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290 Understanding Smart SensorsSTIMNCAPMeasurementand/or actuatorcircuitryInterfacecontrolcircuitryTIINetwork(a)STIMOptional high-voltage secondary powerOptional low-voltage secondary powerNCAPMeasurementand/or actuatorcircuitryInterfacecontrolcircuitryTIINetwork(b)Figure 12.13 NCAP to STIM power: (a) single source from NCAP, and (b) NCAP withoptional secondary power sources [6].Table 12.5SI Base Units in IEEE 1451.2 [10]Base Quantity Name SymbolLength meter mMass kilogram kgTime second sElectric current ampere AThermodynamic temperature kelvin KAmount of substance mole molLuminous intensity candela cd
Standards for Smart Sensing 2911 0 0 0 0 0 0m ⋅kg ⋅s ⋅A ⋅K ⋅mol ⋅ cd(12.1)The standard provides two derived units, radians (rad) and steradians (sr)to the seven base SI units and addresses units that are given in meters per meter,logarithm of quantities, and logarithms of dimensionless numbers, as well ashardness and digital data through an enumeration field (enum). Exponents areencoded using an unsigned byte integer. The exponent and its sign are multipliedby 2, and 128 is added to achieve an encoded byte integer with a resolutionof 1 2. Using this technique, exponents between –64 to +63 can beexpressed.As an example of how measurement units are handled in IEEE 1451.2,consider a pressure measurement that is expressed in pascals, that is, kilogramper meter per seconds squared. Table 12.6 shows the field units for this example.The enumeration 0 means that the units are the product of the base units.Examples of how distance, area, resistance, noise spectral density, massfraction, strain, power quality, counts, and switch positions are shown in onereference [11].12.5 IEEE P1451.3IEEE P1451.3 defines a digital interface for connecting multiple, physicallyseparated sensors [12]. This is one of two mixed-mode interfaces that allowsdigital information to be stored with the transducer and transmitted over analogdata wires. The multidrop transducer bus standard is a minibus implementationsmall enough and cheap enough to integrate into a transducer. Theamount of overhead for the proposed 1451.3 is considerably less than existingfieldbuses, which use up to 32 bits for node addressing [1].Table 12.6IEEE 1451.2 Pressure Measurement in Pascals [10]Pressure (pascals = m −1⋅kg ⋅s − 2)enum rad sr m kg s A K mol cdExponent 0 0 0 −1 1 −2 0 0 0 0Decimal 128 128 126 130 124 128 128 128 128
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Understanding Smart SensorsSecond E
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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ContentsPrefacexix1 Smart Sensor Ba
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Contentsix3.3.3 Hall Effect 603.3.4
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Contentsxi5.8 Summary 116References
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Contentsxiii8.3.1 Surface Acoustica
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Contentsxv11.1.1 Integration and Me
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Contentsxvii14.4.4 Electrostatic Me
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PrefaceThe number one challenge fac
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Prefacexxifor well over 6 years. A
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2 Understanding Smart Sensorsobserv
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4 Understanding Smart Sensorssmart
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6 Understanding Smart Sensorsto pro
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8 Understanding Smart Sensorsinclud
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10 Understanding Smart SensorsLevel
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12 Understanding Smart Sensorsuser
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14 Understanding Smart Sensorstechn
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16 Understanding Smart Sensorschang
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18 Understanding Smart Sensorstechn
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20 Understanding Smart Sensors Surf
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22 Understanding Smart Sensorssecon
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24 Understanding Smart SensorsSilic
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26 Understanding Smart SensorsSilic
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28 Understanding Smart SensorsSacri
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30 Understanding Smart Sensors2.4.3
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32 Understanding Smart Sensorsmeasu
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34 Understanding Smart SensorsIon+S
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36 Understanding Smart Sensorssidew
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38 Understanding Smart SensorsTable
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40 Understanding Smart Sensorsoptim
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42 Understanding Smart SensorsAlumi
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44 Understanding Smart SensorsThe f
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46 Understanding Smart Sensors[21]
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The Nature of Semiconductor Sensor
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4Getting Sensor Information Into th
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Getting Sensor Information Into the
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5Using MCUs/DSPs to Increase Sensor
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Using MCUs/DSPs to Increase Sensor
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6Communications for Smart SensorsBe
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7Control TechniquesA machine is int
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Control Techniques 151Table 7.1Type
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Control Techniques 153otherwise tak
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Control Techniques 155consisting of
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Control Techniques 157Supplied byap
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Control Techniques 159InputX1Synaps
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Control Techniques 1617.6 Adaptive
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Control Techniques 163ObserverHB−
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Control Techniques 165linear-vector
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Control Techniques 1677.7.2 Combine
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Control Techniques 169Domain-type s
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Control Techniques 171[19] De Silva
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8Transceivers, Transponders, andTel
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Transceivers, Transponders, and Tel
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9MEMS Beyond Sensors“And these ot
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 203would not ex
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 205PyrexSilicon
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 207(a)IFluxIIMa
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 209InletThermop
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 211Figure 9.8 A
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 2139.3.2 Microo
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 215Over-range p
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 217+ 10°− 10
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 219achieved wit
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 221Methods for
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 223Figure 9.19
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 225[21] Tortone
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10Packaging, Testing, and Reliabili
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Packaging, Testing, and Reliability
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Page 261 and 262: Packaging, Testing, and Reliability
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Page 303 and 304: Standards for Smart Sensing 281PID
Page 305 and 306: Standards for Smart Sensing 283•
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Page 309 and 310: Standards for Smart Sensing 287Tabl
Page 311: Standards for Smart Sensing 289perf
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Page 319 and 320: 13The Implications of Smart SensorS
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Page 333 and 334: 14The Next Phase of Sensing Systems
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Page 355 and 356: List of Acronyms and Abbreviations3
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
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Glossaryablationvaporization of mat
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Glossary 353buscalibrationconnectio
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Glossary 355end point straight line
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Glossary 357data transmission and p
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Glossary 359multiplexer device that
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Glossary 361repeatability the maxim
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Glossary 363spread spectrum techniq
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Glossary 365transducer a device con
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Selected BibliographyBooks and Jour
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Selected Bibliography 369Northeaste
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Selected Bibliography 371Miscellane
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About the AuthorRandy Frank is a te
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Index4-to 20-mA signal transmitter,
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Index 377definitions, 119-20introdu
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Index 379HVAC, 318-19MCU with integ
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Index 381Linearization, 108Linear p
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Index 383in chemical measurements,
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Index 385Ratiometricity, 56Reactive
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Index 387IC fabrication, 19micromec
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Index 389Transducer-independent int
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