Computer graphics and art nov1976

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VOL ‘·"°~" 'l°"€"'“€‘*· l°”> COIYIPUTCR GRAPHICS AND ART
——“—ALF,EE. Sail, lnlfir ein., Irvine l ‘ W2; §°"§”‘yEl}§§°§ "°"“" °’ °°”””‘“"
cwuitrs csunx, mr a · ,, · · . " .
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mann V. mnt, Muna., Gem., *h*la=*¤*¤h*a· *’=~¤a·
ARTHUR N. LUEHRMANN, Dartmouth College 3 ANNDUNEEMENTS
JACNIEIPOTTS, Social Security Adm., by Grace C. Hertlcin. "Tc Measure, To Ou-anzifvr To t

S rn; uunnuxrxss, Aucusr zas, 1277
August Z-5, l977 ac rrie University ar waterlpb.
July 20 e 22nd, l977 an ine San tlase Hyatt Hause
sered jointly by Acri/sm:;liAPri. criairman. lccH3
eeew n, unl me el eeeiiee. .,,?ye,e$., er vlieliee \
variety cf tnpics, including graphical theory
dependence, linc graphics, raster graphics. dale Deadline far submission of previously un—
Srruerglreeyeerelllre eyerenay hwnen i`e¤¤·>re9 ev- published papers far Ncc l977 is December l, l9l6.
Plleetlens in the eree ¤r enl/lr¤nlnenLel· urban- rar further inrermatien and details of Nc: Paper
transpcriatwn, gartoqraphy, blcrnedicjne, aninia- nuieelines, write tne *77 MCE Program Cnairman:
and cpniputer graphics ed¤carln· Department or Cnmpuzer Science \_
Sautnern Metnndist University V?
I Papersnnaylrepprt eriginal iyprk, unusual or psiisS_ {EHS 75275
Reedere ere lnvlred te ellbnlii Pevers r cna la77 cnrirsliallcs on cuwursns ln rn; ullnalinlinnulxrs
l9—·ZZ, l?77u A limlned number of>parual travel
Aasnmr nzauimte A sum easereee is requested en¤ e¤P5l¤ren¤e grenre may Pe available
by December I, l976 and me final Eager must be _ _ _ _
taurenee uvemere tapareiary, P. ¤. aes ¤5· Qefeld ¢·_¤n¤el _ _
tivenmre, califbrnia, ynssp. ne may be reaeriea "lr9lnle lnerlrure er 'jlerlne $¢l¤n¤=
fpr Further inrormatibn at (L•lslAA7.ll¤0, Exten. Gleueeeier *’¤lnl, V1 rqlnle 23062
sian 3360.
~ Dedleated graphics specialist l¤¤k1r¤q f¤r Processing will hpld an ineernatinnal congress in
P¤el¥l¤n ln reseeren end arephlce develrgpnienr- raranta rram August H-lz. cnairman br 1r1P 77
rleerere Degree ln €¤n·P¤\er §¤en¢e Nellfernle is rrar. v. M. lurslei, lnsxitute or natneiiarieal
5¤ai-e University, Chlwl, wlih doctorel SUNY Maehines (MERA), Krzywickiego 3M » DZ-G7B Warsaw,
Greenlee l-en9¤e9e-" caiznerspurg, Maryland z07su
¤Asl¤. Al.

In order to efford objective thinking about other men since prehistory. (The excellent,
topics with quotation marks. preceded by VP (for "From Stylus to Light Pen: Technology and Inno-
Visiting Professor). I would add that his topics vatlon in the Development of Quantitative Graphics"
and that K an ¢¤*

,
IT S RENEWAL TIME — CG&A GOES INTO VOLUME TWO
COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND ART »
comrwsn cmrurcs im Aur is a mw mezmmomix @...,4 g 3
quaneriy ¤i inmdnsmplinmy gzphms rm graphics pmpie and ·. afi rpqr
mmputex amsis. This new periodical is aimed ar siudems, ;{g]C '{ ·é;,( YT; { ’§· I
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COMPUTER GRAPHICS and ART for Nnvember, 1976 5

TTATHEMAYIQS EXPERIENEE AND ART BELOW (and TDP, NEXT PAGE] ·- Wandom walk Through
TTascer." l96$, examples uf mathunaties in art.
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é CDMPLTTETT GRAPHICS and ART For Nuveinber, l975

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beautiful examples of this relationship etweeri
mathematics and art.
MATHEMATICS AND GRAPHIES could consist of we arrays K(K), V(l

