Mohammed T. Abou-Saleh

ANATOMY OF THE AGING BRAIN 37Table 7.3continuedStudy Subjects Imaging and measurement technique FindingsTanna et al., 1991 40Coffey et al., 1992 41Lim et al., 1992 4416 Healthy volunteers, 52–86 years old,5 M, 11 F. No evidence of majormedical, neurologic or psychiatricillness. Handedness not specified76 Healthy volunteers, 36–91 years old,25 M, 51 F. No lifetime evidence ofneurologic or psychiatric illness. Allright-handed14 Healthy male volunteers, 8 young(21–25 years old), 6 elderly (68–76 yearsold). No evidence of significant medicalor psychiatric illness. Handedness notspecifiedMatsubayashi et al., 73 Healthy volunteers, 59–83 years old,1992 91 24 M, 49 F. No history of majormedical, neurologic, or psychiatricillnessMurphy et al., 1992 45 27 Healthy males, 19–92 years old.No major medical, neurologic, orpsychiatric illness. Handedness notspecifiedRaz et al., 1993a 47MR imaging (1.5 tesla). Volumemeasurements (one of two raters withestablished reliabilities) derived fromsegmentation techniques based ontwo-feature pixel classification ofmultiple spin-echo axial images (5 mmthick, 2.5 mm interscan gap)MR imaging (1.5 tesla). Volumemeasurements (one of three blindedraters with established reliabilities)using computer-assisted trace methodologyof T 1 -weighted coronal images(n=30–35, 5 mm thick, contiguous).Blinded clinical ratings (five-point scale)of lateral ventricular enlargement fromfilms (average score of two experiencedraters)MR imaging (1.5 tesla). Blinded volumemeasurements derived from semiautomatedpixel segmentation of intermediateand T 2 -weighted axial imaging(n=8, 5 mm thick, 2.5 mm interscangap)MR imaging (0.5 tesla). Planimetricdetermination of ventricular–parenchymalratio (VPR). No additional detailsprovidedMR imaging (0.5 tesla). Blinded volumemeasurements derived from semiautomatedpixel segmentation of protondensity axial images (n=36, 7 mm thick,contiguous). Rater reliabilitiesestablished, but number of raters notspecified29 Healthy volunteers, 18–78 years old, MR imaging (0.30 tesla). Blinded17 M, 12 F. No major medical, neurologic,or psychiatric illness. Self-using digital planimetry of T 1 -weightedvolume measurements from filmsreported right-handersand proton density sagittal and coronalimages. Good rater (n=2) reliabilitiesChristiansen et al., 142 Healthy volunteers, 21–80 years old,1994 50 78 M, 64 F. No major medical orneurologic illnessDeCarli et al., 1994 5230 Healthy male volunteers, 18–92 yearsold. No major medical, neurologic,or psychiatric illness. 29 RighthandedPfefferbaum et al., 73 Healthy male volunteers (included1994 53 in Pfefferbaum et al., 1993), 21–70years old (44.1+13.8 years). No majormedical, neurologic, or psychiatricillness. Left-handers included (n notspecified)Blatter et al., 1995 55194 Healthy volunteers, 16–65 yearsold, 89 M, 105 F. No history (byquestionnaire) of any neurologicor psychiatric illness. 95% RighthandedMR imaging (1.5 tesla). Volumemeasurements using manual tracingof T 2 -weighted axial images (4 mmthick, 4 mm interscan gap). Noadditional details providedMR imaging (0.5 tesla). Volumemeasurements of T 1 -weightedcoronal images (6 mm thick, contiguous)by single rater usingcomputer-assisted pixel segmentationtechniques. Good rater reliabilitiesMR imaging (1.5 tesla). Blindedvolume measurements of T 2 -weightedaxial slices (5 mm thick, 2.5 mminterscan gap) by four raters usingcomputer-assisted pixel segmentationtechniques. Good rater reliabilitiesMR imaging (1.5 tesla). Volumemeasurements derived from semiautomatedpixel segmentation andtrace methodologies, of intermediateand T 2 -weighted axial images (5 mmthick, 2 mm gap). High rater reliabilities(blinded status?)Age significantly correlated with ratio ofventricular CSF volume to total CSFplus total brain volume. Trend (nonsignificant)for age to be associated withincreasing ratio of sulcal CSF volume tototal CSF plus total brain volume.Interactions with sex or laterality notreportedAdjusting for IV, age associated withincreased volumes of the third (2.8%/year) and lateral (3.2%/year) ventricles(males=females). Age associated withincreased odds (7.7%/year) of at leastmild lateral ventricular enlargement,from 0.10 at age 40 to 2.22 at age 80(males=females). No interactions withlateralityCompared with younger males, oldermales had higher percentage of CSFvolume to IV (8% vs. 20.1%)Age correlated with VPR. Interactionswith sex or laterality not reportedCompared with younger males (under 60years old; n=10), older males (n=17)had larger ratios of lateral ventricularvolume to IV, larger ratio of thirdventricular volume to IV, and largerratios of peripheral CSF volume (totalCSF volume minus ventricular volumes)to IV. No interactions with lateralityControlling for head size, age associatedwith increased lateral ventricularvolume (males=females). Interactionswith laterality not reportedAge associated with increased lateralventricle volume in males (134%) andfemales (66%), but these apparentgender differences were not statisticallycompared. Interactions with lateralitynot reportedAge associated with increased volume ofsulcal CSF to IV (1.3%/decade), centralCSF to IV (0.3%/decade), and thirdventricle CSF to IV (0.04%/decade).For all measures, no interactions withlateralityAge associated with increased corticalCSF volume to IV (0.6 ml/year) andventricular volume to IV (0.3 ml/year).Interactions with laterality not reportedAdjusting for IV, age associated withincreased subarachnoid CSF volume,and lateral and IIIrd ventricularvolumes, but not IVth ventricularvolume; correlations tended to behigher for males than females, butthese apparent differences were notanalyzed. Interactions with lateralitynot reportedcontinues overleaf