Lapland ore mining landscapes Climate change means landscape ...

LANDSCAPE NEWSPUBLISHED BY THE SWEDISH NATIONAL HERITAGE BOARDLapland ore mining landscapesClimate change meanslandscape changeKings of the landscapeSustainable landscapeby smarter communications

52PHOTO: BENGT A. LUNDBERGThe European LandscapeConvention offers a greatopportunity to make adifference. Cultural heritagemanagement with its historicalknowledge can contribute toa better society that is moreconscious about the future.On the way to the sustainablelandscape it should be possibleto unite production withbiodiversity, cultural heritageand outdoor life.Welcome tothe Swedishlandscape!Inger Liliequistdirector general of the swedishnational heritage boardLandscape news is published by the Swedish National Heritage Board.Box 5405, S-114 84 Stockholm, SwedenPhone: +46 (0)8-5191 8000www.raa.seeditor in chef Nataliya HulusjöMost of the articles are written by the Swedish National Heritage Board.External writers have participated for the Outside Insights.swedish national heritage board’s writersKersti Berggren, Åsa Dahlin, Michael Frisk, Cissela Genetay, Leif Gren,Nataliya Hulusjö, Ulf Lindberg, Gert Magnusson, Jerker Moström, HåkanSlotte, Åsa Wall.outside insights writersClara Diesen, Carl Herlin, Ingrid Sarlöv-Herlin, Environmental ObjectivesCouncil, Federation of Swedish Farmers, Swedish Board of Agriculture,Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Swedish Forest Agency, SwedishRoad Administration, The National Board of Housing, Building andPlanning.cover Pål-Nils Nilsson, Håkan Slotte, Bengt A. Lundberg, MalteDanielsson/Johnér Bildbyrå ab, Rikard Sohlenius, Jerker Moström.layout Hedh & Frankeprint Elanders Falköping, 2009isbn 978-91-7209-546-5© The Swedish National Heritage Board 2009

PHOTO: JAN NORRMANToday’s key Swedish ore mining cities Kiruna and Malmberget areunder profound transformation – the ground under them is crackingand collapsing. This process has been going on for many years, butnow has become even more alarming. The problem is due to themining method itself, and soil deformation is condemned to continuesince the mining company recently announced its decision to go onwith new main levels in both cities. At length, even more enormousand dramatic consequences on landscape, living environments andcultural heritage are to take place.By the Swedish National Heritage BoardLapland oremining landscapesTouched by people a long time agoPHOTO: BENGT A. LUNDBERG5

oth mines are huge and situated inthe very north of Sweden. In fact,Kiruna is the biggest undergroundiron ore mine in the world. Its newlevel is 1,365 metres beneath the earth’s surface.The mines are managed by the companylkab, owned by the Swedish state. Althoughthreatened by the global economy, the miningindustry is expanding. As a matter of fact, 2008was a very successful year for lkab with hugeprofits from the high price of iron ore.six thousand years of culturalheritageThe cultural heritage in the region is mucholder than the ore mining communities. Peoplehave been living here for thousands of years –long before minerals were discovered.At the beginning of the 20th century, theexploitation of mines turned into one of thebiggest projects in the history of the Swedishnation. After the construction of the railway in1903, transportation to the ice-free harbour ofNarvik in Norway became possible. An importantindustrial and social experiment tookplace. New technologies and internationallyvaluable ideas of city planning and architecturewere tested. Many famous people came to participatein this big event, especially in Kiruna.Both Malmberget and Kiruna became“proud” small cities with a high standard ofliving. In Kiruna, there was even a tram for theworkers and the settlements were carefullydesigned – both aesthetically and to suit the climate.Since the salaries were good, people fromall over the country, but also from Norway andKIRUNA, SWEDENIn fact,Kiruna isthe biggestundergroundiron ore minein the worldPHOTO: BENGT A. LUNDBERGToday Kiruna andMalmberget are twosmall cities with a highstandard of living facingbig existential problems.Finland, arrived with the dream of a better life.Gradually, an ethnic and cultural mix was created.Today, the old people often talk about theirchildhood with rich music traditions, severalcinemas and plenty of associations for cultureand sport. But the history of these places alsoinvolves darker sides such as extensive damageto the landscape caused by the mining industry;something that, among other things, has deeplyaffected the Sami people and their reindeers.But it is important to mention that Kiruna isalso a cosmically significant highly technologicalcity. The Swedish Institute of Space Physicslocated here plays a major role in the field ofspace research; the Esrange Space Center monitorsand controlls satellites. As a matter of fact,in 2006 the Esrange Space Center has beenmonitoring 24 international satellites per day.dealing with time pressureKiruna and Malmberget are listed as culturalheritage environments of national interest. Themunicipalities and the county administrationboard agree on the importance to take care ofthe cultural heritage. In addition, the miningcompany lkab has recently declared the same.These two small municipalities are facinga whole heap of burning decisions and planningpreparations. For many years, there hasbeen a big and famous pit in the middle ofMalmberget called Kaptensgropen. Caused bythe mining industry, it has destroyed substantialpart of the city, as well as many listed historicalbuildings. Some houses have recently beenmoved to a safer place as an experiment bylkab. Furthermore, a flexible fence has beeninstalled around the parts of the town more atrisk.6