, ` ( Figures 5 and 5 are eomposed of me basl:
MW X: figures each. It becomes apparent that designing
ililgwfhg Q? X basic figures deals with texture.
lu li ` rl} V .
.` {An ./ if _».l, Further variations of the two basic figures
‘\\\;,l? l . ',· ' I. Q. are planned using the teehnique of mddulatlon de-
_\ ‘¤~~ ffl . g` '_ veloped by charles uillians (Georgia State Uni-
» — W l / · -:\\\\¤`~\l versity). ay maulatesh the lanes ana ewes ar
`g wwlil. · V _`lj\.\`g_l} basic figures may be replaeed by dotted, wavy,
at ` ~\l‘ jagged, numped, and ldoped curves. er even changed
to sequences of closed Figures.
lf one examines graphics work in general, you
>_ find systomati: collections af lines. It is surl
\·/iw prlsing hou many of these are variations or tangiw·
J; nations of the two metheds above. Could this lend
· ‘ /_/VZ. )/O to a new methematisal theory?
l` /‘ l For example, hundreds of years ago man was
' / —.\ ._\l’.{lyV»¤:i l tical zheary ar rings. A study or techniques rar
/ \ ~’ 5* l~· speearyang s basic systen at llhes and dr me
relatiwlshlps between such techniques could lead
if VX UN `ln l. Le ltr, li th, Artist and Comguler, Harmony
.lll1llll,/5/ Sgaks, NEW vert, l97&.
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jr fw \ `.‘_ \ ` '; - z. rrenke, neraerr u,, clnguter craghics and
,%,5 ¤‘1\»‘.l,. l — l l canggrar nrt, rhewen, Lennon. 1971.
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of the varied possibilities far textures anu varia- derszaze the idea.
tions of Figures l » 6. ·
The work is an excellent example ef che aucn¤r·s
This is perhaps ene ef the nies: subrle (lf ner searcn far a unity af mathematics, science, and ari:.
tne n¤sc delicate and subtle) nuue aecenipllsneu rnus Ironically, it is a variation ¤n a therne af mathempoetieally
suggest the funn, vet positive and nega- insensitive and n¤n-inventive uses ef nrannenarieal
Bevis is acutely aware ef whe vale area, uees not cielan.
linear pesslblllty. ne has the sensitivity and (anu enduring) wniputer elassle. (sch)
CDMVMTER nknvnlcs and ART for November. l976 9

A ¢e|nputer Program
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{muon ,,5 me alW¤m“_ The Emma NES H A lm, aha V; suwumnsrs me samsnrs as A Mu u.
cf nested lungs; mu uuzar map ¤¤u“U,-.g the hummr IF M ks ¤f=¤>n¤m¤ ¤F n weave upqramr mm wu M];
as me mw unuar squsmsraman ana me rmar map Mw $*¤¤¤ ¤‘·'¤ UW $Y*·=b¤’¤ ¤·i¤¤¤¤¤¤ ¤F ¤¤¤ ¤¤rr°"
form ci the weave. The ganarax szruueurss ui (mw ‘°'“' F°"’°“ ‘>[ tm 1**°9¤*" ‘
ma puramarar spsrumrs ana ma dauuxs siaramrs rg S UU · 5°L° *h¤ ¤¤¤¤¤·*¤ ‘·*¤¤Vé ¤¤¤¤=~=¤ ¤¤ x>¤¤M vv
Cn - use ma wnrsuns M A as an sdrzrsss. °‘°‘*¤Sr l*EYf¤¤'¤; Mw ¤¤1¤¤1¤¤¤¤¢
ma mrsnrs ssshs rmsm Forms so sv r mrs Q. REPMCE · MPS me ¤~=¤~—= ·=¤¤ M =¤rr¤·= md am
»;;j. .:,_ % {*:1 i~ _;—.·,, `*‘ ,r.i@Z·` · ;~ 7, assay; he LI
g{;§:··~;·;_* E;;?;§:j‘1_;q%*; wauvs pmnrsr, qrrwu,
;.::;·5··;*i—:»;%- ,·£:2»`€EE*L_ QYQQS ’€¥El~§
·;_x g _.»·_:, x _;..‘L‘;:t;..7;»·

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aaayaa aaaygava ¤ai1¤§Q*S;,‘€ aff; sgi; f anx,x,2,2.2,a.s.a.a.a,a.s,a¤wx~,2,¤,¤¤>
L; siiifafl ¥fL"§ia;a, §§aQJf.$,; ¤;'i?aa Cm···2·2·2·M3-¤·~·~·5·¤·~¤-·-·2·2·2·¤·3·¤·3·~
.a aa amaa awa lama aa, aaa alma; aaa *“·5*"‘”"‘·2·‘·""
ymaaaa aaa aaa aaaxaaaars aaaaa cauaa aaa apaaaaaa
aa aaa aasmaa aa aaa mt ai aaaaa, aa aaaazaaaa LQ°nQrD1°; H_gTmfm L achuim ch L;
aa [ma; ta {aa zuaaaaasaa yauaaa as ea; aava area. dm! HF only AZ wm" mc RUNS warp y"i;_; JE
f:¤

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pom mw ¤»pmmm,°n uz g W mm nm mu
F ,;;2 H
""Z mm; W MM
Fm ' ’°‘·““ wm Mqmm
COMPUTER GRAPHXCS and ART fur November, 1976 V7

Eerkelsyr California 9M'/2B
beings have used pictures and other abstract gra- quantitative forms, which exploit the technologies
ln e ouantitarivt wel — the Wild ¤r¤wl¤ fll·=¤l· technical literature. As examples, one might cite
In the clay maps of Babylonian explorers, the co- Andersonls circular glyphs (see the year l960), the
¤rdi¤¤t= swim! of EQYDNSH S¤fv=v¤l’5, and ¥ll€ triangles of Pickett and white (@66], the irreguceleoratetl
early triumphs in quantification and (l97l), Andrews Fourier Form For generating multivisualization
of the abstract. whether through variate plots (\97Zl, Cnernoff*s cartoons of human
counting, measurement, analysis or conniunication, faces to represent multivariate data 0973), and
visual images and numbers have repeatedly served, the color-coded bivariate matrix used by the U,S.
side by side, in the historical developnient of Bureau of the tensus in recent maps (l97k).
modern science. IF mathenatics is truly the Queen
graphics rnust certainly rank among her most valu- suited to computer applications ond, conversely,
Today. computer graphic technologies provide various innovations for exploratory data analysis
an unrivaled opportunity to expand this capability (|9o$, 19657, however, no recent innovation in quanfor
visualizing the abstract phenomena of science titatlve graphics begins to exploit the interactive
and society. The CRT terminal and light pen may possibilities of computer graphics. Yhe potential
hecome, in the hands of the Future scientist. uses of dynamic, three-dimensional and colored grawhat
the clay tablet and stylus were to the an- phics in quantitative applications remain largely
cient Mesopotamian. unexplored.
Before this latest revolution in visualizing
m¤¤i¤ ¤¤¤ be ¤¤ml>l

