tillering, then plots were flooded to 15 cmuntil grain maturity initiation of the ratoon crop.The second trial in 1983-84 used 10 cultivars and varieties in a split plot designwith 3 replications to test cutting height (10, 20, and 30 cm). The 14.4 m 2 plots weredirect seeded at 100 kg/ ha with 30 cm spacing between rows.The soils of the two trial fields were Paraiba alluvial, with low organic contentand clay texture. The main crop was fertilized with 50 kg N and 60 kg P 2 O 5 / ha; 1/3of the N and all the P 2 O 5 and K 2 O were applied as basal and 2/3 N was broadcast atpanicle initiation. The ratoon crop was fertilized with 20 kg N/ha soon after harvestof main crop.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn the first trial, improved varieties performed better at all sowing dates (Table 2).However, yields from October, September, and November sowings were higher. In
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RICERATOONING1988INTERNATIONAL RICE
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ContentsForewordWelcome 1OverviewRi
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Genetics and varietal improvementIn
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2 RICE RATOONINGthe main crop. Harv
Page 11 and 12: 4 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Area, prod
Page 13 and 14: 6 RICE RATOONINGTable 2. Rice varie
Page 15 and 16: 8 RICE RATOONING1. Effect of spacin
Page 17 and 18: 10 RICE RATOONINGHowever, no signif
Page 19 and 20: 12 RICE RATOONINGrelating to seed v
Page 21 and 22: 14 RICE RATOONING5. Cultivars that
Page 24 and 25: Economic perspectivesof rice ratoon
Page 26 and 27: ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES OF RICE RATOO
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Page 39 and 40: 32 RICE RATOONINGla) Developmental
Page 41 and 42: 34 RICE RATOONINGCutting heightStub
Page 43 and 44: 36 RICE RATOONINGEarly flooding enc
Page 45 and 46: 38 RICE RATOONING2. Factors affecti
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Page 49 and 50: 42 RICE RATOONING1. Changes in till
Page 51 and 52: 44 RICE RATOONINGTable 2. Character
Page 53 and 54: 46 RICE RATOONING9. International R
Page 55 and 56: 48 RICE RATOONINGplot size is 6 row
Page 57 and 58: 50 RICE RATOONINGimproved ratooning
Page 59 and 60: 52 RICE RATOONINGTable 6. Simple co
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Page 68 and 69: Rice ratooningin the Dominican Repu
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Page 77 and 78: 89111306514772Special points Refere
Page 79 and 80: 72 RICE RATOONINGANDHRA PRADESHBasu
Page 81 and 82: 74 RICE RATOONINGrice observed at t
Page 83 and 84: 76 RICE RATOONINGTAMIL NADUBalasubr
Page 85 and 86: 78 RICE RATOONING19. Reddy, T.G., M
Page 87 and 88: 80 RICE RATOONING1. Rice-growing re
Page 89 and 90: 82 RICE RATOONING2. High cutting he
Page 91 and 92: 84 RICE RATOONINGTable 3. Yield tri
Page 94 and 95: Rice ratoon crop managementin the h
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Page 105 and 106: 98 RICE RATOONING1. The Tungabhadra
Page 107 and 108: 100 RICE RATOONINGthe results of po
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Ratoon rice researchin Karnataka, I
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RATOON RICE RESEARCH IN KARNATAKA 1
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RATOON RICE RESEARCH IN KARNATAKA 1
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112 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Area and
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114 RICE RATOONINGonly 7.5-49.7% of
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116 RICE RATOONINGTable 5. Relation
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Scope for rice ratoon croppingin th
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RATOON CROPPING IN NORTHEASTERN IND
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Scope for rice ratoon croppingin th
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RATOON CROPPING IN CENTRAL AND NORT
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RATOON CROPPING IN CENTRAL AND NORT
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Potential of rice ratooningin Madag
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RICE RATOONING IN MADAGASCAR 131a.
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RICE RATOONING IN MADAGASCAR 133Tab
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Potential for rice ratooningin east
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RICE RATOONING IN EASTERN INDIA 137
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Ratooning in Bangladesh:prospects a
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RATOONING IN BANGLADESH 145RATOON C
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RATOONING IN BANGLADESH 147Table 4.
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RATOONING IN BANGLADESH 149OTHER FA
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152 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Hybrid s
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154 RICE RATOONINGThe studies sugge
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156 RICE RATOONINGVARIETIES AND CUL
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158 RICE RATOONINGspikelet primordi
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160 RICE RATOONINGTable 5. Effect o
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Agronomic principles and practiceso
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AGRONOMIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
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Rice ratooning: breeding,agronomic
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BREEDING, AGRONOMIC PRACTICES, AND
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188 RICE RATOONINGwas the most effe
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190 RICE RATOONINGRESULTSMain crop
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192 RICE RATOONINGRatoon tiller reg
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194 RICE RATOONING9. Rister, M. E.,
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196 RICE RATOONINGExcept for rice w
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198 RICE RATOONINGInsect survivorsh
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200 RICE RATOONING1. Stem borer occ
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202 RICE RATOONING3. Population dyn
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204 RICE RATOONING2, 3). Microvelia
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206 RICE RATOONINGplant chemicals a
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208 RICE RATOONING17. Krishnamurthy
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210 RICE RATOONING1. Yellow dwarf c
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212 RICE RATOONING3. The effect of
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214 RICE RATOONINGAlthough the inte
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216 RICE RATOONINGTable 6. Sheath b
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Yellow dwarf disease in ratoon rice
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YELLOW DWARF DISEASE IN RATOON RICE
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228 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Estimate
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Main crop a Ratoon crop b53.956.155
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Disease and insect pestsand their c
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DISEASE AND INSECT PESTS IN RICE RA
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DISEASE AND INSECT PESTS IN RICE RA
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Inheritance of ratooning abilityin
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INHERITANCE OF RATOONING ABILITY IN
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248 RICE RATOONINGShould the season
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250 RICE RATOONINGYield and yield-c
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252 RICE RATOONINGMain-crop photosy
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254 RICE RATOONINGShort-termGiven t
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Commercial ratoon rice productionin
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COMMERCIAL RATOON RICE PRODUCTION I
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0.180.200.490.250.160.270.390.350.3
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268 RICE RATOONING1. Path analysis
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270 RICE RATOONINGRecommendationsVa
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ParticipantsT. AhmedRice Experiment
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Varietal indexA200, 221Achra 108/1,
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VARIETAL INDEX 277IR2061-465-1, 12I
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VARIETAL INDEX 279RU7502006, 49, 51
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