Climate Change and Tourism - UNEP - Division of Technology ...

202 Climate Change and Tourism – Responding to Global Challenges
Figure 10.1 Average July-August daily maximum temperatures and preferred beach
holiday temperatures .............................................................................................................. 106
Figure 10.2 Change in average monthly visitation to Banff National Park (Canada) in mid-century .......... 106
Figure 10.3 Climate change impacts on golf demand in Canada (annual and seasonal increases) ............ 110
Figure 10.4 Climate change might favour some regions for golf tourism development,
and constrain others ............................................................................................................... 111
Figure 10.5 Coral bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef ............................................................................... 113
Figure 11.1 Trips, mobility and CO 2 emissions of all tourism trips by EU25 citizens
(including domestic, intra-EU25 plus Switzerland and Norway, and intercontinental)
in 2000 and a forecast for 2020 ............................................................................................. 125
Figure 11.2 Tourist air transport: trips, passengers and CO 2 emissions, 2005 ............................................. 126
Figure 11.3 World tourism transport volume by mode of transport, 2005 .................................................. 129
Figure 11.4 World tourism passenger kilometer volume by mode of transport, 2005 ................................ 129
Figure 11.5 CO 2 emissions by tourism transport, 2005 .............................................................................. 129
Figure 11.6 Radiative forcing by tourism transport (excluding impacts of cirrus), 2005 ............................. 130
Figure 11.7 Estimated contribution and uncertainty ranges of tourism (including same-day tourism)
to global CO 2 emissions and radiative forcing, 2005 .............................................................. 133
Figure 11.8 Estimated share of tourism activities to tourism CO 2 emissions and radiative forcing
(including same-day visitors), 2005 ........................................................................................ 133
Figure 11.9 Estimated contribution of tourism activities to CO 2 emissions
(including same-day visitors) .................................................................................................. 134
Figure 11.10 Tourist trips and CO 2 emissions by air transport, 2005 ............................................................ 138
Figure 11.11 Annual per capita CO 2 emissions and emissions caused by various journeys
(emissions factors as for 2005 technology) ............................................................................. 139
Figure 11.12 Daily average emissions per person and emissions per tourist-day for various journeys
(emissions factors as for 2005 technology) ............................................................................. 140
Figure 11.13 Comparison of current emissions caused by tourist trips (overnight) and projections of
emissions for the year 2035 under the assumptions of a ‘business-as-usual’ scenario ............. 142
Figure 11.14 EU emission reduction targets and aviation emissions ............................................................ 143
Figure 11.15 CO 2 emissions and radiative forcing shares of different tourism sectors by 2035
(excluding same-day visitors) ................................................................................................. 144
Figure 12.1 Historic and expected future trends in fuel efficiency for aircraft ........................................... 147
Figure 12.2 Electric vehicle fleet for tourists in Werfenweng, Austria ......................................................... 149
Figure 12.3 Relative carbon dioxide emissions for tourism transport modes at average seat occupation 153
Figure 12.4 Air conditioning unit outside a tourist bungalow in Fiji ......................................................... 159
Figure 12.5 Solar panels on Nukubati Island ............................................................................................. 163
Figure 12.6 Overview of scenario development ........................................................................................ 170
Figure 12.7 Scenarios of CO 2 mitigation potential from global tourism in 2035 ........................................ 172
Figure 13.1 Timeline of people, infrastructure and the onset of impacts of climate change in tourism ....... 180
Figure A2.1 Emission factors as function of average one-way distance ...................................................... 195
UNWTO, 9 July 2008