JASP 3 -- 1985.pdf - International Herbage Seed Group

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8 JOURNAL OF APPLIED SEED PRODUCTION, VOL. 3, 1985anical scarification treatment. The polisher was fitted with a40 em long x 20 em diameter woven steel wire screencylinder with a 1.5 mm x 1.8 mm internal grid. Two nylonbrushes rotated inside the cylinder against the wire screen.With the cylinder rotating at 630 rpm, seed was passedthrough the polisher one, two and three times and collectedfrom the center (pushed through the screen) and from the end(traveled right through).<strong>Seed</strong> in the mechanical scarification treatments were germinatedon top of filter paper in 8 hours light (30 C) and 16hours darkness (20 C) with four replications of 100 seeds.RESULTSHot Water TreatmentsThree treatments, 1 minute at 80 and 90 C and 2 minutes at70 C, significantly increased germination percentages overthe control (no hot water immersion) treatment (Table 1). Allother treatments did not significantly increase germinationover the control treatment, and reductions were significant at80 and 90 C with immersion times of 5 and 10 minutes. The100 C treatment almost totally killed seed, especially aslength of immersion was increased (Table 1).Table 1. Effect of hot water treatment on germination of Makulotus seed.Water Temp.(C)Germination %Immersion Time (min.)2 5 1050 53 61 56 5960 61 60 66 6170 63 70 61 3180 74 61 31 1290 75 65 11 9100 12 4Control (no hot water) 57LSD 0.05 10.8Sulphuric Acid TreatmentsAll treatments, except the 5 minute immersion in acid,significantly increased germination over the control (no acidimmersion) treatment (Figure 1). The optimum treatmentwas 75 minutes immersion in acid, as there were no furthersignificant increases in germination above this time.Sulphuric acid significantly increased germination of thesolely hard seed samples (Table 2), but there were no significantdifferences between the 60, 90 and 120 minute acidimmersion treatments.Mechanical Scarification TreatmentsIn the first experiment the speed of the rotating cylinder(rpm) significantly increased normal and abnormal germinatingseed, and reduced hard seed, but had no effect on dead100 •"90.. •..~= 0 801~ Y = 71•4 + 0•282X70•R 2 =0·77-~'-~'LSD(005) I60 (8 treatment means)0 30 60 90 120Time in acid (minutes)(•treatment means )Figure 1. Effect of concentrated sulphuric acid on thegermination of Maku lotus seed.seed (Table 3). Increasing the number of passes from one totwo reduced hard seeds but significantly reduced normalgerminating seed and increased abnormal germinating seed.The optimum treatments were one pass through the scarifierat either 1000 or 1500 rpm. <strong>Seed</strong> moisture content and theflow rate through the scarifier had no significant effects on allseed germination categories.Increasing speed of scarification significantly increasedthe normal and abnormal germinating seeds and reduced hardseeds in the second experiment (Figure 2). There were nosignificant differences between normal germinating seeds(LSD 0.05 = 6.5%) at speeds between 700 and 1500 rpm.However, there were significant differences between hardseeds (LSD 0.05 = 5.2%) and abnormal seeds (LSD 0.05 =4.9%) at these speeds; higher speeds totally eliminated hardseeds but increased abnormal seeds (Figure 2).Scarifying the seed right through to the end of the Westruppolishing cylinder, instead of discharging through the screenfrom the center, significantly decreased hard seeds and increasednormal germinating seeds (Table 4). The number ofpasses through the polisher did not affect normal germinatingTable 2. Effect of concentrated sulphuric acid on the germinationof hard seed samples containing only hard seed.Acid immersion (min.) 0 60 90 120Germination(%) 94 96 99LSD 0.05 9.8
JOURNAL OF APPLIED SEED PRODUCTION, VOL. 3, 1985 9Table 3. Effect of speed of revolution and number of passesthrough the Eddy-Giant Scarifier on germination of Makulotus seed.Table 4. Effect of number of passes and the position ofdischarge of each pass through a Westrup Scarifier on thegermination of Maku lotus seed.Speed Passes(rpm) (no)NormalgerminatingseedHardseedAbnormalgerminatingseedDeadseedPasses Position Normal Hard Abnormal Dead(No) of germinating seed germinating seeddischarge seed seed----------------------------(%) ---------------------------Control' 38.8 55.5 a* 5.5 0.21000 71.5 2.2 b 25.0 1.32 60.2 0.2 c 37.8 1.81500 1 69.4 0.8 c 28.6 1.22 65.6 0.1 d 32.9 1.42000 65.9 Od 33.0 1.12 61.9 Od 37.4 0.7LSD 0.05 4.63 4.31 N.S.*Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different(P 0.05) as indicated by LSD tests for arc sin square roottransformed data.'No scarification100 ...,.----250LSD(0·05) I5 10 15 20Speed (rpm xlOO)NormalAbnormal • Y=1•17 ·1•ssxHard • Y=42•3->•ssx R 2 =0•73'• v=JB•3·6•91X-0•21BX 2 R 2 "'o•a1···R 2 =0•7B"Figure 2. Effect of increasing rotation speed of an EddyGiant Scarifier on Maku lotus seed germination.------------------------(%) ----------------------·Controll 38.8 55.5 5.5 0.21 Center 59.8 23.0 15.8 1.4End 78.8 7.5 11.8 1.92 Center 59.3 7.3 31.3 2.1End 76.0 0.8 21.3 1.93 Center 59.0 0.5 38.0 2.5End 78.3 0.5 20.3 0.9LSD 0.05 6.68 4.20 4.91 N.S.1No scarificationseeds, but as passes were increased, hard seed and abnormalseed were significantly reduced and increased respectively.The optimum treatment was one pass through to the end ofthe cylinder as this had the highest percentage of normalgerminating seeds and significantly the highest percentage ofviable seeds (normal and hard).DISCUSSIONOur results show that small seedlots of Malm lotus seedcan be very effectively scarified with sulphuric acid, as hasbeen found with many other legume seeds (Rolston, 1978).For researchers wishing to scarify small hand harvestedquantities of Maku lotus seed, sulphuric acid immersion issafe and effective. Hot water immersion can be difficult, astemperatures close to boiling point will significantlydecrease germination and most lower temperatures have nosignificant effect on softening hard seeds. Hot water immersionis not recommended as an effective method of scarification.For larger seedlots, mechanical scarification can significantlyreduce hard seed. However, it was not possible toreduce hard seed without significant increases in the abormalportion of germinated seeds compared with unscarifiedseed. None of the mechanical scarification treatmentstested could increase normal germinating seeds above 80%.The abnormal seeds may have originally been normal seedsbut scarification was too severe on them. Scarification,therefore, may well convert equal proportions of hard seedinto normal seed and normal seed into abnormal seed. Becausehard seed retains the potential to grow, it is better toaccept lower normal seed proportion, with more hard seedsand less abnormal seeds, than a high normal seed proportionwith more abnormals which will not produce vigorous seedlings.Hence, with the Eddy-Giant Scarifier the best scarifyingspeeds would be between 800-900 rpm giving optimumgermination, with the best balance between normal, hard and
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