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Annex 2 UNWTO, 9 July 2008 Emission Calculations The purpose of Annex 2 is to give a comprehensive justification of all methods used and assumptions made for the calculation of the emissions. A2.1 General Method for Emission Inventories Any detailed calculation of emissions from tourism is dependent on the availability of a comprehensive data set on tourism demand. At the moment, existing data on tourism demand (international and domestic) present several constraints for emission inventories. UNWTO publishes regularly data on international tourism at country level (regional and world data on international visitor arrivals, international tourist arrivals and overnight stays), as well as in an aggregated form, but only limited information is available on domestic tourism. Another problem complicating calculations is that for international tourism, though arrivals are recorded for each transport mode, only for air transport data are available for distances traveled. Comprehensive data on all modes of transport are only available for EU tourism. 742, 743 For the purpose of this report UNWTO prepared a set of tables with an approximation of consistent worldwide tourism volumes for the baseline year of 2005 containing data on trip numbers (i.e., not arrivals, as one trip may account for various arrivals), domestic and same-day trips, as well as data on average length of stay and air transport distances for major tourism flows based on data from UNWTO, ICAO and IATA (see Annex 1). For car and other transport modes, the total volume of passenger kilometres (pkm) was estimated using typical average distances for the respective transport mode (see Section A2.2.1). Passenger kilometers traveled were then multiplied by emission factors for the respective modes of transport (see Table 11.2 in Chapter 11). One of the main problems is to calculate emissions from activities undertaken by tourists at the destination. Information in this area is very scattered, and there can be huge differences in the energyintensity of such activities. However, there is evidence that activities contribute only a minor share to overall emissions from tourism, and the large uncertainty regarding these is likely to only have a marginal impact on overall emissions. A2.2 Detailed Calculations A2.2.1 Transport Modal Split, Volumes and Emissions In order to calculate emissions, tourist transport volumes (measured in number of trips and pkm) needed to be split into shares for air, car and other (coach, rail and water), as these means of transport make substantially different contributions to greenhouse gas emissions, if calculated per pkm (see Table 11.2 in Chapter 11). The goal is, however, to calculate global emissions by multiplying trip numbers by distance (per trip) and to multiply the kilometers traveled by an emission factor for the respective means of transport used. To do this, it needs to be considered that there are large differences between high income and developing countries in terms of transport modes used, the distribution of short- and longhaul trips, and emission factors for transport, accommodation and other activities. The set of tables with approximations of consistent worldwide tourism volumes for the baseline year of 2005 (see Annex
192 Climate Change and Tourism – Responding to Global Challenges 1), initially developed for this report by UNWTO, provided data on the number of trips and distances traveled for air transport and on number of trips for other means of transport (over land and water). Some further development of the data was thus necessary: • • • The number of trips over land and water needed to be split into two transport categories, car and other (rail, coach and water, which are rather similar regarding emissions per pkm). The distances covered by non-air transport modes needed to be estimated (in pkm). The distances covered by air needed to be split up for international intra- and interregional travel, as the length of the flight influences average per pkm emissions. Table A2.1 provides an overview over the data used as input to the excel model for calculating the final emissions as developed by the experts. This means that the secundary data, those numbers that were directly or indiractly calculated from the primary input data, have been omitted. For example: the numbers of trips for the different source markets are given, but not the total. Full overviews of all coherent results are given in Chapter 11. Table A2.1 Overview of all input data and the sources used to designate values to them UNWTO, 9 July 2008 International tourists Input variable Value Source Number of trips by air transport (trips) 340 million UNWTO (Annex 1) Number of trips non-air transport (trips) 410 million UNWTO (Annex 1) Number of intra-regional air (trips) 215 million UNWTO (Annex 1) Number of inter-regional air (trips) 125 million UNWTO (Annex 1) Total number of intra-regional (trips) 615 million UNWTO (Annex 1) Total number of inter-regional (trips) 135 million UNWTO (Annex 1) Number of intra-regional air (pkm) 833 billion UNWTO (Annex 1) Number of inter-regional air (pkm) 1,751 billion UNWTO (Annex 1) Share of non-air trips by coach/rail/water 30% UNWTO * Average return distance per air trip (km) 7,602 UNWTO (Annex 1) Average return distance per non-air trip (km) 1,200 MuSTT ** CO 2 emissions coach/rail (kg/pkm) 0.025 MuSTT CO 2 emissions international air transport (kg/pkm) 0.124 Based on Table A1, Annex 2 CO 2 emissions international (intraregional) air transport (kg/pkm) 0.125 Based on Table A1, Annex 2 CO 2 emissions international (interregional) air transport (kg/pkm) 0.124 Based on Table A1, Annex 2 CO 2 emissions car transport in developed countries (kg/pkm) – average occupancy: 2 persons/car 0.133 MuSTT * Based on data for 2004 on international modal split for water, road and rail and assuming the amount of coach trips to equal the number of rail trips; see UNWTO (2006), Tourism Market Trends: World Overview and Tourism Topics. ** The MuSTT study for EU tourist travel revealed that average return distances for car, coach and rail varied between 1100 and 1240 km. For international travel we estimated this to be 1200 km; data based on Peeters, P. et al. (2004), European Tourism, Transport and Environment.
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