KARDÄ°YORESPÄ°RATUVAR EGZERSÄ°Z TESTLERÄ° ... - Spor Bilim

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7.ULUSLARARASI SPOR BİLİMLERİ KONGRESİ27-29 EKİM 2002KONGRE - PANELLERPHYSIOLOGICAL DEMANDS IN SOCCER PLAYThomas ReillyLiverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for <strong>Spor</strong>t and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK.1. IntroductionThe physiological demands of soccer play are indicated by the exercise intensities at which the manydifferent activities during match-play are performed. There are implications not only for fitness assessment andselection of players but also for their training regimes. Since the training and competitive schedules of playerscomprise their occupational roles, there are consequences too for their habitual activities, daily energyrequirements and energy expenditures. Finally, there are repercussions for the prevention of injuries as far asis possible.A scheme for an ergonomics approach to studying football is illustrated in Figure 1. A lot depends on thecompatibility between the games‘ demands and the players‘ capabilities. This model demonstrates the choicesopen to the coach for combining selection and training criteria.Demands of the gameFitness of playersSelectionTrainingFigure 1. Model of an ergonomics approach towards analysing football.3542. Analysis of Work-rateThe exercise intensity during competitive soccer can be indicated by the overall distance covered. Thisrepresents a global measure of work-rate which can be broken down into the discrete actions of an individualplayer for a whole game. The actions or activities can be classified according to type, intensity (or quality),duration (or distance) and frequency. The activity may be juxtaposed on a time-base so that the averageexercise-to-rest ratios can be calculated. These ratios can then be used in physiological studies designed torepresent the demands of soccer and also in conditioning elements of the soccer players‘ training programmes.These work-rate profiles can be complemented by monitoring physiological responses where possible.Overall, it is possible to characterise the average requirements of football match-play (see Table 1). Themean values mask the acyclical nature of the intermittent exercise bouts that are observed. For example,intense bouts of exercise in succession may not allow for full recovery in between. Besides, the players may
7.ULUSLARARASI SPOR BİLİMLERİ KONGRESİ27-29 EKİM 2002KONGRE - PANELLERneed to be active during the recovery period since this time allows them an opportunity to resume their playingposition in order to retain the overall shape of the team.Table 1. Overall characteristics of soccer.Distance:10-13 kmSprint:every 90 sStrenuous efforts:every 30 sRecovery:25 sGames skills:agilityChange in activity:every 5 sOutfield players cover 9-13 km during the course of a match, more or less continuously. The overalldistance encompasses over 1000 different activities in a game, an all-out sprint every 90 s and a break in thelevel or type of activity every 5-6 s. The ratio of low-intensity to high-intensity exercise is about 2.2 to 1 in termsof distance covered but 7 to 1 in terms of time. These ratios denote a predominance of aerobic metabolismwhilst it is acknowledged that crucial aspects of play may depend on anaerobic metabolism (Reilly, 1996).Positional role influences the work-rate profile, the greatest distance being covered by midfield players (Reillyand Thomas, 1976). The style of play also affects overall work-rate, the direct method or pressure game beingenergetically demanding. An example of how style of play influences work-rates during games is illustrated inFigure 2. Included are activity profiles for international teams playing in the South American championships(Copa America). These are compared with work-rates of professional players in the English Premier League(Drust et al., 1998). The English professionals covered almost 1.5 km more than the South Americaninternationals in a game. The main difference was the greater amount of jogging, that is low-intensity aerobicexercise, by the English professionals.The profile of one Brazilian player is singled out for illustration. His professional club is Real Madrid wherehis typical work-rate resembles that of the English players. When playing in these international matches, hiswork-rate was closer to the Premier League players than to his national colleagues. The observationsdemonstrate how a player may carry his club profile into competition when representing his country.355
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KARDÄ°YORESPÄ°RATUVAR EGZERSÄ°Z TESTLERÄ° ... - Spor Bilim

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