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UNWTO, 9 July 2008 Emissions from Tourism: Status and Trends the contribution for RF ranges from 3.7% to 5.4%. Including the maximum contribution of cirrus would result in a share of between 4.4% and 9.0% (see Figure 11.7). Figure 11.7 Estimated contribution and uncertainty ranges of tourism (including same-day tourism) to global CO 2 emissions and radiative forcing, 2005 Share of tourism to emissions or radiative forcing (%) 12 8 4 0 Figure 11.8 shows that tourism transport to and from the destinations accounts for 75% of all emissions of CO 2 emissions from tourism, while accommodation stands for 21% and other tourism activities for 4%. For radiative forcing, the transport share increases to 81% (excluding cirrus) and up to 90% if a maximum cirrus impact is included. Figure 11.8 Estimated share of tourism activities to tourism CO 2 emissions and radiative forcing (including same-day visitors), 2005 Share per tourism element (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 CO 2 RF RF emissions (excluding cirrus) (incl. maximum cirrus) 4 21 3 32 40 3 16 3 24 54 2 9 1 14 75 CO 2 RF RF emissions (excluding cirrus) (incl. maximum cirrus) Activities Accommodation Other transport Car transport Air transport 133
134 Climate Change and Tourism – Responding to Global Challenges Figure 11.9 Estimated contribution of tourism activities to CO 2 emissions (including same-day visitors) CO 2 emissions (Mton) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Figure 11.9 presents a breakdown of CO 2 emissions for all tourism activities and forms of tourism. Most emissions are caused by domestic tourism. However, due to the far higher number of domestic trips (4 billion vs. 750 million international), there is an important difference in per-trip emissions: these are estimated at 0.678 t CO 2 per trip for international trips, 0.258 t CO 2 per trip for domestic trips in the high-income markets, and 0.074 t CO 2 per trip for domestic trips in the developing countries (these figures include accommodation and activities and thus are larger than those given in Table 11.3). As outlined, calculations in this report only consider energy throughput. As the construction of hotels, airports and aircraft, cars and roads all consume considerable amounts of energy, a lifecycle perspective accounting for all energy ‘embedded’ in tourism would be better suited to assess tourism’s contribution to climate change. However, this would demand a detailed calculation of energy used for construction, and the energy embodied in the various goods, products and materials used in the various tourism activities. Another issue not considered here is indirect energy use, as tourism accounts, for instance, for considerable amounts of freight, such as transport of food and other goods for tourism. Small destinations, and in particular island destinations may import a significant part of these by ship or aircraft. Taking into account all lifecycle and indirect energy needs related to tourism, it is expected that the sum of emissions would be higher, although there are no specific data for global tourism available. 11.1.6 CO 2 Emissions from Intra-regional and Interregional Travel From table 11.6 it followed that air transport contributes a bit over half of CO 2 emissions attributed to tourism transport (not considering radiative forcing), i.e., 515 Mt of 981 Mt. Air transport’s contribution is not so much higher because of a high per km emission, but because of the comparatively long average travel distances. In fact, from Table 11.2 it can be seen that the average CO 2 emissions per kilometre for air travel (0.129 kg/person km) is about equal to the average emission of a private car when used by two persons (0.133 kg/person km). In order to understand better the contribution of the various travel modes and also to better identify the mitigation potential, it is useful to know more about origin and destination of trips. Table 11.7 shows an assessment based on data by UNWTO, ICAO and IATA of the number of international tourist trips within and between regions, and the related travel distances and emissions. Air transport accounts for an estimated total of 870 million trips from a total of 9.8 billion trips (domestic and international, same-day and overnight). Of these trips by air, the bulk, 820 million (94%), are UNWTO, 9 July 2008 0 International Domestic Same-day visitors Activities Accommodation Other transport Car transport Air transport
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