een discussed in accordance with the currentlocal planning programmes and cultural analyses.Even complex buildings, such as the famouscity hall of Kiruna, are examined.Both cities want to maintain their culturaland historical values, but their problems areThe idea of relocating severalbuildings, such as the famous cityhall of Kiruna, has been examined.many and the cost for solving them enormous.The economical and juridical situations arehard to grasp and make clear, even though lkabmust compensate for much of the damage. Infact, legislation is not made for this kind of urgentsituation.The Lapland ore mining cities are unique.They are globally connected high-tech industrialenvironments as well as ideal cities in asubarctic climate surrounded by a fabulouslandscape, very special settlements and excitinglocal history. The challenge is to make anattractive international model for communitiesin transformation, a model that distinguishesthe local cultural resources as essentials for thefuture. A challenge worth fighting for! •PHOTO: JAN EVE OLSSONKIRUNA, SWEDEN8

cityscapeThe idea of imagining the town as a “landscape” allows the possibility ofgrasping its structure and experiencing the continuity rather than separatebuildings and places. How old is this design? What is the connection betweenthe design of the 1960s and the one of the turn of the century? Whose livingconditions dominate in the public arenas and whose are not visible at all?By the Swedish National Heritage BoardThe little bend thatnever disappearshe huge scale seems, in certain perspectives,scary. When the workingclass neighbourhoods were erected at theoutskirts of our Swedish towns in the beginningof the 20th century, the upper class becameintimidated. The buildings were too dark,too big and too many. However, the upper classknew that these types of residential buildingswere necessary for their own convenience.“PLANKAN”, STOCKHOLM, SWEDENPHOTO: KERSTI BERGGRENThe industrial economy wouldn’t flourishenough as long as cities like Norrköping orStockholm were in a constant state of dwellingshortages for manual workers. But it wasscary when the manual workers’ buildingswere grouped together in big blocks of brickbuildings,one after the other, covering entireneighbourhoods. Consequently, in the middleof the 20th century, when manual labour forceswere no longer necessary to be kept close to thecity centre, these structures were considered thevery worst kind of residential buildings.The buildings were described as having noarchitectural value, deteriorated, offering completelyworthless living conditions, etc. For decadesthe brick-houses were torn down – until ashift in thinking. When there were just a few ofthem left, and they were no longer residencesfor manual workers, the middle class’ opinionof these dwellings underwent a tremendouschange. Suddenly, these buildings were the veryicons of the “real” city that we all supposedlywant to belong to.living large for low-income familiesLet us make another historical parallel. In theearly 1960s, in the midst of the western part ofSödermalm in Stockholm, a residential blockcalled “Plankan” was planned (and completedin 1968). Two smaller blocks were (in the spirit10

PHOTO: KERSTI BERGGREN“PLANKAN”, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN11

PHOTO: KERSTI BERGGREN“PLANKAN”, STOCKHOLM, SWEDENof the time) forged into one. Sheds and yardsfor small-scale informal industrial activities andcraft – half-public, half-private surroundings –were replaced by 340 dwellings and a plantedcourtyard open to neighbouring blocks. Townplanners in charge and the designing architectwere some of the most well-known in Sweden.The block became one single property measuring95 metres by 140 metres and a courtyardcovering 8,625 square metres. Although brutalin its appearance, Plankan is a late representativeof a fairly common residential ideal type inStockholm, popular in the 1910s and 1920s – the“Big Block”, living large for low-income families.a walk to rememberIf you take a walk westwards in Södermalm,starting from Mariatorget, you will be able totake part in a rather unique experience; a moreor less uninterrupted footpath crossing streetsand residential blocks. The connecting path ofstreets, walkways and bridges take you anotherkilometre further crossing several inner courtyardsand busy streets. For a few minutes youwill walk along a small hilly park belonging tothe parish church. The path, created during the1960s, offers both quality of the countryside andurbanism. Whenever you wish you can leavethe path and get yourself a cup of coffee or abeer. The path finally ends at the area’s primaryschool.When you reach the block of flats Plankan,you will notice that the path does not crossthe inner courtyard in a straight line, it bendsslightly to the left and leaves the block a littlefurther down compared to where it enters. Thebend is not a result of an innovative decisionfrom the rational 1960s. It is what is left of asmall hill (vanished long ago) that in the 18thcentury, when the street design was first laidout, forced the road engineer to pull the streetto bend round the hill. When the new techniqueof blowing the hill up appeared somehundred years later, the blocks were firmlyadjusted to the boundaries of the property butthe bend of the street remained – for no visiblereason. This is part of the story of the urbandesign.to preserve or redesign – this is thequestionBut Plankan does not fit into today’s most commonvision of how a “real” city should look.Even though the city has never been an exactimage of its idea, this idea implements thethinking.The real-estate owner, the town-planners andthe politicians have advanced plans to redesignPlankan. According to it, a circular and very privateresidential building will be placed in themagnificent inner courtyard of the block. Oneof many effects will be the disappearance of thepublic park. To be able to justify that, the politicalstory of the mid 20th century starts all overagain. Once again the conditions of the existingbuildings are described in worst possible manner;and once again the happy inhabitants areportrayed as being wrong.So what is the conclusion to be drawn? Itmight be time to learn from our past mistakesand put an ear on what people has to say. •12

