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ALTERNATIVE TO DOUBLE CROPPING IN TROPICAL ASIA 13Table 8. Costs of rice ratooning – an estimate for lntan rice grown in Coorg Districtof Karnataka, India, in 1986.Expenditure/hacostRs US $Nitrogen fertilizer (75 kg N/ha)Irrigation (at 4 irrigation/mo)10 mo 5 laborers aWeeding twice at 15 laborers/ha30 laborersPlant protection chemicalsHarvesting charges - 25 laborersThreshing, winnowing, and other postharvest chargesTotal cost of cultivation/ha375.0052.50315.00250.00262.50250.001505.0025.903.6021.7017.2018.1017.30103.80a Labor charges/day for 8 h work is Rs. 10-50 or US$0.72/individual.CONCLUSIONThe available literature on ratoon rice to date is only suggestive rather thandefinitive. Systematic research on ratoon cropping, its adoption, and economics isneeded to make this unique cropping system a practical and paying enterprise.There is significant scope to adopt this technology, particularly in the tropicalmonsoon areas where rice is the principal crop. Where rice is cultivated mostly as amonocrop, resources go to waste during the off-season. The area that could be putunder a ratoon system could be roughly estimated as 30% of the rice area in tropicalAsia, or about 26.63 million hectares (as of 1978). The average yield of rice in tropicalAsia is 2.7 t/ha. The data available on ratoon rice indicate that yields up to 50% ofthe main crop are possible.Assuming that the entire lowland rice area can be put under ratooning, thetotal production from ratoon cropping could be as high as 35.95 million tonsannually.FUTURE DIRECTIONS1. Most of the work on ratooning so far has dealt with irrigated rice. Research onratooning under residual moisture (rainfed), which is much more important, isscanty. There is need to know the prospects of ratooning in rainfed conditions totide over moisture stress during later growing phases of the crop.2. The genetics of inheritance of ratooning has not been properly understood. Thisshould be given major emphasis, and systematic breeding efforts should beundertaken to synthesize cultivars specially for ratooning.3. Cultivars suitable for different climates, altitude, and purposes should beidentified to optimize ratoon rice yields.4. Studies on control of tillering and growth analysis should be initiated todetermine the physiological phenomenon involved in tiller regulation and cropgrowth.
14 RICE RATOONING5. Cultivars that have so far proved better (yielding more than 50% of the main crop)should be pooled as genetic stocks and temporarily used for breeding.6. Ratoon rice suffers from insect pests and diseases and would act as alternate hostfor perpetuation of the pest to the main crop. Efforts should be made to screen forratooning ability of rice resistance to insect pests and diseases. Tolerance for lowtemperature, especially during the seedling stage, and for drought during the laterstages of the crop (because the crop is ratooned in off-season) should also beconsidered.7. Development of low-cost technology in terms of use of biofertilizer, weedmanagement, etc., to minimize cultivation costs is necessary to make ratoon rice aprofitable enterprise. Suitable agronomic practices covering sowing date/cuttingtime, cutting height, and fertilizer and water management should be worked outfor a given cultivar in various sites.8. Areas suitable for successful growing of ratoon rice should be identified and thepractice popularized to augment rice production.9. Postharvest technology, including seed viability, quality, and milling quality,should be studied.REFERENCES CITED1. Aubin, J. P. 1975. Conditions governing rice culture in the Senegal River valley. InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. p. 42-45.2. Bahar, F. A., and S. K. De Datta. 1977. Prospects of increasing tropical rice production throughratooning. Agron. J. 69(4):536-540.3. Chauhan, J. S., B. S. Vergara, and F. S. S. Lopez. 1985. Rice ratooning. IRRI Res. Pap. Ser. 102.19 p.4. Chen, C. C., and W. H. Ko. 1976. Studies on the varietal resistance of rice plants to yellow dwarf. III.Types of yellow dwarf resistance. Plant Prot. Bull., Taiwan 18(4):346-353.5. Chen, C. C., and W. H. Ko. 1978. Survey on the age distribution of rice green leaf hoppers andremaining RYD diseased plants during winter period in Tai-Chung area. Plant Prot. Bull., Taiwan20:1-7.6. Das, G. R., and T. Ahmed. 1982. Performance of semi-dwarf rice varieties as ratoon crop aftersummer harvest. Oryza 19(3/4):159-161.7. Evatt, N. S., and H. M. Beachell. 1960. Ratoon cropping of short season rice varieties in Texas. Int.Rice Comm. Newsl. 9(3):1-4.8. Ganguli, B. D., and L. L. Ralwani. 1954. Possibilities of growing ratoon crop of paddy and increasingits yield under irrigated conditions. Sci. Cult. 19(7):350-351.9. Grist, D. H. 1965. Rice. Longmans, London. 511 p.10. Gubbaiah, B. S. Naidu, and H. L. Vasanthakumar. 