JASP 3 -- 1985.pdf - International Herbage Seed Group

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54 JOURNAL OF APPLIED SEED PRODUCTION, VOL. 3, 198510. Griffiths, D.J., H.M. Roberts, and J. Lewis. 1973. The seedyield potential of grasses. Welsh Plant Breeding Station, AnnualReport, 1973. pp. 117-123.11. Harun, R.M.R., and E.W. Bean. 1979. Seed developmentand seed shedding in North Italian ecotypes of Lolium multijlorum.Grass and Forage Science 34:215-220.12. Hearn, C.J., and E. C. Holt. 1969. Variability in componentsof seed production in Panicum coloratum L. Crop Sci. 9:38-40.13. Hebblethwaite, P.D. 1977. Irrigation and nitrogen studies inS.23 ryegrass grown for seed. 1. Growth, development, seedyield components and seed yield. J. Agric. Sci., Camb.88:605-614.14. Hebblethwaite, P.D., and J.G. Hampton. 1981. Physiologicalaspects of seed production in perennial ryegrass. pp.17-32. In Breeding high yielding forage varieties combinedwith high seed yield. Report of the meeting of the FodderCrops Section of Eucarpia in Merelbeke (Belgium), 8-10September 1981.15. Hill, M.J. 1971. A study of seed production in 'GrasslandsRauanui' perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), 'GrasslandsKahu' Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and prairie grass(Bromus unilodes H.B.K.). Ph.D. thesis, Massey University,Palmetston North.16. Hill, M.J. 1980. Temperate pasture grass-seed crops: formativefactors. pp. 137-150 In P.D. Hebblethwaite (ed.). Seedproduction. Butterworths, London.17. Hyde, E.O.C. 1950. Studies on the development of whiteclover seed. pp. 12:101-107. In Proc. N.Z. Grassl. Assoc.18. Hyde, E.O.C., M.A. McLeavy, and G.S. Harris. 1959. Seeddevelopment in rye grass and in red and white clover. N .Z.J. ofAgric. Res. 2:947-952.19. Ibrahim, A.E.S., and R.V. Frakes. 1984. Variability andinterrelations of seed yield components in tall fescue (F.arundinacea Schreb.) Genet. Agr. 38:387-398.20. Jensen, H. A. 1976. Investigation of anthesis, length of caryapsis,moisture content, seed weight, seed shedding and strippingripeness during development and ripening of a F estucapratensis seed crop. Acta Agric. Scandinavica 26:264-268.21. Johnston, M.E.H. 1960. Investigations into seed setting incocksfoot seed crops in New Zealand. N.Z.J. Agric. Res.3:345-357.22. Jones, M.D., and J.G. Brown. 1951. Pollination cycles ofsome grasses in Oklahoma. Agron. J. 43:218-222.23. Knowles, R.P., and H. Baenziger. 1962. Fertility indices incross-pollinated grasses. Can. J. Pl. Sci. 42:460-471.24. Lewis, J. 1966. The relationship between seed yield andassociated characters in meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis).J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 67:243-248.25. Lowe, C.C., and R.P. Murphy. 1955. Open-pollinated seedsetting among self sterile clones of smooth bromegrass.Agron. J. 221-224.26. Mackay, K.H. 1960. Variations in cross-fertility in two xenogamousgrasses, Bromus inermis Leyss. and Phleum pratenseL. Doctoral thesis, Univ. Wisconsin.27. McWilliam, J.R. 1980. The development and significance ofseed retention in grasses. pp. 51-60. In P.D. Hebblethwaite(ed.). Seed Production. Butterworths, London.28. Nielson, A.K., and R.R. Kalton. 1959. Combining ability forseed characteristics in Bromus inermis Leyss. Agron. J.51:178-181.29. Raeber, J.G., and R.R. Kalton. 1956. Variation and inheritanceof fertility and its components inBromus inermis Leyss.Agron. J. 48:212-216.30. Ross, J. G. , and M. W. Adams. 1955. The influence of heredityon seed and forage production in smooth bromegrass. Proc.S. Dakota Acad. Sci. 34:16-20.31. Slinkard, A.E. 1965. Fertility in intermediate wheatgrassAgropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv. Crop Sci. 5:363-365.32. Stoddart, J.L. 1964. Seed ripening in grasses. I. Changes incarbohydrate content. J. Agric. Sci. 62:67-72.33. Wantanabe, K. 1961. Studies on the germination of grasspollen. II. Germination capacity of pollen in relation to maturityof pollen and stigma. Bot. Mag., Tokyo 74:131-137.34. Wijk, A.J.P., van 1985. Factors affecting seed yield in breedingmaterial of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) J. Appl.Seed Prod. (in press).
