Understanding Smart Sensors - Nomads.usp

356 Understanding Smart Sensorsfloating point representation of numbers in scientific notation with theexponent and the mantissa given separately to accommodate a wide dynamicrangeflops floating-point operations per second; a measurement of microprocessorperformanceframe a group of bits sent serially over a communications channel. Thelogical transmission unit sent between data link layer entities contains its owncontrol information for addressing and error checking.frequency hopping in spread spectrum approach, the case of both base andsubscriber (or handset and base) hopping from frequency to frequency simultaneouslyto minimize data lost through interferencefull-scale output the output at full-scale measurand input at a specified supplyvoltage; the sum of the offset signal plus the full-scale spanfull-scale span the output variation between zero and when the maximumrecommended operating value is appliedfuzzy logic a branch of logic that uses degree of membership in sets ratherthan a strict true/false membershipgateway a node used to connect networks that use different protocols; aprotocol convertergenetic algorithms guided stochastic search techniques that utilize the basicprinciples of natural selection to optimize a given functionHarvard architecture architecture in which on-chip program and data arein two separate spaces and are carried in parallel by two separate buseshysteresis a transducer’s ability to reproduce the same output for the sameinput, regardless of whether the input is increasing or decreasing; also see temperaturehysteresisimplantinfraredSee ion implantationarea in the electromagnetic spectrum ranging from 1 to 1,000 mminput impedance (resistance) the impedance (resistance) measuredbetween the positive and negative (ground) input terminals at a specified frequencywith the output terminals openinstrument a system that allows measured quantity to be observed as data.An instrument consists of a sensing element and conversion, manipulation, and