outside insightPHOTO: ULRIKA ÅKERLUNDThe concept of landscape, as defined in the European Landscapeconvention (ELC), challenges the Swedish political and administrativesystem. Sweden is divided into separate political and economic areasof interest: from governmental to municipal and local managementlevels. Related to landscape are the major sectors of environmental andnature protection, cultural heritage, transport, forestry, agricultureand fishery; each of them driven by its own legislation, policies andeconomical means of governance. But how can spatial planning playa role in implementing landscape convention?COMPREHENSIVE PLANNINGA tool to meet landscape changes?Spatial planning, through the SwedishPlanning and Building Act, is often accusedof only dealing with urban landscapesas the juridical binding plansprimarily cope with housing development.However, political changes haveraised the importance of the guidingComprehensive plan, which involves theentire municipal landscape and sustainabledevelopment.Through the comprehensive planthe municipality declares its long-termdevelopment and strategies for landand water resources – i.e. the landscapewithin its boundaries. Here, nationaland regional policies are linked to localones, and solutions to spatial problemscan be found in a broad perspective. Therapid development of wind power inSweden is an example of how areas suitablefor wind turbines can be identifiedand prioritized in the comprehensiveplan. Planning for rural development inwaterfronts is another recent task.areas for rural developmentin swedish waterfrontsIn order to keep the Swedish shoresand waterfronts accessible to the publicas well as to preserve the biodiversitynear water, all Swedish waterfrontshave been protected since 1974 throughthe Environmental Code. These regulationshave been rather rigid and notregionally adopted.In 2009 new waterfront legislationwas adopted. The municipalities arenow responsible for protecting waterfrontsand identifying areas near waterfrontssuitable for rural developmentand exploitation in the comprehensiveplan. This implies that Sweden’s 290municipalities must start to think interms of planning outside current settledareas; something that should bedone by implementing a broader landscapeperspective.Waterfronts are very interesting forbuilding, but the attractiveness lies notonly in the open view over a lake asmuch as in the surrounding landscapeand its sustainability. Rural developmentalso involves more than housing.It is time to think about countrysideeconomy, small industries and businessesthat really can support ruraldevelopment in the long run. Widecriticism and scepticism as well as highpolitical expectations have put the newwaterfront legislation high up on thepolitical agenda.planning is a learning processThe strength of the comprehensiveplan lies within the planning process.Hence, a plan developed in a broad andtransparent process, involving severalmunicipal politicians, administrations,organizations, local groups and citizens,has quite a large legitimacy in practice.The planning process is also a learningprocess where different interestsmeet and conflicts are managed. It is asuitable forum for discussing long-termlandscape changes in both rural and urbandevelopment. The Swedish democraticspatial planning system is alreadysuitable for dealing with landscape issues,but methods and approaches needto be developed.MORE INFORMATION about townand country planning, management of landand water resources, building and housingcan be found on the website of the NationalBoard of Housing, Building and Planningwww.boverket.se13

climatescapePHOTO: KJELL MOHLINGudrun was Sweden’s biggeststorm in the past 100 years. Itcaused personal hardship anddramatic changes in the landscapeof Småland.Climate change meanslandscape changeThe various impact of global warming is not easy toforesee. The reason is that its magnitude, characters andoutcome differ from region to region. But one thing isfor sure: when a climate changes, a landscape does too.By the Swedish National Heritage Boardarmer and moister climateresults in such physical changesas extreme downpours, flooding,landslides and heavy storms. In2005 – perhaps as a premonition – the biggeststorm in the past 100 years hit Sweden withtremendous force. Besides the human tragedies,it caused dramatic and sudden changes in thelandscape. More than 75,000,000 m 3 of treeswere blown down in an area of approximately130,000 hectares.But many changes will not be seen immediately.Apart from the sudden disasters, there areother important phenomena to be expected,14

PHOTO: CARL CURMANGRÄNNA, SWEDENsuch as long term vegetation transformationsand changing conditions for land use and agriculture.At long last, new species will take holdof the landscape while others will disappeardue to changing habitats.policies – bigger factor thanclimate changeEven though the direct impact on landscapemay be dramatic, there will also be significantThe demand for reducedenergy consumption willheavily influence the waypeople live, eat and travel.15

PHOTO: PÅL-NILS NILSSONSTOCKHOLM, SWEDENThe energy forest is one modernresource for energy. Here agroup of scientists is investigatinghow it will affect thelandscape in Sigtuna, Sweden.PHOTO: LEIF GREN16

