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Rice ratooningand ratoon-based systemin KeralaK. Karunakaran, N. Rajappan Nair, and C. A. RosammaDivision of Crop Improvement, Regional AgriculturalResearch Station, Pattambi-679 306, IndiaABSTRACTEleven major cropping situations, making up the total 740,000 ha under rice in Kerala,and an estimated possible area of 120,000 ha for rice ratooning are presented. The 3-yrdata from ratooning studies presented suggest that varieties of 140-160 d duration arebetter than short-duration ones for good ratoon yields. Reduction in size and weight ofgrains has been indicated in the produce from ratoon crop. Suggestions for future workon rice ratooning in Kerala also are presented.Although there is no typical rice ratooning being practiced in Kerala, one specialsystem of rice cultivation locally known as koottumundakan resembles ratooning insome aspects. In this system, a mixture of a photoperiod-sensitive, long-durationrabi (postrainy season) variety is sown in kharif (rainy) season to take two harvests,one in kharif and the other in rabi. Although after the spread of the high-yieldingsemidwarf rice varieties remarkable regrowth and biomass production fromharvested stubble have been observed, only one study actually evaluating ricevarieties for their ratoon yields has so far been reported from Kerala (1). Results offurther studies in this line are presented and the possibility and potential of riceratooning in Kerala are discussed.ESTIMATES OF AREARice is cultivated in Kerala on about 740,000 ha. Rainfall pattern, topography, andsoil conditions have given rise to some very special systems of cultivation in about28% of this area. Analysis of the 11 major cropping situations in the state shows thatabout 120,000 ha could be brought under rice ratooning (Table 1).Palliyal landsAt least two-thirds of the area under this category is severely affected by drought, notallowing a second crop. This area could be brought under ratooning, contributing anadditional area of 20,000 ha.
228 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Estimate of possible areas for rice ratooning in Kerala, India.Cropping situation with main characteristicsModan lands – rainfed uplandsPalliyal lands – terraced uplandsWhere two crops are possible by irrigationWhere only one crop is possible for wantof irrigationTypical double-cropped wetlands of midland regionWith assured water supply for both seasonsWithout assured water supply at posttiliering stageof rabi cropKoottumundakan lands – varietal mixture withtwo harvestsKuttanad – lake area below sea level, southerndistrictsKole – lake area below sea level, Central KeralaPokkali – saline areasWaterlogged low flooded areasPoonthal padam – structureless soilsOnattukara – coastal sandy areasHigh-altitude areasTotalArea(thousand ha)20102036716015541027223023740Possible areafor ratooning(thousand ha)––20–8010–––11–8120Typical double-cropped wetlandsAbout 160,000 ha are estimated to be seriously affected by drought at the posttilleringstage of the rabi crop. This risky rabi crop can be replaced by a ratoon crop,which can be harvested before the drought sets in. The irrigation water saved by sucha duration reduction can be used for stabilizing the major portion of the rabi crop.Koottumundakan landsIn about one-third of the 15,000 ha in this system, a practice similar to ratooning isused to obtain heavy straw yields. In the remaining area, the system is practicedeither to drastically reduce cultivation cost or to avoid machinery power whenharvest of the first crop and planting of the second crop overlap. This area of about10,000 ha can be conveniently brought under ratooning.Waterlogged low flooded areasThese lands are at present planted to tall, lodging-prone varieties with low yields. Inidentifying varieties of semidwarf stature with tolerance for ill-drained low floodedsituation, we have found a few promising cultivars. These cultivars have also beenfound suitable for ratooning. Thus, at least 1,000 ha in these areas can be broughtunder ratooning.Poonthal padamAbout 2,000 ha of rice in this situation also require a change from the tall varieties tothe semidwarfs, to avoid losses from lodging. A changeover to such varieties, ifcombined with ratooning, will allow the land a longer dry period, consideredbeneficial for such structureless soils. Sulfide injury to seedlings after rabi planting isa usual problem in these lands, and reduced tillage is considered useful in minimizing
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RICERATOONING1988INTERNATIONAL RICE
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ContentsForewordWelcome 1OverviewRi
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Genetics and varietal improvementIn
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2 RICE RATOONINGthe main crop. Harv
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4 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Area, prod
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6 RICE RATOONINGTable 2. Rice varie
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8 RICE RATOONING1. Effect of spacin
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10 RICE RATOONINGHowever, no signif
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12 RICE RATOONINGrelating to seed v
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14 RICE RATOONING5. Cultivars that
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Economic perspectivesof rice ratoon
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ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES OF RICE RATOO
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32 RICE RATOONINGla) Developmental
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34 RICE RATOONINGCutting heightStub
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36 RICE RATOONINGEarly flooding enc
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38 RICE RATOONING2. Factors affecti
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40 RICE RATOONING27. Nair, N.R., an
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42 RICE RATOONING1. Changes in till
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44 RICE RATOONINGTable 2. Character
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46 RICE RATOONING9. International R
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48 RICE RATOONINGplot size is 6 row
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50 RICE RATOONINGimproved ratooning
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52 RICE RATOONINGTable 6. Simple co
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Utilization of rice ratooningby far
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RICE RATOONING IN RIO DE JANEIRO 57
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RICE RATOONING IN RIO DE JANEIRO 59
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Rice ratooningin the Dominican Repu
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RICE RATOONING IN THE DOMINICAN REP
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89111306514772Special points Refere
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72 RICE RATOONINGANDHRA PRADESHBasu
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74 RICE RATOONINGrice observed at t
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76 RICE RATOONINGTAMIL NADUBalasubr
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78 RICE RATOONING19. Reddy, T.G., M
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80 RICE RATOONING1. Rice-growing re
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82 RICE RATOONING2. High cutting he
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84 RICE RATOONINGTable 3. Yield tri
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Rice ratoon crop managementin the h
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RICE RATOON CROP MANAGEMENT IN KARN
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23123722821721922222421423122421722
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98 RICE RATOONING1. The Tungabhadra
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100 RICE RATOONINGthe results of po
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102 RICE RATOONINGTable 4. Effect o
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Ratoon rice researchin Karnataka, I
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RATOON RICE RESEARCH IN KARNATAKA 1
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RATOON RICE RESEARCH IN KARNATAKA 1
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112 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Area and
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114 RICE RATOONINGonly 7.5-49.7% of
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116 RICE RATOONINGTable 5. Relation
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Scope for rice ratoon croppingin th
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RATOON CROPPING IN NORTHEASTERN IND
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Scope for rice ratoon croppingin th
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RATOON CROPPING IN CENTRAL AND NORT
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RATOON CROPPING IN CENTRAL AND NORT
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Potential of rice ratooningin Madag
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RICE RATOONING IN MADAGASCAR 131a.
