JASP 3 -- 1985.pdf - International Herbage Seed Group

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED SEED PRODUCTIONPublished annually at Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.ASubscription rate for current and back issues US$15.00 postpaid. Subscription requests should beaddressed to the Editor.Editorial and subscription correspondenceHarold Youngberg, EditorJournal of Applied Seed ProductionCrop Science DepartmentOregon State UniversityCorvallis, Oregon 97331EDITORIAL BOARDHarold W. Youngberg, Editor,Oregon State University, U.S.ADavid 0. Chilcote,Oregon State University, U.S.A.Donald F. Grabe, Oregon State University, U.S.A.Paul D. Hebblethwaite,University of Nottingham, U.K.Murray J. Hill, Massey University, N.Z.Vern L. Marble, University of California, U.S.AAssistant Editor: Janet BurchamFrom the EditorResearch and review papers on seed productiontopics for future issues are invited. Commentsfrom readers are welcome.We are pleased to include articles in this issuefrom a special seminar on Floret Site Utilizationpresented at Wageningen, the Netherlands inJune, 1985.The EditorUSEFUL CONVERSION FACTORSTo ConvertTo ConvertA to BB to AABMultiply by:Multiply by:LENGTH3.2810.3940.0394meter, mcentimeter, emmilimeter, mmfeet, Itinch, ininch, inAREA0.30482.54025.40247.12.471kilometer 2 , km 2hectare,acre, aacre, a0.004050.405ha (0.01 km 2 )10.760.1550meter 2 , m 2centimeters 2 , em 2 foot 2 , lt 2inches 2 , in 20.09296.452VOLUME- CAPACITY2.1141.0570.26420.22liter, Iliter, Iliter, Iliter, Ipint, ptquart (liquid), qt.US gallon, galImperial gallon0.4730.9463.7854.5450.0338 milliliters, ml fluid ounce, oz 29.57WEIGHT- MASS1.1022.2050.0353ton (metric) tkilogram, kg.gram, gton (short) tpound, lbounce, oz av0.90720.45428.35YIELD OR RATE0.446 ton (metric) ton (short)2.242hectare- 1 , t ha- 1 acre- 1 , t a- 10.892 kilogramshectare- 1 , kg ha- 1 poundsacre- 1 , lbs a- 1 1.1210.0930.4276plants m- 2liters hectare- 1 ,I ha- 1 plants W 2quarts acre- 1 ,qts a- 110.762.3380.1069 liters perhectare, I ha- 1 gallons acre- 1 ,gal a- 1 9.3540.6214 kilometer hou( 1 ,km h- 1 miles hou( 1 , mph 1.609PRESSURE14.22 kilogramspounds inch- 2 , psi 0.0703centimete( 214.50 barpounds inch- 2 , psiTEMPERATURE0.068951.80(C)+32 Celsius, CFahrenheit, F 0.555(F-32)CORRECTIONIn the article '"Grasslands Maku' Lotus (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.) Seed Production. 2.Effect of Row Spacings and Population Density on Seed Yields" on pages 65-68 ofVolume II, 1984 issue, the headings for Figure 1 and 2 were transposed. The figures arecorrect but the headings should be interchanged.
'Grasslands Maku' lotus (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.) seed production. 3. Effect of timeof closing and severity of defoliation on seed yields.tM.D. HarezABSTRACT'Grasslands Maim' (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.),syn. L. uliginosus(Schkuhr) seed yields of 47 g m-2were harvested from treatmentsleft uncut from the start of spring growth. Cutting to a groundlevel before bud appearance, in September and October, significantlyreduced seed yields to 28 g m-2 and 14 g m-2respectivelyand after bud appearance did not significantly affect seed yieldsbut topping after bud appearance reduced seed yields to 26 gm-2,INTRODUCTIONMany farmers close 'Grasslands Malm' lotus (Lotus pedunculatusCav.), syn. L. uliginosus (Schkuhr), from earlyspring to early summer according to their experiences withclover and lucerne seed crops. It is normal practice forfarmers to cut established lucerne stands for hay and thenharvest for seed later in the same season (Kowithayakorn andHill, 1982). White clover seed crops grazed until mid-Novemberand red clover seed crops closed in early Decemberafter grazing will give high seed yields (Clifford, 1980;Clifford and Anderson, 1980).Research by Clifford (1975, reported by Lancashire et al.,1980) found that marked reductions in Maku lotus seedyields occurred when crops were closed later than October1st. Neal (1983) also reports that by closing in mid-October,after close grazing or cutting, seed yields are decreased,compared with earlier closing dates. However, Neal (1983)preferred October closing, as there was less vegetative bulkat harvest and pod shattering was reduced by harvestingunder cooler conditions in March.By allowing an initial attack on Maku lotus flowerheads bypotato mirids (Calocoris norvegicus) and then spraying withan insecticide, Clifford et al., (1983) increased stem branchingand potential seed yields of Maku lotus. They concludedthat the increased stem branching was because the earlyapical dominance of the primary stems was impaired, eitherby way of physical mirid damage or some hormonal effectinduced by the injection ofmirid saliva. They also found thatflowerheads when protected with an insecticide applicationlA contribution of the Plant Science Department, Lincoln CollegeCanterbury, New Zealand. Received for publication 11 February1985.2Present address: Grasslands Division, DSIR, Private Bag,Palmerston North, New Zealand.following a mirid attack, shortened the period of flowering,thereby ensuring minimum seed losses at harvest. Makulotus has been found to have a long flowering period, floweringfrom mid-November until April, (Armstrong 1974),making harvesting difficult (Neal, 1983). Clifford et al.,(1983) also suggested, that in the absence of a mirid attack,some form of high topping management with a mower toremove only primary apical meristems, might promote stembranching in Maku lotus.The objective of this study was to impose a range ofclosing dates and different intensities of defoliation in orderto test the following hypotheses that:(i) any severe cutting treatment after the start of springgrowth may be detrimental to seed yield.(ii) a high topping may simulate mirid damage and concentrateflowering time allowing for easier harvestmanagement.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was conducted over two seasons ( 1981-83) on a0. 75 ha Maku lotus field at Lincoln College, Canterbury,New Zealand (43°S). The soil type was a Wakanui soilcomplex (Hare and Lucas, 1984) containing adequate nutrients.Maku lotus was sown on 5 November 1980 in 0.45 mrows, at a sowing rate of 3 kg ha-l. Each plot over the twoseasons averaged six plants m-2.Trial 1: Effect of time of defoliation, 1981-82The field was sprayed with paraquat at 0.5 a.i. ha-l in July1981, to control grass weeds.There were five treatments, a check and four cutting dates:(a) left uncut until seed harvest in January.(b) cut to ground level (30-50 mm above the ground)with a sickle-bar mower, 1.2 m wide, on 12 November,(c) 24 November, (d) 4 December, and (e) 15December, 1981.Each plot was 15m x 2.5 m, and there were six replicates.Dry matter yield measurements: At closing, material thelength of each plot was harvested, fresh weighed and dryweight determined. At seed harvest, 10 stems from each plotwere dried and the average stem dry weight multiplied by theaverage stem number m-2.Seed yield measurements: Optimum harvest time wasdetermined when approximately 5% of the pods had shattered,80% of the pods were light brown, 10% of the podswere green or purple and 5% of the umbels were still in theyellow flower stage (Hare and Lucas, 1984).1
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