KARDÄ°YORESPÄ°RATUVAR EGZERSÄ°Z TESTLERÄ° ... - Spor Bilim

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7.ULUSLARARASI SPOR BİLİMLERİ KONGRESİ27-29 EKİM 2002KONGRE - PANELLERKAYNAKÇAAtilla Erdemli : Spor Felsefesine GiriĢ, Ġstanbul, e yayınları, 2002.Elk Franke : Theorie und Bedeutung Sportlicher Handlungen Schomdorf, Verlag Karl Hofman, 1978.Hans Lenk : Leistungssport: Ideologie oder Mythos?, Stuttgart, Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1972.Hans Lenk : Die Achte Kunst, Zurich, Edition Onterfrom, 1985.Eckhard Meinberg : Aktuelle Grundprobleme der SportethikSpor Etiğinin Temel, Güncel Sorunları―Spor Ahlakı ve Spor Felsefesine Yeni YaklaĢımlar‖Sempozyum Kitabı, Ġstanbul, 1990Platon : Hippias IPlaton Saemtliche Werke IIUbersetzer, Friedrich D. SchleiermacherHamburg, Rowohlts Klassiker, 1986Ġsmail Tunalı : Grek EstetikiĠstanbul, Ġ.Ü.E.F. Yayınları, 1963368
7.ULUSLARARASI SPOR BİLİMLERİ KONGRESİ27-29 EKİM 2002KONGRE - PANELLERTarih : 29 10 2002Saat : 10:15Salon : 1Panel Konusu : Futbol ve Bilim 2Moderatör : Birol ÇotukPHYSIOLOGICAL ISSUES IN TALENT IDENTIFICATION INFOOTBALLThomas ReillyLiverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK.1. IntroductionIdentification, selection and development of talented soccer players are not straightforward processes.Detecting and identifying talent are more difficult in team games than in individual sports such as running,cycling or rowing where predictors of performance are more easily scientifically prescribed (see e.g., Reilly etal., 1990). Long-term success in soccer depends on personal and circumstantial factors, the coherence of theteam as a whole and the availability of good coaching. These factors make it difficult to predict performancepotential in soccer players at an early age with any guarantee of ultimate success.The physiological demands of competitive soccer have been studied by monitoring responses during orafter matches. Aerobic metabolic pathways provide the dominant energy route, but anaerobic activity ishighlighted in direct involvement with the ball. Anthropometric characteristics and muscle performance vary withpositional roles and such heterogeneity must be considered when shaping team configurations. These factorsare observed in soccer players at a top level, but it is not clear whether they are so obvious in young players.Some consideration must be given to the biological maturation of these variables relevant to gross motorperformance in soccer before observations on under-age players are discussed. Therefore, the influence ofgenetic and environmental factors are also relevant.2. Physiological Considerations2.1 Cardiorespiratory enduranceThe maximal aerobic power ( V O2max) represents the body‘s upper limit of oxygen consumption.Maximal oxygen uptake ( V O2max) increases with age, largely due to increased body size. When expressed inml.kg. -1 min -1 , adolescent values are similar to those in young adults. Bangsbo (1994) reported that V O2maxvalues of young elite Danish players were as high as older professionals when values were expressed relativeto body mass.The V O2max is more sensitive to aerobic training once peak height velocity – calculated from the rate ofincrease in stature with time - has been reached. The maximal attainable effect on this parameter has beenreported to be less in the young than the 20-25% which can be realised in the adult (Gilliam and Freedson,1980). Improvement with training appears to be lower in the child (approximate age 4 to 12 years) than in theadolescent (approximate age 13 to 19 years) which in turn is lower than in youth athletes (Ekblom, 1969).Rowland (1985) concluded that prepubescents do increase their aerobic power at the same rate as other agegroups when the training regimens conform to criteria set for adults. It seems also that these youngsters are369
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