KARDÄ°YORESPÄ°RATUVAR EGZERSÄ°Z TESTLERÄ° ... - Spor Bilim

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7.ULUSLARARASI SPOR BİLİMLERİ KONGRESİ27-29 EKİM 2002KONGRE - PANELLERReferencesBangsbo, J. (1994). The physiology of soccer: with special reference to intense intermittent exercise. Acta Physiol. Scand.150, Suppl. 619.Drust, B., Reilly, T., Cable N. T. (2000). Physiological responses to laboratory-based soccer-specific intermittent andcontinuous exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18: 882-892.Drust, B., Reilly, T., Rienzi, E. (1998). Analysis of work rate in soccer. Sports Exerc Injury, 4: 151-155.Ebine, N., Rafamantavantosa, H. H., Nayuki, Y., Yamanaka, K., Tashima, K., Ono, T., Saitoh, S., Jones, P. H. (2002).Measurement of total energy expenditure by the doubly labelled water method in professional soccer players.Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 391-397.Nicholas, C. W., Nuttall, F. E., Williams, C. (2000). The Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test: a field test that simulatesthe activity pattern of soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18: 97-104.Reilly, T. (ed). (1996). Science and Soccer. London: E. and F.N. Spon.Reilly, T., Ball, D. (1984). The net physiological cost of dribbling a soccer ball. Res. Quart. Exerc. Sport 55: 267-271.Reilly, T., Thomas, V. (1976). A motion analysis of work-rate in different contact rolesJ. Human Movt. Stud. 2: 87-97.in professional football match-play.Reilly, T. and Thomas, V. (1979). Estimated daily energy expenditures of professional association footballers. Ergonomics,22, 541-548.Shepard, R. J. and Leatt, P. (1987). Carbohydrate and fluid needs of the soccer player. Sports Medicine, 4, 164-176.358
7.ULUSLARARASI SPOR BİLİMLERİ KONGRESİ27-29 EKİM 2002KONGRE - PANELLERTHE PHYSIOLOGY OF FOOTBALL TRAININGBarry DrustLiverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK.Performance in soccer is determined by a number of factors. These include a players technical andtactical skills and their psychological/sociological and physiological characteristics (Bangsbo, 1994). Thephysiological characteristics of a player are of importance as they will directly affect other factors involved inperformance. For example, a player who is not physically fit will be unable to carry out the tactical role given tohim by the coach during the final stages of the game or maintain the necessary level of technical skill to performimportant match actions, such as passing, tackling and shooting.The physiological demands of soccer are complex as a result of both the intermittent exercise pattern andthe need to perform specific game skills. Activities performed during match-play range from sub-maximal, lowintensity activities to all out high intensity efforts. In addition to these activities players are also required togenerate high levels of force to perform specific match actions (for example, kicking and tackling). The physicalpreparation of players must, therefore, be multi-factorial to ensure that players are adequately prepared for thedemands of the game.The physical fitness requirements of soccer can be divided into three main areas, namely aerobictraining, anaerobic training and specific muscle training (strength and flexibility training). The terms aerobic andanaerobic training are based around the energy pathways that are dominant during the activity. At low exerciseintensities, energy is produced almost entirely from aerobic processes. Anaerobic energy provision dominateswhen activity is performed at a high intensity though some overlap between the two energy pathways is possibleunder certain conditions.Aerobic trainingThe overall aim of aerobic training is to increase an individual‘s maximal oxygen consumption andenhance the ability to sustain exercise performance for prolonged periods of time. Together theseimprovements will increase an individual‘s work rate during match-play and prevent declines in technicalperformance and concentration that can occur towards the end of the game. The physiological adaptations thatunderpin such improvements occur as a result of both central (e.g. heart, blood volume etc) and peripheral (e.g.muscle) factors. Optimal training prescription for the development of these two elements is not the same. As aresult aerobic training should be divided into a number of overlapping areas, namely recovery training, lowintensity aerobic training and high intensity aerobic training. Table 1 outlines the principles used to structuredifferent types of aerobic training.Table 1 Principles of aerobic training (from Reilly and Bangsbo, 1998).% Maximum Heart Rate Heart Rate (Beats.min -1 ) % of max.oxygen consumptionMean Range Mean Range Mean RangeRecovery Training 65 40-80 130 80-160 55 20-70Low Intensity Training 80 65-90 160 130-180 70 55-85High Intensity Training 90 80-100 180 160-200 85 70-100Recovery training is carried out the day after a match, or following a particularly hard bout of training.Recovery training helps to repair the damage that can occur following intense exercise thereby facilitating the359
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