The probable impacts of climate change on poverty - UNDP

More documents

Recommendations

Info

6.8.1 Impacts <strong>of</strong> Climate Change on Health- Perception Human health suffers from different climatic variability and shocks in different ways. <strong>The</strong> experts informed that health is affected, especially during and after shocks like flood and cyclone. Slow onsets <strong>of</strong> climatic system have also <strong>impacts</strong> on health. Flood affects sources <strong>of</strong> drinking water and sanitation system through contamination which lead to out break <strong>of</strong> diarrhoea, cholera, skin diseases including scabies, drowning, snake bite and even death. Cyclone, sea level rise and salinity intrusion cause outbreaks <strong>of</strong> diarrhoea, cholera and other water borne diseases, use <strong>of</strong> saline water causes hypertension, increase blood pressure, corrosive effects due to salt in air, scabies and other skin diseases. Besides that, drought, erratic rainfall and temperature variation increase vector borne diseases, heat stroke, malnutrition, fever etc. Cold wave creates respiratory problem, especially that <strong>of</strong> children and the old. It is already proven that different types <strong>of</strong> diseases breakout during and after flood. In future, these <strong>impacts</strong> will be more frequent and severe since intensity and frequency <strong>of</strong> flood will increase. Similarly, cyclone and storm surge will affect human health and lives severely with the increasing intensity and frequency <strong>of</strong> cyclone. Besides this, temperature variation, erratic rainfall will increase incidence <strong>of</strong> vector borne diseases like dengue, malaria. Lack <strong>of</strong> fresh water in drought prone and coastal areas will increase malnutrition, extreme poverty, bring <strong>change</strong>s in occupation, increase migration etc. <strong>The</strong> following table shows the level <strong>of</strong> <strong>impacts</strong> on health and subsequently on poverty and economic growth. Table 6.12 Level <strong>of</strong> Impacts <strong>of</strong> Climate Change on Health Key issues Health Level <strong>of</strong> Impacts Poverty Economic Growth Present Future Present Future Present Future Flood, Erratic Rainfall Moderate Severe Low Moderate Very low Low Drought Low Moderate Very low Low Very low Low Cyclone Moderate Severe Low Moderate Low Moderate Coastal Inundation, Salinity Low Moderate Low Moderate Very low Low Source: Workshop Exercise 6.8.2 Impacts <strong>of</strong> Climate Change on Health- observed <strong>change</strong>s Climate induced natural hazards are major concerns in addressing health <strong>impacts</strong>. In a massive flood in 1988, 30 million people were affected in the country where 5.37 million were affected by diarrhoea. In 1998, more than 30 million people were affected by flood but the incidence <strong>of</strong> diarrhoea has been decreased by more than 50% compared to 1988. This was mainly due to extensive measures taken by the government. In 90s, the government <strong>of</strong> Bangladesh has undertaken different effective measures to prevent diarrhoea. <strong>The</strong> major programmes are National Campaign on Health Awareness, Oral Rehydration, Increased Water Supply and Sanitation coverage etc. Besides this, the government has developed a National Policy for Water Supply and Sanitation in 1998 to promote use <strong>of</strong> safe water and sanitation practices. Moreover, some national NGOs like BRAC, Proshika, NGO Forum for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation etc. have taken massive awareness programmes on health and awareness. But from 2000 to 2007, the incidence <strong>of</strong> diarrhoea shows an increasing trend, though most <strong>of</strong> the programmes are still operating. This is because <strong>of</strong> increased frequency <strong>of</strong> flood. In 2007, the incidences were highest in the last six years may be due to flood and recurrent floods. However, the incidence <strong>of</strong> diarrhoea is high in all the flood year. This indicates that the incidences may increase with increase <strong>of</strong> flood events. It may be noted again and again that the poor always lose more but recover less in any extreme event. <strong>The</strong> Probable Impacts <strong>of</strong> Climate Change on Poverty and Economic Growth and the Options <strong>of</strong> Coping with adverse Effect <strong>of</strong> Climate Change in Bangladesh 53