and techniques, along with innovations in print- o. 2hOD Bm. Map-making for land taxation-—Sargon
tnen to oe integrally relatee, as he nee atteniptetl T ~
to show elsewhere (li Zi 3). The intention here
tnet they night eevelep their own reel rar the < I A
graphic technology ang ooantitative disciplines. U
aeaeere intereetee in e we dleegreive nie. [III
Fonkhooser (LO. which after hu years rarnains the ·
single least sollrae on the soojeal. ena also to .k
the early handbook by llarey (Sl. froln which _ *
nents or eartain lsth and lsth century oevelop. < K u L
ments nay ae raone in liayaten ls> ana willing lvl, a uS A m
knowledge (l),(and a review or recent oevelopnlenzs QL
in statistics 3li particularly in ekploratory
data analysis (2]. Primary sources that introduce h
particular graphic innovations have lieen listeo ln A
Perhaps a orief note is in order eoncerning ABDVE: {Detail], Rhino Papyrus, diseussion below.
peatcdly appear in the chronology ahat follows. It
veloplnent is m first, sinlply by showing that the tn l50¤ B·L. Systematic gulde to practical l>r¤indicate
either oiffosion of the original innova— vcylrlqi irwludlrva 9r¤l¤l¤l¢ r¤¤r¤tion
or independent inventiona un the other hand, 5¢¤¤—a¤i¤rlS ~>* area KT€¤¤eTlQ¤larr
it will always be impossible to prove conclusively trapezpidali lriarlgular and girchat
any given innovation was an hislorieal iirst, cular]——$crll¤e hhrnose [Egyptian),
since contradictory evidenee nlight torn op at any llhirld Papyrus- {llle¤ "A $¤gld¤ ¤¤
later date. IL is for this reason that historians Accurate Reckcnlrlgrlnto lhlngs,
of science and knowledge have traditionally dodgetl >=l¤ (Grew
tionaries (like The vklord tnglish niglipnar ), ¤· 300 BJ- Vorlfal 5*¤P•¥”¤']* °* ¤E°'“¤*"¤ Pl"which
lists years For the earliest known eager. ¢*l>l¤5··E¤¤'*•* (G'¤=*

l ' o . aw r' _ r
3. W $.4 "‘v W ·, f J9;
l§;`l,(_?*— ea »*—. 5 ··:< *`y· ,4
‘-+,», , n- · ·, ''''''' Z""‘i=L·;¢ " z ~? » ` `
‘* —~*e ?•¤"····c
E _ \__ ,» c*Q0> \ I
ery jg wxge 7;. ' ..; V gt. ’ ‘ .
-, N lb x " ”L~* z W L '
· ; lk \ ‘ [ I it l • ‘= ”·r
Aa . ( 1 l , \ . .»
r' ' ", *\ , —‘ ji!}.
#2 , · J gf ·-f" (M5"? e
w — , M . t e A »
9 r es to , ( e - gg v
‘ —=·@,~ ~» · "’” ‘i- t ( -4e~ me
QP" ` ; ~ z- " l f it ” ’ l
' · Q i * r 1 K ·¢4i·* ·» l
’ E' ·. ,e·" G _ · y n 7
= Wei —r¤>? ._ ‘ / ij? . ·» W
Aw, H el ‘ PM- 1; ( sq,,]_?*°'» e r » yt V 1
xl ·m/V, . _¤ |_».:,€ * 0 shi .
Aus/in ~, — , Wwe 0 All \’ 'gli S l i- ‘
. · » e .`* .1: .e fine. i' kt
K ,k ¤» — \* 'P \'
A ·· "* pf ` ;;·€3~T`»=: `y:L\ "AF; m3
ummm je; L l g V , ’ `E·*l> ‘.- lk rw ,·"l ‘ J f A
ee { ·· ‘ · i le ·· M
W V 'R: ·.,_i , ·=- »~ QW? 5, e` ,5% I 4__~ ;, ll 5
~ ~ i x ·` ' ~’/ ‘$!’
‘ ` N "`- ’ `{ 4 i ’i;~,"
.-; rm; ‘· "’= ·~ ~ ·. A · -· ’ ' px ;¢ss

c- ISHS RD. Bivariete ploe cf qbssri/alien; c. (765 A.ll. historical time line (life span of
lbaromeeric reauihg vs. height), 2,000 F¤n·¤¤s'v¤¤¤\¤· lim? ¥·¤··|75¤
graphical analysis of empirical A·¤·)= gu¤nfi¤a¤(V€ ¢f¤D·af\s¤n by
data-—Egmnnd Halley (English) means of hars——Joseph Priestly
(English chemist)
c. lSS’3 A.¤. Mortality tebles—Ed‘mund halley
(English) c. l775 A.D. Geological map (showing distribution
of soils, minerals)-—·Charpenticr
(French}
¤. l7lJl A.D. lsnbar map (lines cf equal magnetic E i E 3 - - ai ma __A_ u_ ;_ C
¤a=l**·¤·*¤*· fw -rl¤>——f¤n¤¤¤ ' 7 2 A`°` °?E;Z$LZ$..r O? mma.) EZZTZM
Halley (English) and shamislics, University SF
E, mg ¤.¤. zquaiaah rar wml measiiity §;(ffQan“§Q'§§“;’ wig
(English)
c. l7L•S A.ll. Nord "Scacis¢il it (
_ J E l \ ggggif (
H ,:1 N (
ci s; ( Q4 j§ V =
(C"? 3 1, / ’ (
ka _4*`~‘ E n ew//`
.1 Y 2 *2 ( gp _
w w V)/’ (" l Any ( { ._u W
AL `.__ V 2 ' •_.·' ' ( *\_'__
¤“'“"»”."i“;Z',‘Zl',;',",,;i `— ( ¤¤·*""'° M .,_...(.... ·=·
i ""i¥.;“’ " · V .%..:1;..*,:. 4
[~§§(~—(p»7·~a»((·» "·’ 7
hm ,. ( — ` ’ i
-=. · (Ki ( ` ` ?" J wv
1,. . ( _ ar;
MQ i§**$~’l@,.¤ (A E sri xi
DUMPUTER GRAPHICS and ART for Novenber, I97é 21

