Climate Change and Tourism - UNEP - Division of Technology ...

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UNWTO, 9 July 2008 Table of Contents 10.4 Demand Implications of Climate-induced Societal Change .......................................... 118 10.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 119 11 Emissions from Tourism: Status and Trends .................................................................. 121 11.1 Current CO 2 Emissions and Radiative Forcing from Tourism ........................................ 122 11.1.1 Introduction: Global Tourism Demand ............................................................. 122 11.1.2 Transport Emissions ........................................................................................ 123 11.1.3 Accommodation ............................................................................................. 130 11.1.4 Other Tourism Activities .................................................................................. 131 11.1.5 Total CO 2 Emissions and RF from Global Tourism in 2005 ............................... 132 11.1.6 CO 2 Emissions from Intra-regional and Interregional Travel ............................. 134 11.2 Emissions Related to Individual Holiday ....................................................................... 139 11.3 Scenario on the Development of Emissions from Tourism ............................................ 140 11.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 144 12 Mitigation Policies and Measures .................................................................................... 145 12.1 Transport ..................................................................................................................... 146 12.1.1 Air Transport ................................................................................................... 146 12.1.2 Surface Transport ............................................................................................ 149 12.1.3 Modal Shift ...................................................................................................... 152 12.1.4 Destination Mobility Management .................................................................... 153 12.1.5 Transport Policies ............................................................................................ 155 12.2 Tourism Establishments ............................................................................................... 158 12.2.1 Technological Mitigation Options ..................................................................... 158 12.2.2 Integrated Emission Management ................................................................... 163 12.2.3 Policies for Tourism Establishments and Destinations ...................................... 166 12.3 The Role of Tour Operators and other Organizations ................................................... 167 12.4 Tourist Behaviour ......................................................................................................... 167 12.4.1 Sustainable Demand and Consumer Choices ................................................. 168 12.4.2 Carbon Offsetting ............................................................................................ 168 12.4.3 Long-haul Travel Reductions and Poverty Alleviation ....................................... 169 12.5 Tourism Mitigation Scenarios ........................................................................................ 170 12.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 172 13 The Way Forward to Adaptation and Mitigation in Tourism .......................................... 175 13.1 Key Impacts of Climate Change on Tourism ................................................................ 175 13.2 Adaptation to Climate Change..................................................................................... 176 13.3 The Contribution of Tourism to Climate Change ........................................................... 177 13.4 Mitigation Potential ...................................................................................................... 177 13.5 Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs ....................................................................... 178 13.6 Time Horizons ............................................................................................................. 179 v
vi Climate Change and Tourism – Responding to Global Challenges Annex 1 Methodological Note on UNWTO’s Estimates on Worldwide Tourism Volumes 181 A1.1 Methodological Note on UNWTO’s Estimates on Worldwide Tourism Volumes ............ 181 A1.1.1 Definitions ....................................................................................................... 181 A1.1.2 Basic Tourism Facts ........................................................................................ 182 A1.1.3 UNWTO’s Estimates on World Tourism Volumes ............................................. 183 A1.1.4 Sources of Data .............................................................................................. 184 A1.2 Tables of UNWTO Aproximates of Consistent Worldwide Tourism Volumes ................. 186 Annex 2 Emission Calculations ............................................................................................. 191 A2.1 General Method for Emission Inventories ..................................................................... 191 A2.2 Detailed Calculations ................................................................................................... 191 A2.2.1 Transport Modal Split, Volumes and Emissions................................................ 191 A2.2.2 Tourism’s Share in Aviation .............................................................................. 194 A2.2.3 Accommodation ............................................................................................ 196 List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 197 List of Boxes ..................................................................................................................... 199 List of Figures .................................................................................................................... 201 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 203 List of References ............................................................................................................. 205 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 237 UNWTO, 9 July 2008
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