Table 6.13 Incidence <strong>of</strong> Diarrhea during major flood events Malaria is one <strong>of</strong> the major public health problems in Bangladesh. Out <strong>of</strong> 64 districts, 13 bordering districts in the east and northeast facing the Indian states <strong>of</strong> Assam, Tripura and Meghalaya and part <strong>of</strong> Myanmar belong to the high-risk malaria zone. A total <strong>of</strong> 14.7 million populations are at high-risk <strong>of</strong> malaria in the country, although there is sporadic incidence <strong>of</strong> malaria in other parts <strong>of</strong> the country as well. An estimated 1.0 million clinical cases are treated every year while 61,495 laboratories confirmed cases were reported during 2002 from routine surveillance. During 2002, a total <strong>of</strong> 598 deaths were reported. Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant infection (61-71%) and An. dirus is the principal vector (WHO, 2004). <strong>The</strong> available literature says that Malaria’s sensitivity to <strong>climate</strong> is illustrated in desert and highland fringe areas where rainfall and temperature, respectively are critical parameters for disease transmission (WHO, WMO, UNEP, 2002). <strong>The</strong> occurrence <strong>of</strong> malaria in 1997 in Chittagong, Khagrachari, Bandarban, Cox’s Bazar area critically supports this hypothesis (HPSR, 2000). Temper ature ( C) Dengue is another major <strong>climate</strong> sensitive disease in Bangladesh. It usually spreads over tropical and sub-tropical region. According to Koopman et al. (1991), an increase <strong>of</strong> 3–4˚C in average temperature may double the reproduction rate <strong>of</strong> the dengue virus. It is also evident that erratic rainfall and monsoon flooding are strongly correlated for breeding Aedes mosquito, especially in urban, fringe and high elevated areas (source: www.geocities.com). Breaking News <strong>of</strong> Dengue Website, July 2001 states that Intermittent rains and reactivation <strong>of</strong> aedes larvae from the unclean breeding sites are believed to be the reasons <strong>of</strong> outbreak <strong>of</strong> dengue. It is reported that 3 billion world population are at risk <strong>of</strong> dengue fever and 60% <strong>of</strong> them are located in the 10 southeast asian countries. Bangladesh is the 7th country in south-east asia with DHF reported in 2000. In 2001, it was reported that 60,000 people had become the carrier <strong>of</strong> dengue (Breaking News, Dengue Website, 9 August 2009). Children are the most sufferers <strong>of</strong> dengue epidemic. <strong>The</strong> following table shows the historical outbreak <strong>of</strong> dengue fever in Bangladesh. 54 32. 50 32. 00 31. 50 31. 00 30. 50 30. 00 29. 50 29. 00 28. 50 28. 00 Major Flood Trend <strong>of</strong> average maximum temperature and incidences <strong>of</strong> malaria (1988-2008) 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Year Affected Population (in million) Figure 6.2: Relationship between Temperature and Malarial Incidences 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 Incidence <strong>of</strong> Diarrhea (in million) 1988 30 5.37 1998 30.6 2.06 2000 3 1.56 2004 36 2.33 2007 10 2.34 2008 1 1.9 Incidences <strong>of</strong> ma laria Ma x t emp Ma laria <strong>The</strong> Probable Impacts <strong>of</strong> Climate Change on Poverty and Economic Growth and the Options <strong>of</strong> Coping with adverse Effect <strong>of</strong> Climate Change in Bangladesh
Page 2 and 3:
Policy Study on The</strong
Page 4:
Foreword The Gener
Page 7 and 8:
5.2.1 Observed Changes 26 5.2.1.1 T
Page 9 and 10:
List of Tables Tab
Page 11 and 12:
x ADB Asian Development Bank AEZ Ag
Page 14 and 15:
Executive Summary The</stro
Page 16 and 17:
Flood, drought, cyclone, sea level
Page 18:
Responding to The
Page 21 and 22: Goal 2: Achieve universal primary e
Page 24: The Probable Impac
Page 31 and 32: One of the critica
Page 33 and 34: 3.3.1.3 Interview with Key Experts
Page 36 and 37: 4.1 Climate Change - Global Context
Page 38: the glaciers recede. Freshwater ava
Page 42 and 43: 5. Bangladesh is already vulnerable
Page 44 and 45: during the month of</strong
Page 46 and 47: 5.3 Changes in Sea Level and Salini
Page 48 and 49: 5.4 Extreme Climatic Events Natural
Page 50 and 51: Source: BWDB, 2007 (Annual flood re
Page 52 and 53: Cyclone Year Maximum Wind Speed (Kp
Page 54: Table 5.12 Drought Affected Area 17
Page 58 and 59: 6.1 Context of Vul
Page 60 and 61: Reduction of crop
Page 62 and 63: estimated that 1.39, 1.26 and 14.48
Page 64 and 65: Table 6.9 Perception of</st
Page 66 and 67: extreme. Key difference will be fre
Page 68 and 69: 6.7 Industry and Infrastructure Cli
Page 72 and 73: Table 6.14 Dengue outbreak history
Page 78 and 79: 7. Relationship among clima
Page 80 and 81: of food insecurity
Page 82 and 83: Climatic Events The</strong
Page 84 and 85: This has moderate impacts</
Page 86 and 87: 7.4.1 Impacts of H
Page 88 and 89: Hazard profile Cyc
Page 90 and 91: 7.4.3.5 % of HH Ex
Page 92 and 93: Figure 7.1 Existing Impacts <strong
Page 97 and 98: Binding boats and nets with trees C
Page 103 and 104: Exposed Systems Forestry 86 Exposed
Page 105 and 106: Exposed Systems Homestead 9.2 Reduc
Page 107 and 108: Exposed Systems Fisheries Forestry
Page 109 and 110: Exposed Systems Housing Aquaculture
Page 111: Exposed Systems Health Fogginess Di
Page 115 and 116: 10. In order to address adverse <st
Page 117 and 118: 10.5 Immediate Projects for Impleme
Page 122 and 123:
each ministry); focusing, to start
Page 125 and 126:
12.1 Climate Climate in a narrow se
Page 127 and 128:
20. MoEF (2005). National Adaptatio
Page 129 and 130:
Sl No. Name and Designation Sector
Page 131 and 132:
Sl No. Name and Designation Sector
Page 133:
Exposed Systems Health Fogginess Di
show all

The probable impacts of climate change on poverty - UNDP

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?