(applied contours td niulripliqa- {" " ‘ lrni, _
(ian tapie)-tems zzéelniev · · V · ( V, j·
Pduchet (French manufacturer) ni , , _ re;. 4 Ugg-ar ;
* ·‘r · 1.* ’ 0.;;, · Y —E»'·,l"~.e?2·+
e. \Bu0 A.¤. use ef cdenainate paper in pubiisned Al. ;;_];,._ 5 j’_ V *`:··*
mianan$i..»>ini1¤s¤Enicei Magazine ;·;·;..,e·1. J -:-,iY;;L‘· ,31 ;;L(LL},‘Z°¥·};A»e,e
vai.7, .257 .r, ·· 4;O2·.·?}-;;,·, .. qnynw
P -·r;·:·{·:§ iris: ;:_¢.·· tt g ye?
e. iziui A.n. Pie einert, eircie grepn-wiiiian. ¢f·`·_ LY " »;
Playfair (English), Statistical L- _- _` _ » _—:~t`_yl>y¤_ i·— _ ag Q
c. NUI A.D. subdivided har graph, superinippsed Q' *?_"1'f*?°Tl&’~*`f`{»f ` *]` ~ "`
Humkwidt (German), Eseai Ppiieigue _ ··T~·>~ ljljl 4 Jl_ »f¤ rz 4\»1__— _ ; , r
.L2.€$¤¤¤ ’ `tt\·i{ ’ neuunu
c. iBi9 L\.D. Carcpgrani (map with shadings from i ` i " ` " ` ` ` ` > · ·
in France)-Charles Dupin (French Adm/i, RIGHT AND BFLDN, LEFU Details of ¤ Map pf
geometer, statistician) me world by Edmund Haiiey, V/D1, Frani the text by
Gustav Hellniann, 1895.
c. i82i AA!. cumulative frequency curve pr
°“*Y° (‘*‘°”"‘g {““S"“°"" °' Q, im n.¤. ruaiisnen man er nannai enve-
Paris by we awnings For WW Augustus ne neneen (zngiisn im-
-—¤· E- J~ Fwiei ('*¤¤¤'*> mist), nn rise, an rmseaiii.
nm naaenn narnenaneai naenin. L"' ' ° °“" ‘ i · nerr i “ °'
¤*v—€*·¤r*¤S B¤¤*>¤¤¤ (@9**5**) y eenetee pepuiarien, t denptes
(ine, anu K, c and r ere epnstanes)
(Vx ; ' A r— ( i ·_ l ‘ (L ‘, `2» directions)-Leon Lelarine (French
** t:‘ 'ii "i¤’"¢’·i·i;:. it n -n , a 5 B e a
$:2 ( / 1 ii`Y’*‘f3< mnxh)-tepn Lelennc »
ej T_ ,r 3 ‘;:` A7) - _ v (irrcnen engineer), Cdurs Corwglet
Ina. (A xié ,•C A -`_r5rg`_,er!rrqi-nh
,__;._ y :j\;. 3 J T ·
ru- J . —
?'i'·}'f i, ` I 5 > ~ _ t c_ int.; n_u_ run nap, ntn »an¤-niarn nym-
`~ .` J" e e` - \ ( ‘ §_ rionei re anieunr or traffic--
,"i` 7 4 __ _, _;;~_;’_` _`,` e t , _ , cneries Joseph Minard (Frcncn
L i - , _ ` M ·~·—~· * ·* engineer)
22 cUMVUTE>i GRAPHICS and ART for November, I976

