KARDÄ°YORESPÄ°RATUVAR EGZERSÄ°Z TESTLERÄ° ... - Spor Bilim

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7.ULUSLARARASI SPOR BİLİMLERİ KONGRESİ27-29 EKİM 2002KONGRE - PANELLERCopaAmericaRoberto CarlosFigure 2. Activity profile of Premier League players and South American internationals (top), one of whom is highlighted(bottom).3. Physiological Responses during MatchesPhysiological responses to soccer confirm the predominantly aerobic nature of activity. Average heartrates are around 170 beats min -1 with only small variations about this value. Estimates of metabolic loadingsuggest that the relative VO 2 during soccer is about 75% VO 2 max (Bangsbo, 1994). Muscle glycogen storescan be depleted towards the end of a game and their reduction accompanies fatigue. Blood lactate values arevariable, being dependent on the activity profile prior to sampling. Game skills such as dribbling the ball andunorthodox movements add to the energetic demands of the game (Reilly and Ball, 1984). This observationhas implications for the use of the training drills with the ball. The reduced glycogen stores at the end of thegame mean recovery processes need to be accelerated prior to re-engagement in further matches.The depletion of glycogen stores towards the end of a game may be prevented by avoiding hard trainingthe day beforehand. It is important to have a tapering of training in preparation for each match. This ideal maybe difficult to realise when the competitive fixture list is highly congested. The glycogen stores can be boostedpre-match by an appropriate diet in which carbohydrate intake is emphasised.In view of thermal strain during matches, attention to fluid intake is important. Water ingestion can reducethe negative effects of dehydration but energy drinks are helpful in providing some glucose.The comparison of performances by South American national teams and top European club teamshighlights the higher intensity of matches in Europe. The observations on match-play have implications fortraining, in order to remedy deficiencies in fitness measures. This applies particularly during pre-seasonconditioning, recovery from injury, regaining place in the first team formation. The findings, particularly withrespect to fatigue and environmental influences, have consequences for nutritional strategies and for trainingpurposes. In particular, optimal strategies for recovery from match demands are important at key phases of thecompetitive season. Warm-down, fluid and energy replacement post-game and later modification of the trainingstimulus are parts of such strategies.356
7.ULUSLARARASI SPOR BİLİMLERİ KONGRESİ27-29 EKİM 2002KONGRE - PANELLER4. Fitness RequirementsThe fitness requirements for football depend on the level of performance, positional role and styles ofplay. They vary also with age groups, between men and women, and at different stages of the playing season.Re-acquiring desirable fitness levels is especially important after injury, prior to returning to competitive play.Otherwise the individual is vulnerable to re-injury if uncorrected weaknesses, in muscle strength for example,are carried into a game.The main recommendations for fitness assessment are as follows:-Fitness demands of soccer are related to the technical and physical aspects of the game. This resultsin a combination of demands being imposed on the player during competition.As a result of these demands, tests with a high degree of specificity to soccer should be mployed forthe assessment of performance.Attempts to improve fitness levels are reflected in the training programmes in which players engage.Training loads can vary according to the day of the week and the stage of the season. A typical weekly cycle of―recovery-peak loading-taper‖ needs to be altered when matches are scheduled for mid-week as well as atweek-end. Emphasis on different fitness aspects also changes with seasonal phase, according to the principlesof periodised training.The energy expended during the daily habitual activities of professional soccer players represents theoverall occupational strain. There are also implications for dietary requirements and the intake of energy. Thedata included in Table 2 do not indicate inordinately high levels of daily energy expenditure and suggest thattraining may be regulated to avoid over-reaching. The main requirement seems to be for the right balance ofmacronutrients in the diet, the emphasis on carbohydrate being recognised (Shephard and Leatt, 1987).Table 2. Mean daily energy expenditure in professional soccer players.Authors Methods Energy expended (kJ.d -1 )Reilly and Thomas (1979)Diary cardsHeart rateMotion analysis14.44Ebine et al. (2002) Doubly labelled water 14.85. Laboratory StudiesThe intermittent and acyclical nature of activity during competition means that it is difficult to model gamerelatedprotocols in laboratory experiments concerned with soccer. Nevertheless, there have been creativeprotocols for isolating football-related questions and studying these in experimental conditions. One example isthe use of a shuttle-run at an intensity corresponding to that of match-play for a duration of 75 min. An ensuingtest to exhaustion allows the investigation of mechanisms related to fatigue or ways of offsetting it (Nicholas etal., 2000). An alternative protocol is to mimic the cycles that are typical of activity in match-play, with the subjectexercising on a treadmill. Two 45-min periods are separated by a 15-min rest to simulate football conditions(Drust et al., 2000). If a non-motorised treadmill is employed, the sprint component of the protocol may be allout,whilst power output can be monitored. In this way the effectiveness of creatine (or carbohydrate) forfootball performance can be investigated.It is likely that field studies with a greater specificity to the game will be employed more in futureinvestigations of the physiology of soccer. The work-rate and activity profiles can be used to design appropriatetraining protocols to optimise fitness and ensure that performance during play is enhanced. Whilst physiologicalconsiderations have a place in a systematic preparation for competition, performance ultimately depends on thequality with which individual skills and team tactics are executed.357
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KARDÄ°YORESPÄ°RATUVAR EGZERSÄ°Z TESTLERÄ° ... - Spor Bilim

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