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UNWTO, 9 July 2008 List of References 339 Santer, B. D. et al. (2006), ‘Forced and Unforced Ocean Temperature Changes in Atlantic and Pacific Tropical Cyclone Genesis Regions’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103, 13, pp. 905–910, and (Online), at: http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0602861103v1 (13-12-2007). 340 Holland, G. and Webster, P. J. (2007), Heightened Tropical Cyclone Activity in the North Atlantic: Natural Variability or Climate Trend?. 341 Ibid. 342 IPCC (2007b), Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability – Summary for Policymakers. 343 Webster, P. J. et al. (2005), Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment. 344 IPCC (2007a), The Physical Science Basis – Technical Summary. 345 Webster, P. J. et al. (2005), Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment. 346 Emanuel, K. (2005) ‘Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years’, Nature, 436, pp. 686–688. 347 Bell, G. D. et al. (2006a), ‘The Tropics: The Atlantic Basic: State of the Climate in 2005’, in K. A. Shein (ed.) (2005), Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, pp. 33–37. 348 Bell, G. D. et al. (2006b), ‘The Record Breaking 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season: State of the Climate in 2005’, in K. A. Shein (Ed), Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, pp. 44–45. 349 Pachauri, R. K, Jallow, B. (2007), Presentation of the WG I Report at the GMEF and UNEP GC-24 Nairobi, 6 February 2007, (Online), available: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/presentations/wg1-report-2007-02.pdf (13-12-2007). 350 Saunders, M. A. and Lea, A. S. (2006), ‘Hurricanes and Global Warming’. Presentation at Oxford University Centre for the Environment, May 2006. 351 Lea, A. S. and Saunders, M. A. (2006), ‘How Well Forecast Were the 2004 and 2005 Atlantic and US Hurricane Seasons?’, Weather, 61, no. 9, pp. 245–249. 352 DFID (2004), Adaptation to Climate Change: Making Development Disaster-proof, Department for International Development, London, (Online), available: http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/climatechange/6disasterproof. pdf (13-12-2007). 353 Erickson, N. et al. (1997), Socio-economic Implications of Climate Change for Bangladesh, Briefing Document 4, (Online), available: http://www.waikato.ac.nz/igci/downloads/BriefingDoc4.pdf (13-12-2007). 354 United States Environmental Protection Agency (1999), ‘Global Climate Change: What Does it Mean for South Florida and the Florida Keys’, Report on the Environmental Protection Agency Public Consultations in coastal cities, May 24–28. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency. 355 Deravi, M. and. Smith, P. (2005), Economic impact Alabama travel industry 2004, Bureau of Tourism and Travel, Montgomery, AL. 356 Bhatnagar, P. (2005), ‘Uncertainty and Fear to Rebuild: Mississippi Officials Say Casino Companies are Hesitant to Rebuild, State could Lose Billions’, CNN, 6 September 2005, (Online), available: http://money. cnn.com/2005/09/05/news/economy/katrina_business/ (13-12-2007) 357 Ruosteenoja, K. et al. (2003), Future Climate in World Regions: An Intercomparison of Model-based Projections for the New IPCC Emissions Scenarios, The Finnish Environment 644, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, (Online), available: http://www.environment.fi/download.asp?contentid=25835&lan=en (20-12-2007). 358 IPCC (2007a), The Physical Science Basis – Technical Summary. 359 Pelling, M. and Uitto, J. (2001), ‘Small Island Developing States: Natural Disaster Vulnerability and Global Change’, Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental hazards, 3 (2), pp. 49–62. 360 Ibid. 219
220 Climate Change and Tourism – Responding to Global Challenges 361 UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) (2005), Climate Change Impacts on Sea Level in India, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, (Online), available: http://www.defra. gov.uk/environment/climatechange/internat/devcountry/pdf/india-climate-4-sealevel.pdf (13-12-2007). 362 EUROSION (2004), Coastal Erosion – Evaluation of the Need for Action, (Online), available: http://www.eurosion.org/reports-online/part1.pdf (13-12-2007). 363 National Drought Mitigation Center (1998), Reported Effects of the 1997–98 El Niño, National Drought Mitigation Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, 11p. 364 Glantz, M. (2000), Reducing the Impact of Environmental Emergencies through Early Warning and Preparedness: The Case of the 1997–98 El Niño. UNEP, NCAR, UNU, and WMO. 365 UNESCO-WHC (2007), Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage. 366 Hoegh-Guldberg, H. and Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2004), The Implications of Climate Change for Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, WWF Australia, Sydney. 367 Lesser, M. (2007), Coral Reef Bleaching and Global Climate Change: Can Corals Survive the Next Century?’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104 (13), pp. 5259–5260. 368 Gössling, S. et al. (2007), ‘Diving and Global Environmental Change: A Mauritius Case Study’, in B. Garrod and S. Gössling (eds.), New Frontiers in Marine Tourism: Diving Experiences, Management and Sustainability, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 369 Hall, C. M. (2006), ‘Tourism, Biodiversity and Global Environmental Change’, in S. Gössling and C.M. Hall (eds.), Tourism and Global Environmental Change, Routledge, London, pp. 211–226. 370 Johnston, M. (2006), ‘Impact of Global Environmental Change on Tourism in the Polar Regions, in S. Gössling and C.M. Hall (eds.), Tourism and Global Environmental Change, Routledge, London, pp. 37–53. 371 Chaplin III, F. S. et al. (2000), ‘Consequences of Changing Biodiversity’, Nature, 405, pp. 234–242. 372 Myers, N. et al. (2000), ‘Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities’, Nature, 403, pp. 853–858. 373 IPCC (2001), Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability – Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC, [J. J McCarthy et al. (eds.)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. 374 IPCC (2002), Climate Change and Biodiversity (Technical Paper V), IPCC. Geneva. 375 Green, R. E. (2003), Global Climate Change and Biodiversity. 376 Thomas, C. D. et al. (2004), ‘Extinction Risk from Climate Change’, Nature 427, pp. 145–148. 377 Pounds, J. A. et al. (2006), ‘Widespread Amphibian Extinctions from Epidemic Disease Driven by Global Warming’ Nature, 439, pp. 161–166. 378 Hall, C. M. (2006), Tourism, Biodiversity and Global Environmental Change. 379 Beniston, M. (2003), Climatic Change in Mountain Regions: A Review of Possible Impacts. 380 Baker, J. D. et al. (2006), ‘Potential Effects of Sea level Rise on the Terrestrial Habitats of Endangered and Endemic Megafauna in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands’, Endangered Species Research, 2, pp. 21–30. 381 Janzen, F. J. (1994), ‘Climate Change and Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Reptiles’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91, pp. 7487–7490. 382 Carthy, R. R. et al. (2003), ‘Incubation Environment of Loggerhead Turtle Nests: Effects on Hatching Success and Hatchling Characteristics’, in A.B. Bolten and B.E. Witherington (eds.), Loggerhead Sea Turtles, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, pp. 144–153. 383 UNESCO-WHC (2007), Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage. 384 Ibid. UNWTO, 9 July 2008
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