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RICE RATOONING IN MADAGASCAR 133Tab
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Potential for rice ratooningin east
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RICE RATOONING IN EASTERN INDIA 137
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Ratooning in Bangladesh:prospects a
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RATOONING IN BANGLADESH 145RATOON C
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RATOONING IN BANGLADESH 147Table 4.
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RATOONING IN BANGLADESH 149OTHER FA
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152 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Hybrid s
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154 RICE RATOONINGThe studies sugge
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156 RICE RATOONINGVARIETIES AND CUL
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158 RICE RATOONINGspikelet primordi
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160 RICE RATOONINGTable 5. Effect o
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Agronomic principles and practiceso
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AGRONOMIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
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Page 182 and 183: AGRONOMIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
Page 184 and 185: Rice ratooning: breeding,agronomic
Page 186 and 187: BREEDING, AGRONOMIC PRACTICES, AND
Page 192: BREEDING, AGRONOMIC PRACTICES, AND
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Page 197 and 198: 190 RICE RATOONINGRESULTSMain crop
Page 199 and 200: 192 RICE RATOONINGRatoon tiller reg
Page 201 and 202: 194 RICE RATOONING9. Rister, M. E.,
Page 203 and 204: 196 RICE RATOONINGExcept for rice w
Page 205 and 206: 198 RICE RATOONINGInsect survivorsh
Page 207 and 208: 200 RICE RATOONING1. Stem borer occ
Page 209 and 210: 202 RICE RATOONING3. Population dyn
Page 211 and 212: 204 RICE RATOONING2, 3). Microvelia
Page 213 and 214: 206 RICE RATOONINGplant chemicals a
Page 215 and 216: 208 RICE RATOONING17. Krishnamurthy
Page 217 and 218: 210 RICE RATOONING1. Yellow dwarf c
Page 219 and 220: 212 RICE RATOONING3. The effect of
Page 221 and 222: 214 RICE RATOONINGAlthough the inte
Page 223 and 224: 216 RICE RATOONINGTable 6. Sheath b
Page 226 and 227: Yellow dwarf disease in ratoon rice
Page 228 and 229: YELLOW DWARF DISEASE IN RATOON RICE
Page 230 and 231: YELLOW DWARF DISEASE IN RATOON RICE
Page 232: YELLOW DWARF DISEASE IN RATOON RICE
Page 237 and 238: Main crop a Ratoon crop b53.956.155
Page 240 and 241: Disease and insect pestsand their c
Page 242 and 243: DISEASE AND INSECT PESTS IN RICE RA
Page 244 and 245: DISEASE AND INSECT PESTS IN RICE RA
Page 246 and 247: Inheritance of ratooning abilityin
Page 248 and 249: INHERITANCE OF RATOONING ABILITY IN
Page 250 and 251: INHERITANCE OF RATOONING ABILITY IN
Page 252: INHERITANCE OF RATOONING ABILITY IN
Page 255 and 256: 248 RICE RATOONINGShould the season
Page 257 and 258: 250 RICE RATOONINGYield and yield-c
Page 259 and 260: 252 RICE RATOONINGMain-crop photosy
Page 261 and 262: 254 RICE RATOONINGShort-termGiven t
Page 264 and 265: Commercial ratoon rice productionin
Page 266 and 267: COMMERCIAL RATOON RICE PRODUCTION I
Page 268 and 269: COMMERCIAL RATOON RICE PRODUCTION I
Page 270: COMMERCIAL RATOON RICE PRODUCTION I
Page 273 and 274: 0.180.200.490.250.160.270.390.350.3
Page 275 and 276: 268 RICE RATOONING1. Path analysis
Page 277 and 278: 270 RICE RATOONINGRecommendationsVa
Page 280 and 281: ParticipantsT. AhmedRice Experiment
Page 282 and 283: Varietal indexA200, 221Achra 108/1,
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VARIETAL INDEX 277IR2061-465-1, 12I
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VARIETAL INDEX 279RU7502006, 49, 51
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