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120 Understanding Smart Sensorscommittees and individual companies have expended considerable effort togenerate acceptable protocols that will support the requirements for distributedcontrol. System functionality and the ability to use available silicon hardware,software, and development tools must be considered in the selection of a protocolfor a given application.Several terms and definitions are used to describe the communication ofsystem information. A protocol is an agreed-on set of rules for communications.The bus connects internal or external circuit components and can be serial orparallel; the serial approach is more common. A device-level bus connects basiccontrol elements, the sensors and actuators, to a host controller. Multiplexing(MUX) is the combining of several messages for transmission over the same signalpath. Access to the bus is obtained through an arbitration process. Bit-bybitarbitration is also called collision detection. Contention is the ability to gainaccess to the bus on a predetermined priority. Latency is guaranteed access (withmaximum priority) within a defined time. A deterministic system can predictthe future behavior of a signal. The data link controller (DLC) is the siliconimplementation of the protocol that handles all communications requirements.The system goal of interoperability permits sensors or actuators from onesupplier to be substituted for one from another manufacturer. Different typesof networks are shown in Figure 6.1. Star, ring, and linear (tree, multidrop) arecommon topologies, that is, methods of connecting data lines to system nodes.The use of master-slave relationships, although an important part of controlnetworks, is giving way to the use of more distributed intelligence in manyapplications.The 4- to 20-mA standard of the Instrument Society of America (ISA)has been the analog data transmission standard for over 30 years. However,digital techniques can provide more system functionality and increased noiseimmunity for signal transmission. Many digital interface formats already existfor point-to-point or multidrop communications, as shown in Table 6.1 [1].These protocols have seen limited use in computer-controlled systems. TheEIA-485 is most often used for digital field bus applications. It is the physicallayer in Profibus, Topaz, and Bitbus protocols. The EIA-485 is a balanced-line(differential) data transmission over a single twisted-wire pair [1]. However,examining the different market segments, an even wider variety of standardsexists.6.2.2 BackgroundThe International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has defined theOpen Systems Interconnection (OSI) model that describes seven layers for datanetworking. The layers and their functions are shown in Figure 6.2 [2].
Communications for Smart Sensors 121RTSlaveECU 3RTSlaveECU 1RTRTRTMasterECURTRTRTSlaveECU 5SlaveECU 2RTStarRTSlaveECU 4TECU 1RTECU 2RTECU 6RRingRECU 3TRECU 5TRECU 4TECUECUECULinearR/TR/TR/TR/TR/TR/TR/TECUECUECUECUFigure 6.1 Various bus topologies.Available and proposed standards typically use all or a portion of the layers todefine the standard.In a distributed system, a node contains the sensor (or actuator), the hardwarefor local computations, and the network interface [3]. The term sensor bus
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Understanding Smart SensorsSecond E
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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ContentsPrefacexix1 Smart Sensor Ba
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Contentsix3.3.3 Hall Effect 603.3.4
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Contentsxi5.8 Summary 116References
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Contentsxiii8.3.1 Surface Acoustica
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Contentsxv11.1.1 Integration and Me
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Contentsxvii14.4.4 Electrostatic Me
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PrefaceThe number one challenge fac
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Prefacexxifor well over 6 years. A
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2 Understanding Smart Sensorsobserv
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4 Understanding Smart Sensorssmart
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6 Understanding Smart Sensorsto pro
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8 Understanding Smart Sensorsinclud
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10 Understanding Smart SensorsLevel
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12 Understanding Smart Sensorsuser
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14 Understanding Smart Sensorstechn
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20 Understanding Smart Sensors Surf
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22 Understanding Smart Sensorssecon
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24 Understanding Smart SensorsSilic
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26 Understanding Smart SensorsSilic
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28 Understanding Smart SensorsSacri
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30 Understanding Smart Sensors2.4.3
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32 Understanding Smart Sensorsmeasu
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34 Understanding Smart SensorsIon+S
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36 Understanding Smart Sensorssidew
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38 Understanding Smart SensorsTable
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40 Understanding Smart Sensorsoptim
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42 Understanding Smart SensorsAlumi
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44 Understanding Smart SensorsThe f
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46 Understanding Smart Sensors[21]
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The Nature of Semiconductor Sensor
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Page 171 and 172: 7Control TechniquesA machine is int
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Control Techniques 171[19] De Silva
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8Transceivers, Transponders, andTel
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Transceivers, Transponders, and Tel
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9MEMS Beyond Sensors“And these ot
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 203would not ex
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 205PyrexSilicon
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 207(a)IFluxIIMa
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 209InletThermop
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 211Figure 9.8 A
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 2139.3.2 Microo
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 215Over-range p
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 217+ 10°− 10
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 219achieved wit
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 221Methods for
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 223Figure 9.19
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MEMS Beyond Sensors 225[21] Tortone
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10Packaging, Testing, and Reliabili
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Packaging, Testing, and Reliability
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11Mechatronics and Sensing SystemsP
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Mechatronics and Sensing Systems 25
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12Standards for Smart SensingThe la
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Standards for Smart Sensing 275Netw
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Standards for Smart Sensing 277NCAP
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Standards for Smart Sensing 279Proc
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Standards for Smart Sensing 281PID
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Standards for Smart Sensing 283•
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Standards for Smart Sensing 285•
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Standards for Smart Sensing 287Tabl
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Standards for Smart Sensing 289perf
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Standards for Smart Sensing 2911 0
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Standards for Smart Sensing 293obje
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Standards for Smart Sensing 295Mult
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13The Implications of Smart SensorS
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The Implications of Smart Sensor St
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14The Next Phase of Sensing Systems
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The Next Phase of Sensing Systems 3
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations3
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
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Glossaryablationvaporization of mat
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Glossary 353buscalibrationconnectio
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Glossary 355end point straight line
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Glossary 357data transmission and p
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Glossary 359multiplexer device that
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Glossary 361repeatability the maxim
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Glossary 363spread spectrum techniq
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Glossary 365transducer a device con
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Selected BibliographyBooks and Jour
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Selected Bibliography 369Northeaste
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Selected Bibliography 371Miscellane
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About the AuthorRandy Frank is a te
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Index4-to 20-mA signal transmitter,
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Index 377definitions, 119-20introdu
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Index 379HVAC, 318-19MCU with integ
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Index 381Linearization, 108Linear p
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Index 383in chemical measurements,
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Index 385Ratiometricity, 56Reactive
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Index 387IC fabrication, 19micromec
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Index 389Transducer-independent int
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