1986. Insect pests incidence on ratoon rice atPonnampet, Karnataka. (pers. comm.).11. Joshi, R. C., M. S. Venugopal, and I. Hidaka. 1984. Occurrence of gallmidge in ratoon rice.Cecidologia Int. 5(1/2):67-68.12. Mengel, D. B., and E. F. Wilson. 1981. Water management and nitrogen fertilization of ratoon croprice. Agron. J. 73:1008-1010.13. Mukherjee, N. G. 1915. Hand book of lndian agriculture. 168 p.14. Muniyappa, V., and K. Ramakrishnan. 1976. Reactions of cultures and varieties of rice and species ofOryzae to yellow dwarf disease of rice. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 10:270-279.15. Nadal, A. M., and V. R. Carangal. 1979. Performance of the main and ratoon crops of 13 advancedrice selections under dry seeded rainfed bunded conditions. Philipp. J. Crop Sci. 4(2/3):95-101.16. Naidu. B. S. 1978. Annual rice research report. Regional Research Station, University of AgriculturalSciences, V. C. Farm, Mandya, Karnataka.
Page 2 and 3: RICERATOONING1988INTERNATIONAL RICE
Page 4 and 5: ContentsForewordWelcome 1OverviewRi
Page 6 and 7: Genetics and varietal improvementIn
Page 9 and 10: 2 RICE RATOONINGthe main crop. Harv
Page 11 and 12: 4 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Area, prod
Page 13 and 14: 6 RICE RATOONINGTable 2. Rice varie
Page 15 and 16: 8 RICE RATOONING1. Effect of spacin
Page 17 and 18: 10 RICE RATOONINGHowever, no signif
Page 19: 12 RICE RATOONINGrelating to seed v
Page 24 and 25: Economic perspectivesof rice ratoon
Page 26 and 27: ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES OF RICE RATOO
Page 36: ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES OF RICE RATOO
Page 39 and 40: 32 RICE RATOONINGla) Developmental
Page 41 and 42: 34 RICE RATOONINGCutting heightStub
Page 43 and 44: 36 RICE RATOONINGEarly flooding enc
Page 45 and 46: 38 RICE RATOONING2. Factors affecti
Page 47 and 48: 40 RICE RATOONING27. Nair, N.R., an
Page 49 and 50: 42 RICE RATOONING1. Changes in till
Page 51 and 52: 44 RICE RATOONINGTable 2. Character
Page 53 and 54: 46 RICE RATOONING9. International R
Page 55 and 56: 48 RICE RATOONINGplot size is 6 row
Page 57 and 58: 50 RICE RATOONINGimproved ratooning
Page 59 and 60: 52 RICE RATOONINGTable 6. Simple co
Page 62 and 63: Utilization of rice ratooningby far
Page 64 and 65: RICE RATOONING IN RIO DE JANEIRO 57
Page 66 and 67: RICE RATOONING IN RIO DE JANEIRO 59
Page 68 and 69: Rice ratooningin the Dominican Repu
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RICE RATOONING IN THE DOMINICAN REP
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89111306514772Special points Refere
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72 RICE RATOONINGANDHRA PRADESHBasu
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74 RICE RATOONINGrice observed at t
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76 RICE RATOONINGTAMIL NADUBalasubr
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78 RICE RATOONING19. Reddy, T.G., M
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80 RICE RATOONING1. Rice-growing re
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82 RICE RATOONING2. High cutting he
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84 RICE RATOONINGTable 3. Yield tri
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Rice ratoon crop managementin the h
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RICE RATOON CROP MANAGEMENT IN KARN
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23123722821721922222421423122421722
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98 RICE RATOONING1. The Tungabhadra
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100 RICE RATOONINGthe results of po
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102 RICE RATOONINGTable 4. Effect o
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Ratoon rice researchin Karnataka, I
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RATOON RICE RESEARCH IN KARNATAKA 1
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RATOON RICE RESEARCH IN KARNATAKA 1
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112 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Area and
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114 RICE RATOONINGonly 7.5-49.7% of
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116 RICE RATOONINGTable 5. Relation
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Scope for rice ratoon croppingin th
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RATOON CROPPING IN NORTHEASTERN IND
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Scope for rice ratoon croppingin th
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RATOON CROPPING IN CENTRAL AND NORT
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RATOON CROPPING IN CENTRAL AND NORT
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Potential of rice ratooningin Madag