18PHOTO: HÅKAN SLOTTE

energyscapeWind power is a renewable energy source that gives a new image to thelandscape. With their size and the permanent movement of their rotorblades they have simply become “kings of the landscape”. Their raisond’être? To harness the strong winds high above the ground.By the Swedish National Heritage BoardKings of the landscapeindmills are a new type of industrialarchitecture that is verydifferent from the other elementsin the landscape. With their sizeand the per manent movement of their rotorblades they have simply become “kings of thelandscape”. That is why it is critical to evaluateand pay attention to the localization and theshape of windmill parks.The land needed for a windmill is often smallwhich helps to avoid the areas with high scientificand sentimental values such as old monumentsand rare habitats. On the other hand, thetechnical development is extremely quick, andthe results are larger and taller windmills thatreach the strong winds above the trees in theforests. The fact that new roads have to be madein order to reach the sites results in a negativeconsequence.year 2020 – an important milestoneThe Swedish Parliament has recently made adecision about a national planning objectiveconcerning wind power. In accordance to this,30 TWh of the annual electricity may comefrom windmills by the year 2020. Responsiblefor the realisation of this objective are the municipalitiesdue to their planning monopolies.The majority of them are now making the finalpreparations in order to reserve space for windmillparks – both on land and in water.With the help of “Comprehensive plans” themunicipalities are not only trying to meet thenational objective, but even the increasing interestfor wind energy production from windmillcompanies and landowners. At the same timethe Swedish Energy Agency has the responsibilityto appoint the areas of national interest forproduction of wind energy.emotions on the way to windmillsWith the construction of windmills a new landscapewill emerge. People often feel strong tiesto the landscape and the sentiments they experiencecan be individual or collective. Landscapeswith collective emotional values are easiest to19

PHOTO: BENGT A. LUNDBERGRÖK RUNESTONE, SWEDENidentify, for example in tourist brochures. Butstill it is important to go deeper when searchingfor meaning. According to the Swedish planningtradition the collective value of a place is moreprecious than the individual emotional interests.The reason for this is the belief that commonvalues are more important in the long term.When planning for windmills it is good tostart with landscape analysis. In this case attentionhas to be paid to the quantitative andmeasurable values as well as to the qualitativeand imperceptible characteristics.Landscapes are highly significant for people’sidentity and daily life. That is why it is essentialto respect the democratic principles and allowdifferent opinions about how the landscapeshould look. These democratic practices can befound in some of the municipalities’ planningprocesses.swedish planning traditionIt is important to mention that in Sweden theconcept “landscape as scenery” has obtained avery strong position in both planning traditionand legislation. In contrast, the idea of landscapeintroduced by the European LandscapeConvention is hidden in the Swedish notion“environment”. In view of this, the conventiongives hope for revitalization of the nationalplanning process by moving from the oldnarrow-minded perception to the multi-dimensionalone. •20

outside insightThe Swedish “right of public access” to the landscape is a part ofour tradition. This privilege, which can be found very deep in oursouls, is almost completely unique in Europe.Farmers produce landscapeIt is important to remember that thelandscape, to which citizens are givenfree access, is a product of agriculture.Many of the values we want to preserveare created by farmers after centuriesof active use. It is therefore evidentthat the landscape is an instrument forinvention and production; and becauseof this, ownership and right to use theland are extremely important to agriculturalists.Public appreciation of landscapes ascommon goods justifies the primaryaim of current European agriculturepolicy. Because of this new conceptionof landscape, farmers are compensatedfor their work cultivating pastures andmeadows.broader and more openapproachAs farmers, we believe that we can helpto move the debate toward a broaderand more open approach concerninghuman impact on the environment.According to the classic environmentalposition, the human force is, by definition,negative – the main thesis hereis of “man observing nature and life”.In contrast, the farmer point of viewis about a positive human impact andman participating in nature and life.climate changerevolutionizes the landscapeOne of the major driving forces forchanges in landscape is climate change.However, the primary direct effects donot come from warmer and more unstableweather.In the short term, the main questionis about what is produced in the soiland how it affects the landscape. Cropscan be used in two ways: directly forenergy or to produce new crops specialisedin energy production. Today, someof the “typical” landscapes includeSalix, canary grass and fast growingtrees. All these “new” crops change thelandscape because they are harvested atunusual times and restrict the landscape.In this way, the crops will breakthe traditional ways of farming and thecountryside will undergo a change thatcan be perceived as negative.As farmers, we know from experiencethat the landscape has and willchange over time. These transformationsmost often occur over a long timeperiod. What we are facing now is thateverything is happing much faster andtherefore the changes are much moredramatic.MORE INFORMATION about farmers andlandscape can be found on the officialwebsite of the Federation of Swedish Farmerswww.lrf.sePHOTO: BENGT A. LUNDBERG21

infrascapeSustainable landscape byIt is obvious that bridges, harbours and railway stations carrymany fascinating traces about visions, style ideals and technicalconditions from the past. At the same time present-day traveland transport are the source of adverse effects on the climate andpeople’s health but also on landscape and cultural heritage.By the Swedish National Heritage Boardhroughout history travel and transportof goods can be seen to have hadmajor influence on both landscapes andconstructed environments. In one wayor another, many cities were once connectedto important commercial routes and strategicplaces that were crucial to defend. Shipping,railway and other modes of transportation havefacilitated the exchange of knowledge and newideas. Hence, it follows that travel and transport,in the past and today, are significant drivingforces behind the creation of what we perceiveas cultural heritage.PHOTO: PÅL-NILS NILSSONthe environmental trendsare clearly negativeThe level of greenhouse gas emissions, especiallyfrom transport by trucks and lorries, isrising. And the health of increasing numbers ofpeople is negatively affected by noise, particlesand other emissions produced by traffic. Thelandscape has become fragmented by a progressivelymore fine-meshed network of roads andrailways which turns into obstacles for people,animals and plants, keeping them from movingfreely and breaking the functional and symbolicstructures in the landscape. Even the establishmentand development of constructed areasThe planning of the futuretransport infrastructureshould focus on thechangeover towardssustainable society.22