The Effect of Uneven Ripening on Floret Site Utilizationin Perennial Ryegrass Seed CropsW.J.M. Meijer'ABSTRACTPrior to harvest of perennial ryegrass seed crops much higherseed numbers are observed than are recovered after threshingand cleaning. A considerable amount of light seeds must be lostduring threshing and cleaning. In recent literature most of theselosses are attributed to assimilate shortage and abortion of developingseeds. The significance of uneven ripening is discussed asanother major factor contributing to the poor utilization of yieldpotential.Additional index words: seed set, grass seed, seed abortion,Lolium perenne L.INTRODUCTIONSome weeks after anthesis in seed crops of perennialryegrass the maximum number of developing seeds are recorded(Burbidge et al., 1978; Hampton and Hebblethwaite,1985). During the seed filling stage the number of seedsdecreases as a result of abortion and seed shedding. Abortionthat occurs soon after fertilization is difficult to detect. Cytologicalmethods are required to distinguish between unfertilizedand early aborted florets. Abortion later in the seedfilling stage results in an increased fraction of light seeds.These florets appear as early maturing seeds. It depends onhow abortion is defined whether this late abortion decreasesseed set. A second important reduction in seed number occursduring harvest and cleaning. Not all of these losses canbe attributed to abortion, or shedding at harvest. This papersuggests that the uneven development of ears and unevenripening within ears substantially contribute to the fraction oflight seeds which is lost during the cleaning procedures.DISCUSSIONObserved and Calculated Floret Site UtilizationOften percentage seed set just prior to harvest is assessedby recording the presence or absence of a developing seed foreach floret position in a number of inflorescences. Even inlodged crops, initially 50-80% seed set is observed (Anslow,1963; Akpan and Bean, 1977; Hampton and Hebblethwaite,1985). Calculation of seed set from cleaned seed yield, seedweight and the floret numbers (assessed before harvest),often results in values approximately half of the observedseed set (Wright and Hebblethwaite, 1979; Hampton et al.,1983; Hampton and Hebblethwaite, 1984).Burbidge et al.(1978) observed a maximum seed set ofabout 60% 3 weeks after peak anthesis. However, during the6-13 days before harvest, seed set decreased to 20-30%.From this decline it was concluded that abortion of developingseed reduces the number of seed harvested. Not mentionedby Burbidge et al. (1978), however, is how abortion wasdefined. Abortion of developing seed late in the filling periodmay give rise to an increased proportion of light seed. However,in recording presence or absence, these light seeds maybe scored as present. Hampton and Hebblethwaite (1985)reported a small decrease in seed set until shedding of matureseed became important. Anslow (1963) observed an increasein seed set of 59% just after last anthesis to 69% at ripeness.This increase was attributed to shedding of predominantlyempty florets during the early stages of maturity.In some of our experiments with perennial ryegrass (treatedwith nitrogen fertilizer and growth retardant), floret numberswere recorded at the end of an thesis and prior to harvest.Shedding considerably decreased floret number. Often twodistal florets per spikelet were shed. Probably many of theseflorets are morphologically incomplete.During the second half of the seed filling period someyellowing, early maturing seeds were observed in otherwisegreen inflorescences. However these apparently late abortedseeds never exceeded 3% of the total. From the seed numberobserved at harvest, 40-70% was recovered after cleaning(Table 1, 2). Shedding at harvest can explain only a minorpart of this seed loss. Minimum losses at harvest of 5-10%Table 1. Losses of floret and seed number during seed fillingand at harvest observed in a nitrogen application experimentin perennial ryegrass (cv. Barlenna, 1981).no. florets ear -1 no. seeds ear -ISpring Nitrogenkg N ha-l End of Prior to Prior to Calculatedan thesis harvest harvest from yield'Research Station for Arable Farming and Field Production ofVegetables (PAGV), P.O. Box 430, 8200 AK Lelystad, TheNetherlands.60 115 81 55 32120 110 81 46 29210 108 76 41 2955
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