pMjwbI bolI ik~QoN AweI? - The Sikh Bulletin

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010problem, mutual suspicion, fertile ground for countrieslike China to fish in troubled waters and the ultimatestupidity of mankind, the capacity for sure fire mutualannihilation by atomic weapons.Pakistan is currently experiencing worst floods in itsshort history. Twenty percent of the country has beensubjected to Biblical floods and is under water. Areaflooded represents Pakistan’s best farm land and muchmore than 20% of its people whose agrarian life hasbeen totally destroyed for many years to come. Theyhave lost their homes, farm animals, crops, food grains,including the seed stock for next crop and their entireinfrastructure is in shambles. And yet, God bless thepoliticians, the opposition party has found fault withthe Govt. of Pakistan accepting equivalent of USD 5million aid from India. All this will pass if sound mindscould create the United States of South Asia in this oneof the earliest cradles of human civilization.Hardev Singh Shergill*****UNITED STATES OF INDIA(This is an open letter to thinking Sikhs and thinking non-Sikh Indians to move into the 21 st Century)[Reproduced from August 2001 Sikh Bulletin]This month India celebrates its independence day.But this was not our independence. We just tradedmasters, from the benevolent who needed oursupport, strengthened our faith and apologized forthe Jalianwala Bagh tragedy, to the oppressive whocannot stand our existence, are determined todestroy our identify and have made no apology forthe June 1984 Ghallughara (Holocaust).In its report of May 16 th 1946, the Cabinet Mission, thatfollowed the Cripps Mission, recorded in para 18 that itrecognized three nationalities or nations in India:1. General, 2. Muslim, and 3. Sikh“The word ‘Hindu’ was not used in this report.Explaining the word ‘General’, the Mission stated thatthose who were not Muslims and Sikhs fell in thiscategory. The Cabinet Mission wrote: “We think that itis satisfactory to recognize only three communities inIndia-General, Muslim and Sikh. In ‘General’ will fallall those who are not Muslims and Sikhs.”In Para 15 of its report the Mission stated that India’sConstitution should adopt the following basicprinciples: ‘In India there will be one Centralgovernment which will retain only foreign affairs,defence and communications at the centre.’ Thus onlythese three departments were to be kept by the centralgovt. After this it has been written that, the Centre willkeep only the financial powers to collect moneyneeded for running these three departments only. InPara 2 of its report, the Mission wrote: “in theLegislative Assembly, whenever a question pertainingto a particular community arises, it will be decidedonly by the members of that community in theAssembly on the basis of simple majority.”In Para 6 of the report the Mission wrote: “ The groupsin the Union will have the liberty, if they so wish, toredefine the conditions on which they will stay in theunion after ten years, and thereafter each state willhave this option after every ten years.”Similar promises were made by the ConstituentAssembly through its resolutions. “The brave Sikhs ofPunjab deserve special rights. I see nothing wrong incarving out a special region and administrative set upin the north, where the Sikhs can feel the glow offreedom.” Pandit Nehru made this promise with theSikhs, and the Congress Party in its meeting from 27 thJuly to 29 th July 1947 passed a resolution in keepingwith this promise.The Ayyanger Committee was constituted by theConstituent Assembly. It included Pandit Nehru, V.B.Patel, Jairam Dass, Daulat Ram, Gopala SwamiAyyanger, P.B. Sitaramaya and A. Kirshnamachari. Inits resolution on 30 th April 1947 this committeerecommended that only three departments should beheld by the central govt.:1) Defense2) Foreign Affairs, and3) Communications.This committee too had recommended that the centerwould be empowered to collect finances needed forrunning these three departments. This very committeehad recommended that the states would have their ownconstitutions.But as soon as the country got independence, theK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 2