smarter communicationPHOTO: PÅL-NILS NILSSONGOTHENBURG, SWEDEN23

LYSEKIL, SWEDENPHOTO: CARL CURMANis closely related to the transport infrastructure.Examples are the large-scale shopping mallsand supermarkets that tend to collocate withimportant bypasses or junctions. This in turnstrengthens the trend toward increasing dependencyon cars, contributing to the augmentationof traffic. Consequently, city centres become impoverishedbeing short of commerce and otherindustrial activities. Altogether this affects theconditions for preserving, managing and developingthe landscape and the cultural heritage.If our goal is to establish a sustainable managementof the landscape we must reduce theadverse effects caused by travel and transport.The planning of future transport infrastructuremust focus even more on the changeover towarda sustainable society. This means that theSwedish environmental quality objectives haveto be seen as being at least as important as thetransport policy objectives in order to break thepresent negative trend. Society can not continueto invest in outdated transport solutions; quitethe opposite, it must strive to develop othermodes of transport that are capable of meetingthe urgent environmental issues of today andtomorrow.it’s time to start taking measuresThe development of transport infrastructurecan, for instance, be better integrated with theplanning of domestic areas, service and commerce.It can even search for other solutionsthan new roads and railways. One examplecould be limiting the demand for transport via24

SANDÖ BRIDGE, SWEDENPHOTO: BENGT A. LUNDBERGtaxes and fees. It is also important that the infrastructuresupports sustainable settlement patternsby being well-connected and effectivelyserved by public transport. Good co-ordinationamong all planning aspects – of infrastructure,houses, services, etc. – improves the preconditionsfor reaching a sustainable management oflandscape and heritage.Today economic impact assessments arecommonly used to evaluate the profitabilityof different transport alternatives. Still, it isimportant to develop these methods in orderto calculate environmental profits also regardingqualitative values related to the landscape.Landscape, natural and cultural environmentsare collective resources with a substantialeconomic value for individual health and well-being but also for tourism. As long as these valuesare not included in the profitability calculationthere is a risk that “one-eyed-investments”in infrastructure will devaluate the “growthvalue” of landscape and cultural heritage.The European Landscape Convention indicatesthat planning must give greater attentionto how the public values and uses landscape. Itis important to take this into account directlyin the early phases of planning in order to allowpublic participation. The convention alsounderlines that environmental impact assessmentshave to be improved in a way that moreattention is placed on the landscape as a whole.Such impact assessments also need to be betterintegrated in policies, plans and programmesthat directly or indirectly affect the landscape. •Shipping, railway, carsand other modes oftransport have had animportant role for theexchange of knowledgeand new ideas.25

PHOTO: TRONS26

outside insightMany countries in Europe have ratified the Europeran LandscapeConvention (ELC). As of now, Sweden has signed the convention, and ingeneral has investigated the implications and consequences of ratification.It is likely that Sweden will ratify the ELC within the near future.THE EUROPEAN LANDSCAPE CONVENTIONA challenge for all of usPHOTO: CHRISTIAN BADENFELT/KONCEPTVERKETRatification day will start a new chapterin Swedish landscape politics. Theelc will mean that politicians andadministrators will have to seriouslycome to terms with issues concerninglandscape. Goals will have to be set andbasic data for planning will have to beworked out. To secure the involvementof the general public, the work musttake place not only on national, but onregional and local level as well.The Environmental ObjectivesCouncil’s evaluation of environmentalpolicy shows that many landscape relatedobjectives are not reached. Thereis therefore good reason to re-assesspolicy direction. The achievement ofa landscape convention means theopportunity to raise awareness froma focus on protecting certain solitarylandscape attributes to distinguishingthe landscape as a cohesive unit. Seeinghistorical, ecological, social, hydrological,topographical, geomorphologicaland functional zones and interfaces isoften like seeing an overlapping quilt.It means widening one’s view from asingle cairn, natural relics and grazingmeadows to historical landscapes, ecologicalcorridors and landscape rooms.conflicts can be solvedThe Swedish Road Administrationoperates throughout the entire countryand is extremely knowledgeable aboutthe landscapes, both urban and rural,that we work in. Our activities sometimeslead to conflicts with other societalsectors; conflicts that often can beresolved. However, solutions are mademore difficult by the lack of fora whererepresentatives for various demandsupon the environment can gather tofind direction about how our landscapeshall be administered and developed.It would be positive from this pointon to work in a context where the elcis a basis for the efforts we undertaketo influence our landscape, both in theform of new investments and improvedadaptation of existing roads to the surroundinglandscape.The elc places requirements uponbeing able to read the landscape sothat important values are preservedwhile new values are added. To makedemands upon the landscape shouldalso mean placing requirements on ourwill and knowledge to understand theimplications of certain measures andtheir consequences. The future willrequire an arena for an all-encompassingdiscussion about how landscapesshall be utilised. The Swedish RoadAdministration is positive towards anactive participation in this work in thefuture.MORE INFORMATION Lena Erixon, ManagingDirector of the Swedish Road Administrationwww.vv.se27