`
[wc; . a/‘ /rio:/4/lr] a. IBLIS A.Il. Published weather map-—[llas Loomis I
Y In 1/I. [auf l IU. 5.). I‘¤n Tm storms Experienaeo
Ir ' "‘ ’” ""”·' nanrn or resrusry, usury nan.-
’~» '· ghical s ery vl 9 I I
`. I Ll
_ thi -, . I (Belgian statisticianl
tr _. · " 4 I c. ISIN A.¤. statistical map (tone wasn) in
T · Journal of tonoon statistical
4 it ` - " Society shows sectors of England
' ‘ P d N I I
" ’ »I > . i l "
E 3,- \· \ V , z ' { c. IBSI A.¤. Map incarporating statlsticaI dia—
V I V ··‘ », " grams (circles proaortional zo
Q4 _'°’ ' . ' ‘ . c¤aI production)-—CharIes Joseph
*_,‘ _ ' , gl N Minard (French engineer)
A, ' , ‘ \ ri pf c. lBsz A.¤. nraahics useo in lalvsult-Germany
.*3 ' I I:. ISS7 A.¤. Discussion of graphic rnethoos a»
g_ _ J . fore international statistical
Congress-Third (Vienna)
"I government in aensus reports (eartograms
of data from Ninth Census)
' 4___ lnoeozeoness
n»,.:.¢ "·’
(Chief af Municipal Bureau of Sta-
ABIJUE: PcIar area charts, known as II;oX. listips, Berlin), "Theoria der
(Detail or c¤¤nbs"——FIorenc.·s Nightingale Grapnlschen llarstellugenrn congres
cnart) (EngIish). Mortality of the Britisn International de Stazisu ue, pa.
Army, anonymous ouollcation in tne EI-73
ditions of the army BELDNI First Contour Map of a Table (Mean Temperature,
s. wm ¤.¤. san.I°a..lnlnle gn. isnsolng pa,- **¤¤* * **¤·I¤nI Iv Leon Lawns. Im.
eenrage enanges in oann»ooities)——
stanley Jevons (EngIish], A Serious :-_
Fall In the value of Gold Asaer- r2$\ ·I
tained and its social Effects Set _v . ·7 ' eexkx. ' ' »/ X
ram. with rvo niagrans `
ml? [I rl ¥· §\ .
rsrragrsll aoonsnsa In rule unireo -,InI;tE£_· I
States-—Edward Atkinson (U. S.], _ ; rs ;:;j£.. 7 l`I ' \ .,P
neoart to the Boston Board of I ·¢-; " , 2 ,
Trade on the cotton Manufacture ’''` I ' I '
—°"§z’ III \\ »- IIIIYJIII XIII
c, lB6B A.¤. statistical diagrams in a schucl text- J l (Vg I II, j CI; Q
book (geograpny)—Ernile Levasseur V ‘· \\ l\ \I III Il? l il
(French), La France avec ses l \`· III I l"I` · ‘
talonles I A \\II\`*l llilyjilw
. V Illll llII"» Il ‘
c. 1869 mn. Three-dimensional p¤puIation surface IIIIIII I/`·l
(nm. axonanleerie projection to . ‘\* ill ( I\\I"I"'l" §
show curves of various "sIiccs"I- V yl et \\ \\, IIIII l Inlliiss I _
aosrsv zeons. (¤ernsny> l I I ·e\ IIIIIIII. III- III Il ·
I llllllll l\\·_».» l l
c. l¤72 A.D. U. S. congressional aaaraoriation rar t ., , Il III C H
graanle treatment or stansties ill\\\ l _ · gl yiijyl n;;lII,- I
INI A \ _ I ·— 'IIUQ". I
ne. sr ....ls.ls.l glslnlss by rn. II Qmxe; [I MMIII l~_~ all I
U. S. government in census reports ' V /{W/I ’ ""‘I` I" `
l\ lrll In l».l.l l
(cartograms of data fr¤m Ninth (My ylllyyl In l*Il’ I
osnsuspsrarasues at veaun anu “ “ J J · @4% Al é-In
rualie Inoeateoness ’ ’ " "
DUMPUIEII GRAPHICS and ART for November, I976 23

c. lBB3 A.D. Patent issued on Vcgarithmic papery
W angiend
·‘ ' ' ` V ` A I ii c. ism. M. rimg..n~..nien..i George ni.vn.n _
y' ( , .· ·‘ »;¢§ (zngiisril, niqtionary ¤f statistics
· I ,4 o
vg " I 4 c. ISHS A.|7. Normal correlation surFacȴraricis
{59%** . Galton (English), "Regression
~*i ` ` » S. a.ure im;. 0} me . M,.
y. , i.g...i ....i...., iu. .5, p,.
· YQ · { ,— I zu .2 :4
ygxfysy ‘ · c. was ¤.o. correimaii mmieieiii by gunna.
I ` ln , means-—Francis Salton (English],
y ment, Cniefiy from Antnrnpomorpnic
, w. / _\—i ., Damay Raya! society of Luneon
il!g no/ ; L ${1;, rj Proceedings, vow, #.5, pp. y35.in5
(/·= '" "\·— '”/ } B .. .. - .
· \I%.j ’_;4·, ire s [ c. I 9I A.ll. Nord nonngraphy Maurice D-Dcegne
{ll; ij! Wi, =Q; I ' ' _ (Ecole Pplytechnique, Paris),
`§ (X V Nomegraphic Les Calculs Usuels
w M / A 9 [ , y/ Effeceues au Mayen des nbagties
. L; ~ / c. iB95 A.D. Word ‘I·i1st¤gram"—Kari Pearson
/ (English), lectures on graphical
W . ,..e.e.....i.. in ....i..ic.. iste.
~ P. » (L Variations in Honngenecus Haxnrial,"
/* . gg. ·\ rninoso nioai vranseuions, von.
. / \ ` 15E. p. 299
`ii .
` ` , _ e. IBS9 A.n. Idea for "log-square" paper, ruled so
canon (English). "A neainezric
nsuviz szetisrical contour Map of the Popuiazion of vt S Svglem ¤*' If¤r’MV Variants ir¤¤¤
Paris hy L. L. Vautriier, |B7A, from the text by Marey, of its Cpn§i'Ies," Nature, \/oi.
Paris, TBVS. i ¤P· W2- 0
c. IB7L• A.D. Age pyramid (bilateral nist¤Qr5m). C. ISGS A.D. Lorenz curvwri. D. Lorenz (U. S.),
Nlalerial *r=¤¤¢··¢y v¤|y9¤¤— "Neznuds of Measuring me co¤¢en—
Franeis A. walker (Superintendent traticn of Neelthyu Vublicaticns
of u. s. Census). statistical of me nmuiean Statistical Assoei.
Population contour map (orthographic bucks (grapiis ¤f temperature, ;¤pu.
projection, of Pzris)—L. L. lation, in texts of arithmetic,
Vauthier [French), "Notc sur MHS algebra)
Carte Statistique Fiqurant la Repartitipn
de Ia Pvpulativfv do P¤1'i5," E, |9i3 A,¤. Aritl-imetie prcbabiiity paper, ruI¤d
llomgtes Rendus, Vol. 75. PP· ZEA- so that a cumuialiye normal prainspiracion
fur his diseoyary of a straight line (applied no pras
the rmrmai correlation surface) blevns of surface drainage)-.
_ _ Allen Hazen (U. LI. "Stnrage tc
c. iB75 A.¤. Tenn **ogive·· applied to eumulazwe be Provided in lmpounding Resdr.
F·‘¢>¤•¤¤¤·=y =¤*Y¢ (i¤¤r¤d¤¤=¤ W _ vairs ror Municipal water suppiyw
J- B- J· F¤¤r¤¢r in v¤21>—Fr¤·¤=¤s rrnnsnceions of me American soeiez
Gaiwn (E¤¤'IiS?¤I or Diyil Engineers. Vc!. 77, TSW),
pp. H3?-IGG9. Read Hecaviber V7:
IBB I
¤· *879 ¤·¤· *’¤¤¤i¤*··=