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RICE RATOONING IN MADAGASCAR 131a.
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RICE RATOONING IN MADAGASCAR 133Tab
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Potential for rice ratooningin east
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RICE RATOONING IN EASTERN INDIA 137
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Ratooning in Bangladesh:prospects a
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RATOONING IN BANGLADESH 145RATOON C
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RATOONING IN BANGLADESH 147Table 4.
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RATOONING IN BANGLADESH 149OTHER FA
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152 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Hybrid s
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154 RICE RATOONINGThe studies sugge
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156 RICE RATOONINGVARIETIES AND CUL
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158 RICE RATOONINGspikelet primordi
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160 RICE RATOONINGTable 5. Effect o
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Agronomic principles and practiceso
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AGRONOMIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
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Rice ratooning: breeding,agronomic
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BREEDING, AGRONOMIC PRACTICES, AND
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188 RICE RATOONINGwas the most effe
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190 RICE RATOONINGRESULTSMain crop
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192 RICE RATOONINGRatoon tiller reg
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194 RICE RATOONING9. Rister, M. E.,
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196 RICE RATOONINGExcept for rice w
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198 RICE RATOONINGInsect survivorsh
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200 RICE RATOONING1. Stem borer occ
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202 RICE RATOONING3. Population dyn
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204 RICE RATOONING2, 3). Microvelia
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206 RICE RATOONINGplant chemicals a
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208 RICE RATOONING17. Krishnamurthy
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210 RICE RATOONING1. Yellow dwarf c
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212 RICE RATOONING3. The effect of
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214 RICE RATOONINGAlthough the inte
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216 RICE RATOONINGTable 6. Sheath b
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Yellow dwarf disease in ratoon rice
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YELLOW DWARF DISEASE IN RATOON RICE
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228 RICE RATOONINGTable 1. Estimate
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Main crop a Ratoon crop b53.956.155
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Disease and insect pestsand their c
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DISEASE AND INSECT PESTS IN RICE RA
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DISEASE AND INSECT PESTS IN RICE RA
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Inheritance of ratooning abilityin
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INHERITANCE OF RATOONING ABILITY IN
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248 RICE RATOONINGShould the season
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250 RICE RATOONINGYield and yield-c
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252 RICE RATOONINGMain-crop photosy
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254 RICE RATOONINGShort-termGiven t
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Commercial ratoon rice productionin
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COMMERCIAL RATOON RICE PRODUCTION I
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0.180.200.490.250.160.270.390.350.3
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268 RICE RATOONING1. Path analysis
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270 RICE RATOONINGRecommendationsVa
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ParticipantsT. AhmedRice Experiment
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Varietal indexA200, 221Achra 108/1,
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VARIETAL INDEX 277IR2061-465-1, 12I
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VARIETAL INDEX 279RU7502006, 49, 51
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