outside insightSweden has a rich variety of landscapes from farmlands in the southto pristine mountains in the north. Protection and sustainablemanagement of valuable natural and cultural heritages are guidedby the Swedish environmental quality objectives.Objectives for a better environmentSweden has set 16 objectives describing qualities of the environmentthat should be achieved in order to give future generationsclean air, healthy environments and rich opportunitiesto enjoy the landscape. The responsibility of meetingthose challenges is shared among different stakeholders insociety.Much has already been achieved by valuable contributionsfrom public agencies, businesses, environmental organisationsand individuals. But still, more efforts are neededas the ambitiously worded objectives are hard to reach.both positive and negative trendsThe natural and cultural heritages of Swedish forests continueto be eroded, when resources are intensively exploited.At the same time, some basic factors for biodiversity are improving,such as areas of mature forest.The values of the agricultural landscape are dependent onthe land being farmed and on the countryside being an attractiveplace to live and work. Today some parts are threatenedby scrub encroachment, while other are intensively cultivated.However, the last decade has seen an encouraging trend withmore meadow and pasture land under management.need for further measuresA wide range of measures are needed to promote sound landuse planning as well as improved consideration in agriculture,forestry and fisheries. Furthermore, it is important totake into account protection and conservation of environmentsin addition to restoration and re-creation of habitatsand cultural heritage. Efforts to combat climate change arealso crucial since it will put new or more severe strains onecosystems and landscapes, especially in Swedish mountainenvironments.With continued work on both national and internationallevels, coordinated activities are intended to ensure the characterand quality of Swedish landscapes.MORE INFORMATION about the way towards the objectives can befound on the Environmental Objectives Portal – www.miljomal.se.Nature protection efforts inSweden have been intenseand 2009 is celebrated as the‘Year of Nature’ to mark thatit has been 100 years sinceSweden’s – and Europe’s – firstnational parks were established.But still, protectionmust be stepped up further ifthe environmental objectivesrelevant to landscapes are tobe achieved. Illustration:AB Typoform28

30PERSHYTTAN, VÄSTMANLAND, SWEDEN

that of wishes that was plowed downlook-out basket suspended over the fieldsas I peered outthe view held promisebut the clouds were gatheringthey always do thatmaybe one should harness the clouds force them intodifferent trajectorieswere it that one couldthe sunflowers went for tiny walks each day aroundthemselvesthey wish uponunlikely creatures swim amidst their stalksthey dreamand what dreams they have(this is but a grainof a much bigger whole)do you recall?when the fields were circular: rotated about their own axisrotated about the farmer´s shouldersnaked oats black oats poppies barleyundulating in the rainthe sky can be mild above the fieldsa compass rose under this treedirecting us into the field as onto the oceanmoonlita sea of marching sunflowersstop here to listenthese are seeds fallingwish you were here42

artscapethe landscape is resounding with smellstwigs and sprigs aflame, the moist airand the flames at the edge of the fielda furrow of fire, earth, water, air; the recollections of hands– and fire.stepping this way and thatan armload full of falling twigs – I am of assistancea grain is the earth in the universe, and in a corner of the field:letting go of the firewood, into the fire, mind wandersthe migratory birds retain your gestures behind their eyesthe boot is sucked down in those places that are too wetI possess no difference– in an instant there are no bordersEach plant corresponds to a star.We draw lines between the stars across the sky.So that we may find our way.We give the stars names. We do not possess them.We draw lines in the soil. We establish borders.We plant our crops.We were to cultivate the celestial bodies. We approached,we explored, sketching out the sky and we penetratedthe earth, into the continent.Turning around. The hurricane oblivious of its namecannot be recalledThe poems are written by the Swedish poet Clara Diesen.They are from the book ”This is corner of a larger field”published by the Swedish National Heritage Board.Illustration by Jonas Rahm.43

artscapePictures are laconic but worth more than a thousand words. How convenient forthe modern person, always in hurry to seize the day and grab the future! Witha compact camera he or she quickly becomes an artist; but the glory is not thepurpose, only the pleasure to publish a “masterpiece” on Facebook.However, during the 19th century art had another raison d’être: to strengthenthe national state. Among the most popular scenes to paint were differentlandscapes showing glorious history and common cultural identity. Art andcultural heritage had a lot in common.Today, the old paintings are displayed in museums and people from allover the world come with the intention to grasp a piece of the past or just apiece of immortality. But how can the old ideals still be alive and rule over ourperception of the landscape?By the Swedish National Heritage Board44

left: Richard Bergh (1858–1919), Nordisk sommarkväll (Nordicsummer evening) 1899–1900. Göteborg museum of art.right: Gustaf Fjæstad (1868–1948), Vinterafton vid en älv (Winterafternoon beside a river) 1907. National museum.bottom: Prins Eugen (1865–1947), Molnet (The cloud) 1896.Waldemarsudde.45