a. l9lL• A.¤. Puhilshed srandards of graphie pre- N
can Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1: T "\" : """‘“°‘
find iivm ¤¤°’*S“i° *5 "J°·¤* rr Z .iirii..i....aiirr...,i.
Vol. V7: l9lk~l9I5)i Pp. 79U-797 im t· Rvxsasulovvvninns `
Textbook on graphic methods-wiilard 7¤ K ¤$“iiVQ?"“ Y
c. erinton (u. s. mechanical an- °*> ° ’“"‘jQ~’Q*§“*f"
inaern ara ina nathgas rar rra. " "’ ”"““ "‘ i'i
9 _ v —L—— iii ii w¤»i:¤ii¤i~i
¤¤ FMS ai iz mana.
Pictogranis of uniform size (to repiaee is is mi
size)-wiilard C. Brinton (U. S. iw 1» ii
moananicai engineer) Z
a. isia ¤.¤. ngrraaaariaaaae aaursa in graania 5 "’ """’ "' ‘ ""’“"“"
metnads (20 lessons, fifty doliars)
-rrank J. warna fu. s.)
a. ian mu. Pubiisned exposition af usa af semi- ¤B¤V€= Stem ¤¤¤ VH? disviws —· heights ¤f NB
iogarithmic paper-—James A. Field V¤V—F=*¤¤* .
. , Anderson (U. S.), "A Semigraphieal
variia, rgr u, s, army orginanaa ,,;bfm°§ §E:,m;;‘{*¥* ° ,,°f'"";°"
naparanana (kept in service for No 3 ’ ° ' ·
rar yaarsn · ·°*’· ‘
CBMPUTEW GRAPHIBS and ART for Novenber, 1976 25

s. waz ¤.¤. use ar aathaaa ray rape araphia Pflnfed ¤k Mh rablaa and graphs
terminals in nonanilitary an- ¤¤***P¤a¤¤l by ¤¤*l*l¤¤¤¤n ¤>

maps no show distribucions (by U. S. Graphics and Spatial Analysis, Harvard University.
states) of persons listed in a di- I. SVMAP: produces maps on a line printer
rectory-Harvard (University Alumni showing spatially variable data. Contour. confor-
School of Design) continuous surfaces on a pen or CRT plotter. has
No. M. pp. 2-3 such as an architectural structuro, viewed from
c. l97é A.D, u. S. Government series of chartbooks V. CALFBRM: produces shaded conformant maps
devotcd exclusively to social indi- on a line plotter by using symbolism to represent
cator scatiscics—$ocial indicators data values associated with geographic areas.
l976——second volume in cradition of
Social `lnzlicators 197% Office of
{ .1 i` iztrtlizriitts
' rj ·ilnpli,L· - ae; T. (l) James R. Beniger, lS’/5. Soiencels "Unwritren'*
G. ;ili`§?Iq~r Ristarys ine Development or quantitative aria
Nliipaa (2) . l97&. using Graphics to
‘ % _ * , Institute oF Management Sciences (washington
cya, ` . ¤.C. Area Chapter) Manpower Symposium,
washington. l97o.
"~_ (3) .lan»es R. Beniger and Dorothy L. Robyn. l976.
G5$&ll'3‘JlK5llEB%l1512i222i2tI of the American stanstical Association, in-
2%:5*4l'El£1ilL*22éL§‘.lGli!Z1II1£.LLf scitute of Mathematical statistics. anu ERAR
GE3Gl1*.%$$!1?w?1tZZ2Z:l:L‘{?:.' of the aionetric society. Boston, 1976.
Ill. fait!liillH¤2!f$ZZ1t:Z11$ttZ2B5L‘L‘!}
(M) ri. Gray Funknooser. l927. Historical De-
;E‘tf,!ZZZ‘£t“:2IZiiittiiizllililfllf, V¤‘°P"·¤"€ °f Gl‘·i¤*\*¤¤l *i¤¤T¤Ss¤¤a¤i¤n ¤f
1iE.‘1`;i5;;2Z11tZZZit{.‘t':HllllEEl::‘lEEE Statistical Dara. Osiris 3, l:269-Aus.
(5) E. J. Marey. lE7B. La memhode graphigue
’¤T*=·
‘ (6) Erica Royston. ISSS. A note an the History
5 ~·i __ Bionietrika M3, 3 E, A: 2Ml:ZL•7; salso re-
`/, · . -\ printed in t. s. rearsan ana M. n. Rendell.
W_ M . * ., * T l970. Studics in the History of statistics
\1__> ~ 1.. _, , { (7) taura Tilling. l975. tarly btperinental
\.;_ Graphs. aritisn Jaornai rar tne Rister er
\t1.;/ science and Technology E, 30: 193-U3.
A ··~ -·•·· ‘?·· `\!!·\~“!!IA Qgig,
v. _ ;4 . -— %§
i T =i*‘—· ”¤aa‘i UH-
:i ,, .—~ n inet
· ·-3 naetorvrn i~. \ \ `
C¤Ml>ul’ER GRAPHICS anu ART for Novemoer, 1976 27

