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258 Understanding Smart Sensorsbe added to the control capability. A total of 32 outputs are controlled withonly four connections (the IRQ, interrupt request not, is optional) to theMCU.A high-level of smart-power IC device complexity is demonstrated in aparallel-serial control. The device has six outputs that can be selected independentlyon six dedicated parallel input pins by an input command (voltage aboveVth) from an MCU. Inputs 0, 1, 4, and 5 also can be simultaneously selected.That allows the two output devices to be connected in parallel for reducing theon-resistance. Parallel control provides the fastest activation of the loads, whichallows real-time control using PWM techniques. The drawback is that thehighest number of connections must be made and the highest number of tracesmust be routed on the printed circuit board. Serial control of the six outputs isalso possible using an SPI interface, as described earlier. Mixed control of theoutputs can be achieved with various combinations of parallel and serial controlof the outputs.Fault diagnostics and control are similar to those in the OSS. However,an advanced SPI provides serial diagnostic information to the MCU, whichincludes immediate parity checking (nth word) to confirm that the smartpowerIC received the word sent by the MCU. In the initial SPI implementation(the OSS), fault reporting is performed in the n − 1 word. The presentcommand to the OSS is compared to the outputs from the previous word todetermine the status. The time of the active filter period, which can be severalclock cycles, is required before the next word can determine if a fault exists. Theadvanced SPI uses an exclusive OR to provide fault information when the currentword is written.Automotive applications have required diagnostics beyond those typicallyfound in smart-power ICs. For example, the California Air Resource Board’slatest OBDII legislation requires that the actual movement of the pintle intransmission solenoids be monitored when the output device is activated. Thatis done to indicate that the transmission is in the proper gear and that thetorque converter has full lockup. Simply sensing the current going through theoutput device is insufficient to determine that the pintle has moved as a resultof the output device being turned on. The differential sensing circuit in Figure11.5(a) is used to detect the change that occurs when the solenoid’s armature isattracted into the winding. The negative slope, shown in the current waveformin Figure 11.5(b), is an indication of the physical movement. Either low-side orhigh-side sensing can be performed with low-pass, high-pass filters and a comparatorproviding the signal conditioning. The event counter can be adjustedfrom 15 to 64 to establish the confidence level of detecting movement. Theon-resistance of the power driver can be used as a sense resistor to convert thecurrent into a voltage level. A peak detector also can be used to detect the peak
Mechatronics and Sensing Systems 259in Figure 11.5(a). The results can be reported on a serial SPI or with parallelfault reporting. The OBDII diagnostic adds one more aspect to the faultsensing/detectioncapability of smart-power ICs. Table 11.1 summarizes thefaults that can be detected [2].Programmablegain stageSlope detectProgrammablecounterRDSonInputvoltage+−2.5 V 2.5 V−+Up/DnBCountselectStopValidcountFrommicroSISCKCSBFour wireSPISOTo micro(a)Time (2ms/dev)→(b)Figure 11.5 Detecting solenoid activation: (a) circuit, and (b) waveform.
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Understanding Smart SensorsSecond E
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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ContentsPrefacexix1 Smart Sensor Ba
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Contentsix3.3.3 Hall Effect 603.3.4
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Contentsxi5.8 Summary 116References
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Contentsxiii8.3.1 Surface Acoustica
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Contentsxv11.1.1 Integration and Me
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Contentsxvii14.4.4 Electrostatic Me
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PrefaceThe number one challenge fac
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Prefacexxifor well over 6 years. A
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2 Understanding Smart Sensorsobserv
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4 Understanding Smart Sensorssmart
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6 Understanding Smart Sensorsto pro
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8 Understanding Smart Sensorsinclud
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10 Understanding Smart SensorsLevel
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12 Understanding Smart Sensorsuser
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14 Understanding Smart Sensorstechn
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16 Understanding Smart Sensorschang
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18 Understanding Smart Sensorstechn
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20 Understanding Smart Sensors Surf
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22 Understanding Smart Sensorssecon
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24 Understanding Smart SensorsSilic
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26 Understanding Smart SensorsSilic
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28 Understanding Smart SensorsSacri
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30 Understanding Smart Sensors2.4.3
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32 Understanding Smart Sensorsmeasu
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34 Understanding Smart SensorsIon+S
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36 Understanding Smart Sensorssidew
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38 Understanding Smart SensorsTable
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40 Understanding Smart Sensorsoptim
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42 Understanding Smart SensorsAlumi
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44 Understanding Smart SensorsThe f
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46 Understanding Smart Sensors[21]
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The Nature of Semiconductor Sensor
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4Getting Sensor Information Into th
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5Using MCUs/DSPs to Increase Sensor
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Using MCUs/DSPs to Increase Sensor
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6Communications for Smart SensorsBe
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7Control TechniquesA machine is int
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Control Techniques 151Table 7.1Type
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Control Techniques 153otherwise tak
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Control Techniques 155consisting of
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Control Techniques 157Supplied byap
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Control Techniques 159InputX1Synaps
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Control Techniques 1617.6 Adaptive
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Control Techniques 163ObserverHB−
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Control Techniques 165linear-vector
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Control Techniques 1677.7.2 Combine
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Control Techniques 169Domain-type s
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Control Techniques 171[19] De Silva
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8Transceivers, Transponders, andTel
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Transceivers, Transponders, and Tel
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9MEMS Beyond Sensors“And these ot
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 203would not ex
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 205PyrexSilicon
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Page 245 and 246: MEMS Beyond Sensors 223Figure 9.19
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Page 251 and 252: Packaging, Testing, and Reliability
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Page 309 and 310: Standards for Smart Sensing 287Tabl
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Page 319 and 320: 13The Implications of Smart SensorS
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The Implications of Smart Sensor St
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14The Next Phase of Sensing Systems
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The Next Phase of Sensing Systems 3
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations3
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
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Glossaryablationvaporization of mat
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Glossary 353buscalibrationconnectio
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Glossary 355end point straight line
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Glossary 357data transmission and p
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Glossary 359multiplexer device that
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Glossary 361repeatability the maxim
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Glossary 363spread spectrum techniq
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Glossary 365transducer a device con
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Selected BibliographyBooks and Jour
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Selected Bibliography 369Northeaste
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Selected Bibliography 371Miscellane
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About the AuthorRandy Frank is a te
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Index4-to 20-mA signal transmitter,
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Index 377definitions, 119-20introdu
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Index 379HVAC, 318-19MCU with integ
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Index 381Linearization, 108Linear p
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Index 383in chemical measurements,
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Index 385Ratiometricity, 56Reactive
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Index 387IC fabrication, 19micromec
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Index 389Transducer-independent int
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