Eugène Jansson (1862–1915), Riddarfjärden i Stockholm (Riddarfjärden in Stockholm) 1898.National museum.46

culinaryscapeI EAT, THEREFOREI CREATE LANDSCAPESBy the Swedish National Heritage BoardThere are no easyanswers for what isgood or bad consumption.However,more knowledgeand the willingnessto pay full pricefor products areneeded if we wantto have fine food togetherwith sustainableenvironment.In many countries there is a policy for healthyand safe food but also strategies for land usesuch as agriculture and forestry. One mightthink that the political monitoring withplanning, legislation and economical supportsystems, such as the European CommonAgriculture Policy, is the most important powerof maintaining a good environment in thecountryside. Quite the opposite, the reality ismuch more complicated. As a matter of fact, we,the customers, have absolute power. We havethe power to choose what to buy and what tothrow away. And we have the power to choosewho to vote for.How many people realise that there is aconnection between landscape and food?Everything we eat or drink has an origin fromsomewhere in the world. A hundred years ago,when food and beverages were produced locally,it was easy to see the correlation. But not today.Let us investigate the classic meal “Frenchfries, hamburger and salad”. It is quite probablethat the potatoes come from southernSweden, the beef from Argentina and the saladfrom Spain. But sometimes it is more difficultto track the origins of our meals. For example,chicken produced in a local farm can have beengrown with soy from Brazil.PHOTO: LEIF GREN47

culinaryscapePHOTO: INGRID SARLÖV HERLINTastes from thecoast, the forestand the semi-openlandscapeThis three-course meal includes some characteristicfood that represents different landscapes.Similar to the great diversity of landscapetypes, the “typical” Swedish tastescapealso shows a high variation.The long coastline provides Swedes a lotof fish on the menu, with herring as one ofthe most common staples throughout history.Today herring has even reached its way tothe finer restaurants. The starter in this mealhas a small hint of fried herring as a maincomponent. Accompanying dill, horseradishand caraway are tastes strongly connected toSwedish cooking, but here they are used in newcombinations to bring out exiting taste experiences.Roots, such as the beetroot, have a longtradition in the Scandinavian household. Thedish is supposed to be light, just to give you anappetite! It should be served with a nice coldbeer or with a cold aquavit (snaps).The main course comes from the plentifulforest. In forested areas, different kinds of gameare common on the tables. I have been usingwild boar, but you can also choose moose, venisonor, for example, roe deer. Mushrooms andberries are classical ingredients of the typicalfood from forest regions. I decided to use forestmushrooms and blueberries: the last one nottypically served with savory food, so this is anew experience. With the main course you candrink a Swedish porter or a hearty red wine, forinstance the Nebbiolo grape.The third course, the pudding, is a tart withraspberries and hazelnuts, served with an applejelly made from fresh apples. You can find theseplants, used for thousands of years, on forestborders and semi-open areas such as smallscalepastoral landscapes. But today’s urbanand peri-urban gardens give the same tastes tothese fruits, berries and nuts.Enjoy your meal! Smaklig måltid!Carl HerlinMORE INFORMATION Carl Herlin is educated inCulinary Arts and Meal Science at Campus Grythyttan,Örebro University.48

WILD BOARFRIED HERRING IN BATTER WITHHORSERADISH, DILL EMULSIONAND CARAWAY SALTDill emulsion75 ml water15 ml vinegar1 tea spoon Dijon mustard1 slice of bread for toasting1 bunch of fresh dill150 ml rapeseed oilSaltBlend the ingredients in a blender thoroughlybut add oil gradually, and make it thick likemayonnaise. Add salt for flavour.HorseradishPeel and grate 1/4 of a horseradish root andsave for later use.Pickled Beetroot1 beetroot1/2 dl white vinegar1 tablespoon sugar1/2 dl waterCook the beetroot without peeling until it iscooked but still has some firmness. Peel anddice into four large pieces. Add to the mix ofwater, sugar and vinegar half an hour beforecooking.Caraway saltFlaky crystal saltCaraway seedsToast the caraway seeds on a dry frying pan.Grind the lightly toasted seeds together withflaky salt in a mortar and pestle or grindlightly in a spice grinder.FRIED HERRING IN BATTERFried HerringBatter300 ml beer250 ml flourLarge quantity of rapeseed oil for frying4 small fresh herring filets4 small dill sprigsWhisk together beer and flour. Heat up agood amount of oil in a frying pan or deepfryer. Dip the herring filets in the battermixture and add them to the hot oil. Fry untilthe batter has become golden brown. Dripsome batter on the fish at the start of frying,collect it with a spatula, so all the batter isattached to a piece of fish. After frying, placethe finished herring filet on kitchen/waxpaper for drying of excess oil. Cut the herringfilets in the middle lengthwise, resulting intwo smaller fillets.ServingArrange the herring on plates, each personreceiving two pieces. Place a quarter ofbeetroot, without pickling brine on each plate.Sprinkle a little horseradish over each herringpiece and place some dill emulsion on theside. Sprinkle over a little caraway salt overthe plate. Add some dill sprigs for garnish.PHOTO: CARL HERLINPHOTO: CARL HERLINWILD BOAR, BRAISED ANDGLAZED IN DARK BEER, BLUE-BERRIES, ALMOND POTATOESAND FOREST MUSHROOMS600 g good wild boar meat suitable for stewing(or any other good game meat)2 tablespoons of butter1 large, quartered and then sliced onion1 sprig of thyme1 carrot0,75 dl dark beer, preferable Swedish Porter,if not available StoutFreshly crushed black pepperFlaky crystal sea salt1 teaspoon molasses or brown sugar1 tablespoon corn flourWater1 large tablespoon of butterSet the oven temperature to 120°C. Cut thewild boar meat in portion-sized chunks. Fryin butter until it is very brown and thoroughlyseared. Put aside. In a casserole, fry slicedonions in butter until brown and soft, add thefried meat, dark beer, carrot and thyme. Putthe casserole in the oven covered with a lid,set in for a minimum of 4 hours, or overnight.When done, lower temperature to 80°C,pass the contents of the casserole througha sieve and preserve the meat and the liquidseparately, tossing away the vegetables.Season the meat with salt and pepper. Put itin the oven at 80°C with a little more beer inthe bottom of the casserole, this to keep ithot before serving.Meanwhile, reduce the braising liquid andadd molasses, black pepper and salt asdesired. Reduce until the sauce has a goodflavor concentration; maybe add a bit morebeer for flavor intensity. Dilute corn flour inlittle water and add the thickening to the pot.Bring the sauce to boil until it becomes athick and nice glaze, whisk in the rest of thebutter.49