Enh} Uneerfohrlng Kanal str. l5 graphics course for students of art at the Unlllest
Germany versity of Nuni‘ch...A further objective to be
INYRDDUCTIDN would have to be learned from the beginning, but
In the sunnxer senester at the Universitat was more suited to the artistsl prugranmatlc :n—
nent ar an (rramsar nan; ¤aa¤v»•r>.
mnaagn me aamavpanzs amassed no speasai _¤¤ ¤·j¤=r =¤ v¤»¢··¢¤_

This picture was generated by the student pf R. The program consists gf three cali orders:
Sceieer. The middle point M(Ml,h2) of each square
was ascertained by chanee. l. Size of the sheet of paper.
Ml - sniwnu (AMBI} 3. The rputine SNEKAD with eight parameters.
Mz - SNEWAD (A2,B2) The routine SNEKAD proves here the eiements: i. §
SNERAD gives a probability value between A1, ET scaic distortion pf i:2 stretches the elements in en
t0MPuTEw GRAPMCS and ART For Nevember, l97 gg

SME mw ART 76. parnieular eiipnaels was placed
modules (Figure ll ie genuine ¤As1c prpgranihing (` l
(Figure 2). The individual module; ef the gra- lh
pnies svsrem sllz cunr Am 76 aan ne dynamically lll mlglllliill
eenrrpllee Wien minimal experiise (Figure 3] cri lll“·“\\lll`~~`
sha (sas. ar (hs vsas. (mill
( ¤,e¤ adrir Exrg, crincrdencg ’*l}}(>
generators (randunl numhcrs) can he coupled io the
individual medules (Figure M).
[Ae (srasaht, rhs graphics iahauacc ccmprises (*Q" '
appreximatcly tcn culllplex nodules (SNEKAO) and , · l ,
several runeeipn lmuules (SNERAD). (lf, (lll
l" lli (
rhc dspaheanca or echmaae eahsis ear vihaihg up M "
((sa((s( ss(.(sas as((s. mum
ciascns sssscis ‘¤s(lgl((Q{9
Mu
rhs .(s((( ausssss ar rhs saasss was so ahasis l"lllll(
sha pariicipahcs ra eheais ihsih ami eampueer \(
graphics. individual pass maeules or the graphic lll
language ENE DUMP ART 76 are presented, which ful- (
s((( .((s sissasa. hssuss sr ((s(sss((s ssh,,(aa. al,
namic ihiernal eenrrci ar me indivieual suereueine l
Function modules, such as SNERAD (Figure Li) are
une wo primary orders rl0\/ETD and DRAUTD (Figure 2).
me complex rmdules ro Blislc programing is an e¤— r A $"ki$$'°“”Ed 9"l""°_*’>'
s (see references wr detail;.)
ip ( (sss((s(ass
“ . (· rrahka, nsrbarc u., huh naauciha eraassi slash aha
; ° ‘ ` · __.;q_ ·' vniie er color calhputer nrspnies in ce(((l>inee
.(¢·'**"" tion with a Pnoroqrapnic l:;

1 W > “
[ .§ = ,_
` N} ` Q § e
g W ~ r
‘ ` I { | 7 é
+ ri.
# w M ’ ee I e
IWW ¢1>l»t11WW www
me zeeenin; uf eqnpneer en, eee me spring or me siennial innernawionan conferences oi compusiblieqraphy
issues of rers anu the Hwnaniziee. (see me Fable ef cenzems
fur aennizwe references en me for me announcement ¤n me vs77 1n¤erna¤i¤n¤| can.
cernpucer vieual Arcs. ference.)
cnmvmzn cnzmucs ana Ant for rmvenner, l976 31

Chico, California 95929 the complex CalConp—based subroutines, such as AXIS, LINE,
BACKGROUND I have now taught this mini course four times,
and during this time have formulated and class—
A beginning system for graphical representa— tasted various methods, programs, and forms of dotion
of data is briefly discussed. This system cumentation, which have been continuouslt evolvlrl§
data formats, and transportability of data dccks gyggqn that waum depart from the complex Caltnmpbetween
programs. nosed subroutines, such as AXIS, LINE, SCALE,
used by progranners in making graphs via the cen»
A 5i¤¤¤l= ¤in= 9I¤¤h =¤ll =¤¤V¤¥ ¤¤ ¤ l¤w¤ the routines ls far too difficult far interdisp
often allows new insights to be gained, especially In the spring of IS76, Professor llertlein
if the data is graphed in more than one way_. offered a graduate course in "Graphics Software
MAKING A GRAPH computerized graph—maki‘ng, I Joined the class
and attacked the problem of making computerunfortunately
for mast of us, making graphs, assisted graphing more user-oriented.
talent. Therefore, rnost people find the task or lines through successive (>

