RICE RATOONING - IRRI books - International Rice Research Institute

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Varietal improvementfor rice ratooning:traits, procedures,collaborationD. HilleRisLambersInternational Rice Research InstituteP.O. Box 933, Manila, PhilippinesABSTRACTRatooning ability has not received consistent attention in breeding programs. Itsgenetics still are unclear. Ratooning ability may be more appropriately considered acomposite trait. The challenge for breeders and plant physiologists is to create acommon base of germplasm suitable for ratooning and to design consistent testingmethods that are less influenced by the vagaries of weather. Collaboration withvirologists could add germplasm to improve virus resistance. In the long run, wild ricesmay contribute both ratooning ability and disease resistance.Ratooning utilizes the vegetative regrowth after harvest of the first crop (main crop)to obtain a second harvest (ratoon crop) from the same field. Ratooning is practicedin some areas of all rice-growing continents except Europe (9). Research under wayis aimed at introducing ratooning where it has not been practiced before (1, 3).Ratooning is a well-established agronomic practice, but for many plantbreeders, ratooning ability as a selected trait of rice is new. To facilitate collaborationin varietal improvement with respect to ratooning ability, agronomic and economicaspects of the ratooning phenomenon, the nature of ratooning and the parametersfor measuring trait components, and breeding techniques and strategies needattention.AGROECONOMIC ASPECTS OF RATOONINGReasons for using ratooning in a rice cropping system can be classified into one ormore categories.TimingPractical examples of ratooning deal with a rice season long enough for more thanone, but less than two, full rice crops. Because ratoon crops take only about half thetime to mature as the main crop (12), this is where they are most often fitted in: thetraditional main season crop is maintained, with a ratoon crop added as acontinuation after the main season.
248 RICE RATOONINGShould the season be long enough for two successive main crops, thenratooning becomes considerably less attractive. Usually the yield per day per area ofa ratoon crop is far less than that of a main crop (2).Saving on inputsRatooning often means getting something for nothing. Another crop is possiblewithout additional inputs (land preparation, fertilizer, etc), an important considerationin almost all situations. Ratooning has been considered for use with hybrid rice(10) to gain more benefits from the extra inputs associated with its seed production.Avoiding natural hazardsNatural hazards, such as drought or flood, can make ratooning attractive. Olderplants often tolerate such stresses better than young plants. One approach toweather-related stress is to redesign the cropping calendar, moving the conventionalrice crop up to before the main season, and ratooning during the main season. Thisprocedure has been proposed for deep water rice (5). Other examples are cold spellavoidance in Swaziland (14) and India (6).In this type of main crop/ratoon crop pattern, the calendar is radicallychanged.Other usesRatooning is used by rice scientists for other purposes, many of which are not relatedto cropping. Ratooning is used as a breeding method for conventional rice, ingrowing F 1 generations in more than one successive season (27), in collecting ricegermplasm from farmers’ fields as stem cuttings while the crop is still vegetative (24and current author), and in using ratooning ability as an indicator of lodgingresistance and spikelet fertility (18, 20).CHARACTERIZATION OF RATOONING ABILITYFor agronomists and breeders, characterization of the ratooning phenomenon isvery important. Breeders are especially interested in ratooning aspects that areamenable to selection.COMPONENTS OF RATOONING ABILITYRatooning is a complex phenomenon. It is possible to distinguish six groups offactors that contribute to a successful ratoon crop.Vegetative budsGenotypic. Varietal differences in tendency to produce basal or upper nodal axialtillers (23, 31).Environmental. Water management before and after cutting, cutting height ofthe stubble (31).
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RICERATOONING1988INTERNATIONAL RICE
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ContentsForewordWelcome 1OverviewRi
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Genetics and varietal improvementIn
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2 RICE RATOONINGthe main crop. Harv
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4 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Area, prod
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6 RICE RATOONINGTable 2. Rice varie
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8 RICE RATOONING1. Effect of spacin
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10 RICE RATOONINGHowever, no signif
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12 RICE RATOONINGrelating to seed v
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14 RICE RATOONING5. Cultivars that
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Economic perspectivesof rice ratoon
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ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES OF RICE RATOO
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32 RICE RATOONINGla) Developmental
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34 RICE RATOONINGCutting heightStub
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36 RICE RATOONINGEarly flooding enc
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38 RICE RATOONING2. Factors affecti
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40 RICE RATOONING27. Nair, N.R., an
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42 RICE RATOONING1. Changes in till
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44 RICE RATOONINGTable 2. Character
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46 RICE RATOONING9. International R
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48 RICE RATOONINGplot size is 6 row
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50 RICE RATOONINGimproved ratooning
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52 RICE RATOONINGTable 6. Simple co
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Utilization of rice ratooningby far
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RICE RATOONING IN RIO DE JANEIRO 57
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RICE RATOONING IN RIO DE JANEIRO 59
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Rice ratooningin the Dominican Repu
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RICE RATOONING IN THE DOMINICAN REP
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89111306514772Special points Refere
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72 RICE RATOONINGANDHRA PRADESHBasu
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74 RICE RATOONINGrice observed at t
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76 RICE RATOONINGTAMIL NADUBalasubr
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78 RICE RATOONING19. Reddy, T.G., M
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80 RICE RATOONING1. Rice-growing re
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82 RICE RATOONING2. High cutting he
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84 RICE RATOONINGTable 3. Yield tri
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Rice ratoon crop managementin the h
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RICE RATOON CROP MANAGEMENT IN KARN
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23123722821721922222421423122421722
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98 RICE RATOONING1. The Tungabhadra
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100 RICE RATOONINGthe results of po
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102 RICE RATOONINGTable 4. Effect o
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Ratoon rice researchin Karnataka, I
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RATOON RICE RESEARCH IN KARNATAKA 1
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RATOON RICE RESEARCH IN KARNATAKA 1
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112 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Area and
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114 RICE RATOONINGonly 7.5-49.7% of
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116 RICE RATOONINGTable 5. Relation
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Scope for rice ratoon croppingin th
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RATOON CROPPING IN NORTHEASTERN IND
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Scope for rice ratoon croppingin th
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RATOON CROPPING IN CENTRAL AND NORT
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RATOON CROPPING IN CENTRAL AND NORT
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Potential of rice ratooningin Madag
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RICE RATOONING IN MADAGASCAR 131a.