Blueberries200 g of fresh or frozen blueberries1 tablespoon sugarAdd the sugar to the blueberries, wait atleast 30 minutes and then remove excessliquid before serving.Forest Mushrooms8 big forest mushroomsButterSaltClean the mushrooms and use only theircaps. Fry the mushroom caps on both sideson low heat until excessive liquid has beenvaporised and the mushrooms been searedthoroughly. Reheat before serving.Almond potatoesBoil almond potatoes with plenty of salt andkeep warm before serving.Serving4 sprigs of thymePour some sauce over each wild boar pieceto glaze its surface and serve with potatoes,mushrooms and blueberries. Garnish withsprigs of thyme.TART WITH RASPBERRIES ANDHAZELNUTS ACCOMPANIED BYAPPLE JELLYApple jelly4–5 medium-sized green apples, preferablefrom ones gardenJuice of one lemon100 ml sugar300 ml water3 sheets of gelatinPut the sheets of gelatin in little water atleast two minutes before. Peel and deseedapples, cook with lemon juice, sugar andwater until you get soft compote. Mix in ablender and pass through a sieve – retainingapproximately 300 ml of the mixture. Reheatthe mixture and add the gelatin sheets, stiruntil they are dissolved. Then set aside ina cold place for a couple of hours until itbecomes a firm jelly.Tart4 medium-sized rectangular sheets of readymadepuff pastry (one per person)Hazelnut crème100 g hazelnuts, peeled and toasted100 g confectioner’s sugar75 g of butter1 tablespoon corn flour1 eggBlend hazelnuts thoroughly in a blender, untilthey become a “peanut butter”-like paste.Blend in sugar, butter and corn flour. Addthe mixture to a bowl and add one egg whilewhisking.Finishing the tart200 g fresh raspberries50 g toasted, peeled and roughly choppedhazelnutsPlace a big amount of hazelnut crème in themiddle of the puff pastry sheet while leavingsome space at the edge uncovered. Foldthe pastry over this space and create andedge around the filling. Bake at 200°C for10 minutes or until brown. Just after baking,gently push some air out of the puffed-uppuff pastry and place raspberries on eachtart. Place some toasted hazelnuts on top.Serve with apple jelly.PHOTO: CARL HERLINEnjoy your meal!Smaklig måltid!TART WITH RASPBERRIES AND HAZELNUTSPHOTO: JERKER MOSTRÖM50

The landscape is the arena where everything happens as well as the commonhabitat for people, animals and plants. It is an active resource for economicaldevelopment and regional growth but also a dynamic archive for perspectiveson our existence in time and place.We are used to towns, houses and homes changing their appearance,whereas the landscape is relatively constant. However, there is a reason toexpect the opposite – important transformations will take place in the landscapeand new landscapes will be shaped.Rapid changes in the landscape can be difficult to handle by heritage management.It is easier to say no to every change, claiming that heritage will belost. But in the long run, it is important to take part in what is presently happening.Natural processes and human influences such as climate changes, infrastructure,agriculture and forestry have always had a great impact on thelandscape. The history shows us that their influence can be positive as wellas negative for the landscape. But the history also provides knowledge andimagination to develop the landscape.The European Landscape Convention offers a great opportunity to make adifference. Cultural heritage management with its historical knowledge cancontribute to a better society that is more conscious about the future. On theway to the sustainable landscape it should be possible to unite productionwith biodiversity, cultural heritage and outdoor life.Welcome to the Swedish landscape!Inger Liliequistdirector general of the swedish national heritage boardThe Swedish National Heritage Board is the agency of the Swedish government that is responsible forheritage and historic environment issues. Our mission is to play a proactive and coordinating role inheritage promotion efforts as well as to ensure that the historic environment is preserved in the mosteffective possible manner. The Swedish National Heritage Board has been commissioned by the Swedishgovernment to prepare a proposal for implementation of the European Landscape Convention.The Swedish National Heritage Board, Box 5405, S-114 84 Stockholm, SwedenPhone: +46 (0)8-5191 8000, www.raa.seisbn 978-91-7209-546-5