The class was divided into chree team groups, BELOW BAR GRAPH - Each har may represent a single
oach having a different task. Planning was ac- value or the mean and standard error fdr a number of
the Graphing (CHART SYSTKM) would he standard in
graphed; in essence. to allow choice, but not
a bewildering amount of it for new interdiscl- ¤¤ ’°
and calling the subroutines to graph the data, E do ¤¤
as dell as hon to lapel and document the graph 3
are functions that the average user should not ¤ ’° W
have to consider, especially in a one-unit mlni la lu N,
course. Other difficulties encountered by the
first two classes were: "runnlng off the paper", 2 su an
getting nore than one line on a graph, centering §
the graph on the paper, and debugging programs g ’° "‘
problems as lvosslble. •-
This goal was accomplished in the new graphing '*’“ """ "'“ ”"’ 7**7* ""$ ”"”
programs in time to classttest them on the third HSCBL vgpp
Qfavhlng class. Yhe routines used were those dea
velpved by the Graphing Group mentioned earlier.
Together we had managed to completely eliminate _ _
to use the new crinltw svslth. unly a few control F¤l\¤wi¤Q ¤*l¤¤S and QF¤P*¤$=
The user need only supply the data ta pe graphed WR WAFH
in the proper formats. gj:52=[S“EAE”§;:*’**
satan: unt mm . me Manne snare etralgnr lanes ‘,;{QEc_§@:*‘
through successive (>

Oonlpllterx and Peo¤l• provides signillcant,
alaar and aaeral liilaiiiiailaii mai yan aaai, iii
order to understand and aDDly oontputers and
and data processing effectively - both nuw and ln
formerly compute': and Auwmadm the future when computers, we believe, will become
oommoner than motor cars. We help You
oompreheno the fastest growing industry in the
DDTHPUUEPS oampumiaria maple is me aloaal magazine
in the computer lleld, published since l95l. it
V .»· ls edited by computer pioneer Edmund C
__ Berkeley. He took part ln huildlng and operat-
$ V lng lria llrsr aulamaiie aemptirars, me Mark l
limi SEA FANS and ii at Harvard University ln 1944:45; ln
j! l9B5G7 he implemented the programming lan-
,` ·i , qaaaa Lisp lar ina mac For-Q mmpuler. ne
ti ll, ' la: a lauiiaer lil me Association mr comparing
EL · Machinery; lts seuetary l947·53; the author ol
fourteen books on oomputers and other subiects;
a Fellow of the Society ol Actuarzes, and
an invited lecturer on computers ln the United
Japan the Soviet
r" ulcers States, Canada, England, ,
cg p ¤v\¤v¤¤d• Union, and Australia
.. - He is assisted hy able associates and oontrltz
,»,,,,,,s,,,,, ,,,, e aaa .a.aa,t Wha ei., mi me runc a pa,
sl- ,;_ .4 appliaatiaiia, aria imaliaailaris at inlormaliari
B=rl

Campmws and Cy-[rg Compulerx and .Yncr21lRexgorrtibilizX
penn e. Parker, srsntera eesesren rnsrrnne ¤·· H¤rr=v $~ ¤·"·r¤r·r DCF $v¤¤•¤·=· W-
The Amrwcral Us! nf Cumputws The Social Responsibility bf Computer Specialists
nrensnr E. sprssne, presnienr, rremsnsr een sennees ¤·l¤l· N-·*··. A¤·=r¤=v ·¤·* ¤¤r·=¤·r··r A¤·¤·=¤•
rne Asssssrnsnen er eresreem kenneay. cenretner ¤¤¤·¤¤¢¤r= =·r·¤ ms ¤¤¤¤¤·¤r
Applimncns m me pmmgraphic Ewdznce Richard E. Spraque, President, Pnrsonal Data Servioas
nsymnna E. aasns, cent. state univ.-sen Lars otrnpa c°"*¤***¤' T°’°‘*=¤*°"¤l*¤ what Their
system snrrvrere oeelenerang ana "craeltrne" $°°*°' C°'l°°"‘¤ NM *° BE
Prof. Charlas Susskind, Univ. uf Calif. at Berkeley
Carrrptlters and the Work] .
——— Tecnnology as a Social Force and Ethical Problem
Dr. Stafford Beer, Manchester University, Great Britain
Msnegrng Meaern cemplexrty SPECIAL ISSUE
I3. P. Snow, Ministry of Technology, London, England
Science and the Advanced Society
Jann kennetn seirsrarrn, nervsra unnrersny THE COMPUTER DIRECTORY
employment, eanesnnn, ana rne lnausrrrar system AND BUYER? GUIDE.
Dr. Ruth M. Davis, National Bureau of Standards the midyear reference issue of Computers and People,
cemputers ena rne lnrernetnsnel eerenee er Power lerrrlerlv Durrrnurers and Automation. uubllsneu every
c_ w_ smnglev Vim pmsidomy Honlymii hm year slnce lB55, is a special l3th issue. It is a basic
The Pmsgm Rum M Gowmmems in me World buyers' guide to the organizations, products, and serve
Computer lndustry rces available for supplying, designing, and using coms
outing and data processing systems.
Computers and the Ilmrrd 0/ Mun
¤r· ¤l=*·=·¤ W- **=······l··¤r M '=*=r*··=··· *é’=*· lm rene sen eemsns eyer an knee er rererenee nnnnee
Tne Computer and the Intellectual Frontier um" such as
DL Donald E- Km"`, summd Uniuuny — Rpsterrof Qrganrzatrpns in the Computer Field
eenemer Science em ns eersnen re vmnensnes j gggjgjmfijlf; Q; ‘g;’;’;;Q‘Pj1Q“;*;"éf€iaQ
Prof. Gram C. Hortlnin, Calif. State University, Chioo Cnmpumrs D R
°°'“”“‘" A" I°' me "*"'*‘ - over 2500 Anpllearlans or cnmpurers
Pref. Jumpin Raberr. ¤u••n¤ C¤||¢

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