Climate Change and Tourism - UNEP - Division of Technology ...

28 Climate Change and Tourism – Responding to Global Challenges
the application of weather and climate information in the tourism sector and understanding of the
implications of climate change.
6.2 Impacts and Adaptation at Tourism Destinations
The tourism industry and destinations are clearly sensitive to climate variability and change. 27, 28, 29, 30,
31 Climate defines the length and quality of tourism seasons and plays a major role in destination choice
and tourist spending. In many destinations tourism is closely linked with the natural environment.
Climate affects a wide range of the environmental resources that are critical attractions for tourism, such
as snow conditions, wildlife productivity and biodiversity, water levels and quality. Climate also has an
important influence on environmental conditions that can deter tourists, including infectious disease,
wildfires, insect or water-borne pests (e.g., jellyfish, algae blooms), and extreme events such as tropical
cyclones.
There are four broad categories of climate change impacts that will affect tourism destinations, their
competitiveness and sustainability.
Direct climatic impacts: Climate is a principal resource for tourism, as it co-determines the suitability
of locations for a wide range of tourist activities, is a principal driver of global seasonality in tourism
demand, and has an important influence on operating costs, such as heating-cooling, snow-making,
irrigation, food and water supply, and insurance costs. Thus, changes in the length and quality of
climate-dependent tourism seasons (i.e., sun-and-sea or winter sports holidays) could have considerable
implications for competitive relationships between destinations and therefore the profitability of tourism
enterprises. Studies indicate that a shift of attractive climatic conditions for tourism towards higher
latitudes and altitudes is very likely. 32, 33, 34 As a result, the competitive position of some popular
holiday areas are anticipated to decline (e.g., the Mediterranean in summer), whereas other areas (e.g.,
southern England or southern Canada) are expected to improve. Uncertainties related to tourist climate
preference and destination loyalty require attention if the implications for the geographic and seasonal
redistribution of visitor flows are to be projected. There are well established vulnerabilities among
winter sports destinations to projected declines in natural snowfall. Even with increased snow-making,
contractions in the ski industry are very likely in the European Alps, Eastern and Western North America,
Australia, and Japan, although projected impacts on destinations in these nations vary in magnitude and
over different time horizons. 35, 36, 37
The IPCC 38 has concluded that changes in a number of weather extremes are probable as a result of
projected climate change, including: higher maximum temperature and more hot days over nearly
all land areas (very likely), greater tropical storm intensity and peak winds (likely), more intense
precipitation events over many land areas (very likely), and longer and more severe droughts in many
mid-latitude continental interiors (likely). Such changes will affect the tourism industry through increased
infrastructure damage, additional emergency preparedness requirements, higher operating expenses
(e.g., insurance, backup water and power systems, and evacuations), and business interruptions.
Indirect environmental change impacts: Because environmental conditions are such a critical resource
for tourism, a wide-range of climate-induced environmental changes will have profound effects on
tourism at the destination and regional level. Changes in water availability, biodiversity loss, reduced
landscape aesthetic, altered agricultural production (e.g., wine tourism), increased natural hazards,
coastal erosion and inundation, damage to infrastructure and the increasing incidence of vector-borne
diseases will all impact tourism to varying degrees. In contrast to the varied impacts of a changed
climate on tourism, the indirect effects of climate induced environmental change are likely to be
largely negative. Mountain, island, and coastal destinations are considered particularly sensitive to
climate-induced environmental change, as are nature-based tourism market segments.
UNWTO, 9 July 2008
39, 40, 41, 42, 43
UNESCO has also identified several World Heritage Sites that are critical tourist destinations, to be
vulnerable to climate-induced environmental change (e.g., Venice, Italy – sea level rise; Great Barrier
Reef, Australia – coral bleaching and mortality; Glacier-Waterton International Peace Park, USA and
Canada – glacier retreat; and Chan Chan Archaeological Zone, Peru – El Niño-Southern Oscillation
(ENSO) caused flooding and eroding). 44 While our understanding of the impacts of climate change for