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Neoplasia Vol. 10, No. 7, 2008 RAS Signaling in Colorectal Carcinomas Ahlquist et al. 685Some studies indicate an indirect interaction between RASSF1Aand KRAS through RASSF5 (previously annotated NORE1A)[12], whereas others argue for a direct binding between RASSF1Aand activated, farnesylated, KRAS [11]. Previous studies have alsoincluded RASSF1A when analyzing the impact of KRAS and BRAFmutations in colorectal tumorigenesis [13,15,16,40], and none ofthem found any co-occurrence between RASSF1A methylation andBRAF or KRAS mutation, in line with the present finding.When adding the data of the fourth component, NF1, of the RASsignaling pathway, we found that more than 70% of the sampleshad a hyperactive RAS signaling. As the effect of RASSF1A onRAS signaling is still unclear, the eight samples with the sole alterationbeing hypermethylation may not be important for an overactiveRAS signaling pathway. When we exclude the RASSF1A datafrom the combined analysis, 62% (40/65) of the samples had anoveractive RAS signaling network, all due to KRAS or BRAF mutations,as the sample with the NF1 missense mutations overlappedwith BRAF mutation. If we include the NF1 changes potentially affectingthe splicing, 77% of the tumors have a dysregulation of theRAS signaling pathway.In conclusion, we show that the RAS signaling network is extensivelydysregulated in colorectal carcinomas as more than 70% of thetumors have an alteration in one or more of the four components.References[1] Fang JY and Richardson BC (2005). The MAPK signalling pathways and colorectalcancer. Lancet Oncol 6, 322–327.[2] Hanahan D and Weinberg RA (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100,57–70.[3] Santos E, Martin-Zanca D, Reddy EP, Pierotti MA, Della PG, and Barbacid M(1984). Malignant activation of a K-ras oncogene in lung carcinoma but not innormal tissue of the same patient. 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686 RAS Signaling in Colorectal Carcinomas Ahlquist et al. Neoplasia Vol. 10, No. 7, 2008identifies three different subclasses of colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104,18654–18659.[34] Higuchi T and Jass JR (2004). My approach to serrated polyps of the colorectum.J Clin Pathol 57, 682–686.[35] Jass JR (2005). Serrated adenoma of the colorectum and the DNA-methylatorphenotype. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2, 398–405.[36] Kambara T, Simms LA, Whitehall VL, Spring KJ, Wynter CV, Walsh MD,Barker MA, Arnold S, McGivern A, Matsubara N, et al. (2004). BRAF mutationis associated with DNA methylation in serrated polyps and cancers of thecolorectum. Gut 53, 1137–1144.[37] Makinen MJ (2007). Colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma. Histopathology 50,131–150.[38] Wynter CV, Walsh MD, Higuchi T, Leggett BA, Young J, and Jass JR (2004).Methylation patterns define two types of hyperplastic polyp associated with colorectalcancer. Gut 53, 573–580.[39] Goel A, Nagasaka T, Arnold CN, Inoue T, Hamilton C, Niedzwiecki D, ComptonC, Mayer RJ, Goldberg R, Bertagnolli MM, et al. (2007). The CpG islandmethylator phenotype and chromosomal instability are inversely correlated insporadic colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 132, 127–138.[40] Derks S, Postma C, Moerkerk PT, van den Bosch SM, Carvalho B, HermsenMA, Giaretti W, Herman JG, Weijenberg MP, de Bruine AP, et al. (2006). Promotermethylation precedes chromosomal alterations in colorectal cancer development.Cell Oncol 28, 247–257.
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- Page 86 and 87: ORIGINAL ARTICLESAPPENDIXAppendix I
- Page 89 and 90: GASTROENTEROLOGY 2007;132:1631-1639
- Page 91: Paper IbGuro E Lind, Terje Ahlquist
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- Page 105: Paper IITerje Ahlquist, Guro E Lind
- Page 108 and 109: BackgroundMost cases of colorectal
- Page 110 and 111: ADAMTS1 CDKN2A CRABP1 HOXA9 MAL MGM
- Page 112 and 113: pseudogene, leading to a high rate
- Page 114 and 115: strands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1
- Page 116 and 117: concomitant absence of transcript a
- Page 119 and 120: Volume 10 Number 7 July 2008 pp. 68
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- Page 127: Table W2. Detailed Somatic Events o
- Page 131 and 132: Identification of RCC2 as a prognos
- Page 133 and 134: INTRODUCTIONMicrosatellite instabil
- Page 135 and 136: unselected series of primary tumors
- Page 137 and 138: specificity, i.e. that they only am
- Page 139 and 140: On the assumption that DNA repair a
- Page 141 and 142: In order to ensure that gene mutati
- Page 143 and 144: Figure 2. Mutation frequency differ
- Page 145 and 146: and TAF1B (0.50), ACVR2A and ASTE1
- Page 147 and 148: Multivariate analysesA multivariate
- Page 149 and 150: When comparing our findings of muta
- Page 151 and 152: The test series included a low numb
- Page 153 and 154: entering M-phase remains to be seen
- Page 155 and 156: 12. Duval A, Reperant M, Hamelin R
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- Page 159: AppendicesAppendix I:List of abbrev
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- Page 165 and 166: TARGET GENES OF MSI COLORECTAL CANC
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686 RAS Signal<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Colorectal Carc<strong>in</strong>omas Ahlquist et al. Neoplasia Vol. 10, No. 7, 2008identifies three different subclasses of colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104,18654–18659.[34] Higuchi T <strong>and</strong> Jass JR (2004). My approach to serrated polyps of the colorectum.J Cl<strong>in</strong> Pathol 57, 682–686.[35] Jass JR (2005). Serrated ade<strong>no</strong>ma of the colorectum <strong>and</strong> the DNA-methylatorphe<strong>no</strong>type. Nat Cl<strong>in</strong> Pract Oncol 2, 398–405.[36] Kambara T, Simms LA, Whitehall VL, Spr<strong>in</strong>g KJ, Wynter CV, Walsh MD,Barker MA, Ar<strong>no</strong>ld S, McGivern A, Matsubara N, et al. (2004). BRAF mutationis associated with DNA methylation <strong>in</strong> serrated polyps <strong>and</strong> cancers of thecolorectum. Gut 53, 1137–1144.[37] Mak<strong>in</strong>en MJ (2007). Colorectal serrated ade<strong>no</strong>carc<strong>in</strong>oma. Histopathology 50,131–150.[38] Wynter CV, Walsh MD, Higuchi T, Leggett BA, Young J, <strong>and</strong> Jass JR (2004).Methylation patterns def<strong>in</strong>e two types of hyperplastic polyp associated with colorectalcancer. Gut 53, 573–580.[39] Goel A, Nagasaka T, Ar<strong>no</strong>ld CN, I<strong>no</strong>ue T, Hamilton C, Niedzwiecki D, ComptonC, Mayer RJ, Goldberg R, Bertag<strong>no</strong>lli MM, et al. (2007). The CpG isl<strong>and</strong>methylator phe<strong>no</strong>type <strong>and</strong> chromosomal <strong>in</strong>stability are <strong>in</strong>versely correlated <strong>in</strong>sporadic colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 132, 127–138.[40] Derks S, Postma C, Moerkerk PT, van den Bosch SM, Carvalho B, HermsenMA, Giaretti W, Herman JG, Weijenberg MP, de Bru<strong>in</strong>e AP, et al. (2006). Promotermethylation precedes chromosomal <strong>alterations</strong> <strong>in</strong> colorectal cancer development.Cell Oncol 28, 247–257.
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