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152 Understanding Smart SensorsV REF C 1C 3C 2−+SampleandholdOutputbufferOutputC 4GroundV REF/2(a)C 1ClockC 2C 4−++PWMPWMouputC 3VPNVPLowpassfilterAnalogoutputFigure 7.1 (a) Open-loop versus (b) closed-loop accelerometer circuit.(b)Derivative control is used only in combination with the proportional orintegral control action. Changes in speed or direction of the deviation initiatederivative control action. That action reduces the time that the system would
Control Techniques 153otherwise take to reach a new set point determined by the proportional control.Controllers with derivative control have rate amplitude and rate time adjustments.PID control can be implemented in both analog and digital systems [4].The PID control algorithm is defined byT() s = C()/ s R()s =1 (7.1)where: T (s) is the desired transfer function, and R (s) and C (s) are Laplacetransforms of the reference input r (t) and the controlled output c(t) [5].If C (s) is not measured, the system is open loop. Otherwise, a measurementof C (s) is used to provide closed-loop feedback control. Figure 7.2 showsthe location of those parameters in the analog control system [5]. For r (t) varyingwith time, a tracking problem must be solved. For r (t)=constant, the problemis one of regulation. Disturbances in the forward transmission path and thefeedback path can prevent c (t) from ideally following r (t).The process being controlled typically dictates if only proportional, proportionaland integral, or full PID should be implemented. As in most systems,the most appropriate solution is the simplest one that will achieve the desiredresults. Control systems based on digital techniques can improve previous analogsystems. Figure 7.3 shows the simplification that results when a singlerotary encoder provides position, speed, and commutation data in a speedcontrolsystem [6]. The number of connections to the motor is reduced from13 to 8. The speed computation block is used to interpolate the encoder outputsignal for improved resolution.PInputE(s)1SIOutputC(s)SDFigure 7.2 PID control.
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Understanding Smart SensorsSecond E
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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ContentsPrefacexix1 Smart Sensor Ba
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Contentsix3.3.3 Hall Effect 603.3.4
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Contentsxi5.8 Summary 116References
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Contentsxiii8.3.1 Surface Acoustica
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Contentsxv11.1.1 Integration and Me
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Contentsxvii14.4.4 Electrostatic Me
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PrefaceThe number one challenge fac
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Prefacexxifor well over 6 years. A
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2 Understanding Smart Sensorsobserv
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4 Understanding Smart Sensorssmart
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6 Understanding Smart Sensorsto pro
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8 Understanding Smart Sensorsinclud
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10 Understanding Smart SensorsLevel
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12 Understanding Smart Sensorsuser
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14 Understanding Smart Sensorstechn
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16 Understanding Smart Sensorschang
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18 Understanding Smart Sensorstechn
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20 Understanding Smart Sensors Surf
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22 Understanding Smart Sensorssecon
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24 Understanding Smart SensorsSilic
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26 Understanding Smart SensorsSilic
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28 Understanding Smart SensorsSacri
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30 Understanding Smart Sensors2.4.3
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32 Understanding Smart Sensorsmeasu
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34 Understanding Smart SensorsIon+S
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36 Understanding Smart Sensorssidew
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38 Understanding Smart SensorsTable
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40 Understanding Smart Sensorsoptim
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42 Understanding Smart SensorsAlumi
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44 Understanding Smart SensorsThe f
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46 Understanding Smart Sensors[21]
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This Page Intentionally Left Blank
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The Nature of Semiconductor Sensor
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4Getting Sensor Information Into th
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Getting Sensor Information Into the
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5Using MCUs/DSPs to Increase Sensor
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Using MCUs/DSPs to Increase Sensor
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Page 187 and 188: Control Techniques 165linear-vector
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Page 191 and 192: Control Techniques 169Domain-type s
Page 193 and 194: Control Techniques 171[19] De Silva
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Page 223 and 224: 9MEMS Beyond Sensors“And these ot
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 203would not ex
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 205PyrexSilicon
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 207(a)IFluxIIMa
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 209InletThermop
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 211Figure 9.8 A
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 2139.3.2 Microo
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 215Over-range p
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 217+ 10°− 10
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 219achieved wit
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 221Methods for
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 223Figure 9.19
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 225[21] Tortone
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10Packaging, Testing, and Reliabili
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Packaging, Testing, and Reliability
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11Mechatronics and Sensing SystemsP
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Mechatronics and Sensing Systems 25
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12Standards for Smart SensingThe la
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Standards for Smart Sensing 275Netw
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Standards for Smart Sensing 277NCAP
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Standards for Smart Sensing 279Proc
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Standards for Smart Sensing 281PID
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Standards for Smart Sensing 283•
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Standards for Smart Sensing 285•
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Standards for Smart Sensing 287Tabl
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Standards for Smart Sensing 289perf
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Standards for Smart Sensing 2911 0
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Standards for Smart Sensing 293obje
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Standards for Smart Sensing 295Mult
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13The Implications of Smart SensorS
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The Implications of Smart Sensor St
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14The Next Phase of Sensing Systems
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The Next Phase of Sensing Systems 3
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations3
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
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Glossaryablationvaporization of mat
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Glossary 353buscalibrationconnectio
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Glossary 355end point straight line
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Glossary 357data transmission and p
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Glossary 359multiplexer device that
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Glossary 361repeatability the maxim
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Glossary 363spread spectrum techniq
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Glossary 365transducer a device con
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Selected BibliographyBooks and Jour
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Selected Bibliography 369Northeaste
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Selected Bibliography 371Miscellane
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About the AuthorRandy Frank is a te
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Index4-to 20-mA signal transmitter,
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Index 377definitions, 119-20introdu
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Index 379HVAC, 318-19MCU with integ
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Index 381Linearization, 108Linear p
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Index 383in chemical measurements,
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Index 385Ratiometricity, 56Reactive
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Index 387IC fabrication, 19micromec
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Index 389Transducer-independent int
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