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RICE RATOONING IN MADAGASCAR 133Tab
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Potential for rice ratooningin east
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RICE RATOONING IN EASTERN INDIA 137
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Ratooning in Bangladesh:prospects a
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RATOONING IN BANGLADESH 145RATOON C
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RATOONING IN BANGLADESH 147Table 4.
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RATOONING IN BANGLADESH 149OTHER FA
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152 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Hybrid s
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154 RICE RATOONINGThe studies sugge
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156 RICE RATOONINGVARIETIES AND CUL
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158 RICE RATOONINGspikelet primordi
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160 RICE RATOONINGTable 5. Effect o
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Agronomic principles and practiceso
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AGRONOMIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
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Rice ratooning: breeding,agronomic
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BREEDING, AGRONOMIC PRACTICES, AND
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188 RICE RATOONINGwas the most effe
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190 RICE RATOONINGRESULTSMain crop
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192 RICE RATOONINGRatoon tiller reg
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194 RICE RATOONING9. Rister, M. E.,
Page 203 and 204: 196 RICE RATOONINGExcept for rice w
Page 205 and 206: 198 RICE RATOONINGInsect survivorsh
Page 207 and 208: 200 RICE RATOONING1. Stem borer occ
Page 209 and 210: 202 RICE RATOONING3. Population dyn
Page 211 and 212: 204 RICE RATOONING2, 3). Microvelia
Page 213 and 214: 206 RICE RATOONINGplant chemicals a
Page 215 and 216: 208 RICE RATOONING17. Krishnamurthy
Page 217 and 218: 210 RICE RATOONING1. Yellow dwarf c
Page 219 and 220: 212 RICE RATOONING3. The effect of
Page 221 and 222: 214 RICE RATOONINGAlthough the inte
Page 223 and 224: 216 RICE RATOONINGTable 6. Sheath b
Page 226 and 227: Yellow dwarf disease in ratoon rice
Page 228 and 229: YELLOW DWARF DISEASE IN RATOON RICE
Page 230 and 231: YELLOW DWARF DISEASE IN RATOON RICE
Page 232: YELLOW DWARF DISEASE IN RATOON RICE
Page 235 and 236: 228 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Estimate
Page 237 and 238: Main crop a Ratoon crop b53.956.155
Page 240 and 241: Disease and insect pestsand their c
Page 242 and 243: DISEASE AND INSECT PESTS IN RICE RA
Page 244 and 245: DISEASE AND INSECT PESTS IN RICE RA
Page 246 and 247: Inheritance of ratooning abilityin
Page 248 and 249: INHERITANCE OF RATOONING ABILITY IN
Page 250 and 251: INHERITANCE OF RATOONING ABILITY IN
Page 252: INHERITANCE OF RATOONING ABILITY IN
Page 257 and 258: 250 RICE RATOONINGYield and yield-c
Page 259 and 260: 252 RICE RATOONINGMain-crop photosy
Page 261 and 262: 254 RICE RATOONINGShort-termGiven t
Page 264 and 265: Commercial ratoon rice productionin
Page 266 and 267: COMMERCIAL RATOON RICE PRODUCTION I
Page 268 and 269: COMMERCIAL RATOON RICE PRODUCTION I
Page 270: COMMERCIAL RATOON RICE PRODUCTION I
Page 273 and 274: 0.180.200.490.250.160.270.390.350.3
Page 275 and 276: 268 RICE RATOONING1. Path analysis
Page 277 and 278: 270 RICE RATOONINGRecommendationsVa
Page 280 and 281: ParticipantsT. AhmedRice Experiment
Page 282 and 283: Varietal indexA200, 221Achra 108/1,
Page 284 and 285: VARIETAL INDEX 277IR2061-465-1, 12I
Page 286: VARIETAL INDEX 279RU7502006, 49, 51
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