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010Congress Party, the leaders of the country and theadministration changed their stance completely andstarted following a policy of animosity against theSikhs. The first instance of this (animosity and hostility)is the govt. circular issued on 10 th October, 1947 by thePunjab Governor Shri Chandu Lal Trivedi, informingthe Deputy Commissioners that “the Sikhs, as acommunity, were a lawless people and were thus amenace to the law-abiding Hindus in the Province”,and calling upon the Deputy Commissioners to take‘special measures’ against them.India is a diverse country with tens of major languagesand hundreds of dialects with unique dresses, foods andcustoms, more diverse than western and Eastern Europecombined. Yet, that we should remain one andcohesive is dictated by geography, history andcircumstances. Unfortunately, for the 2 nd half of the20 th Century we have been led by fools. Constitutionthat the Congress Party finally imposed upon India anda series of five year economic plans that the centralgovt. devised emasculated the states.In its stated objective to redraw the state boundariesbased on the language of the people Congress Partytreated Sikhs as stepbrothers and second-class citizens.In 1951 while our leaders snoozed in their comfortableseats the Jan Sangh virus spread through every villagein Punjab instructing every non-Sikh (especially anynon-Jats) to declare their mother tongue Hindi eventhough they did not speak a word of it. Indian govt.also imposed Sanskrit on us. If you did not take scienceas a subject for university entrance matriculationexamination, it was mandatory for you to take Sanskritfor first two years of College. I had to take it at KhalsaCollege Mahalpur in 1949-51 and my own mothertongue, Punjabi, was optional. All my classmates whowere non-Sikhs, along with their families, opted forHindi as their spoken language even though they didnot speak a word of it.Nowhere in the history of this entire world will youfind an example of a people abandoning theirmother tongue because of religious belief other thanthe Punjabi Hindus, who instead of pearls ofNanak’s Shabad chose to stay with Stones of Vedas.So, while every other state became uni-lingual, Punjab,thanks to its Hindu sons and daughters and theconniving Central Govt., became a unique bilingualstate. Even that was not enough. As a wise man toldus, a Brahmin thinks generations ahead, a Muslimthinks just before but a Sikh thinks after the fact.Instead of raising a hue and cry about the languagecensus fraud committed upon its people, our leaderslaunched self-destructive ‘Punjabi Sooba Morcha!’Result? Half of Punjab that we ended up with after1947 partition was further carved into three and aBerlin Wall of Haryana was erected between us andthe seat of power in New Delhi.Humiliation that was heaped upon those of us who hadto pass through Haryana after the 1984 Ghalughara iswell known to all of us. If our leaders had anyconscience (their brains were not pea sized) theywould have accepted the partition of India into threeentities. But they were bribed to go along with HinduIndia and get a special status. Special status my … .They fell into the trap once again.I have no doubt that our leaders have always beenchosen for us by those outsiders who do not have ourbest interests at heart. So is the case with the demandfor ‘Punjabi Sooba’ after Punjab was declaredbilingual. If someone had been thinking straight theycould have turned this injustice into sweet revenge.Hindi was to become the official language of thecountry. It is a sister language of Punjabi, bothderived from Sanskrit. Hindu is our brother. That iswhere we came from. Our animosity is neither withHindu nor with Hindi. In a bilingual Punjab everybody had to learn Hindi as a National languageanyway but everybody would have had to learnPunjabi as well as state language. Jointly with Hindumajority they could have pressured the centre to annexGanganagar Dist. of Rajasthan to this bilingual Punjab.There will be no problem of division of waters. Sikhfarmer will have new frontier to explore with dignityand Punjab will not be bordered by a hostile state thatwould prefer Madrasi as a second language rather thanPunjabi that its own people spoke. But no. Selfdestructive as we are our leaders did not rest until theygot ‘victory’ by getting us a thumb nail size ‘PunjabiSooba’.Now what is in store for us?The following excerpts from Dr. Sangat Singh’s book“Sikhs in History” (4 th Edition, Jan 2001) arerevealing:“The Akalis were now under attack from within andK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 3

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010from without. They had no means to counter themischief being wrought by Tohra and his cohortinfiltrators; they were orchestrating the policies dictatedby their parent party – the Communists… The CentralGovernment with formidable resources at its disposalsought to create a chasm between Akalis and JanSangh, twice coalition partners, in raising the slogan ofSikh Homeland. Tohra was an important actor in that.Various intelligence agencies reported the widespreadimpression among the people that Chauhan was raisingthe slogan of Khalistan at the instance of IndiraCongress.” (page 350)“Meanwhile, Chauhan on September 18, 1971, in apress interview in London raised demand for Khalistanand stated that a rebel government would be formedwith headquarters at Nankana Sahib; if necessary, theSikhs could fight the Indian army and obtain arms fromPakistan and China. Paradoxically, his pronouncementsvery well suited both Pakistan and its supporters, andIndira Congress and its cohorts.” (page 352)“Dr. Chauhan shortly afterwards left for New York totake up the case for independent Sikhland with theUnited Nations. He inserted half a page advertisementin the New York Times of October 12, 1971, for theSikh demand for an independent state. This must havecost a lot of money. The following day, he backed upwith a demonstration before the United nationsheadquarters.” (page 353)“Mention has already been made of Dr. Jagjit SinghChauhan’s inserting half a page advertisement in NewYork Times of October 12, 1971, and holding of ademonstration the following day in front of the U.N.headquarters. That was an inspired move. A personwho took part in that demonstration and genuinelybelieved Chauhan, told me in June 2000 in New York,that he did not get a visa to visit India till 1997 whenhis mother died, while another person, who formerlywas an employee of the Indian Mission in New Yorkand was later Professor of International Relations there,did not get Indian visa at all i.e. till at least June 2000.So must have been the case with numerous others. (Seep. 30, 31 for passport story of Prof. Uday Singh) Thiswas in sharp contrast to Dr. Chauhan’s visit back toIndia shortly afterwards and hobnobbing with IndiraGandhi. Government of India had its informants, atleast, in the white world of Britain, Canada and USAeven at that time and that an eye was being kept onvarious elements of Sikhs in that part of the world.Also that Indira Gandhi was interested in promotingthe movement of Khalistan, as early as 1971, when shewas involved in a conflict with Pakistan. That was aportent of things to follow in the following decadeswhen circumstances for the Government of India werebetter.” (page 588)“Indira Gandhi Congress President, or Prime Ministerof India, or possibly in both capacities, deputed MajGeneral (Retd) Jaswant Singh Bhullar to NorthAmerica – USA and Canada – to keep her informed ofthe Sikh situation following the Operation Bluestar,scheduled for early June 1984. Bhullar wasaccompanied by two persons, Mr. S… and Mr. D…He with the assistance of sword wielding Taxi driversfrom Canada, who were planted there, took over asSecretary General of the World Sikh Organization(WSO) with Didar Bains, a super rich magnate fromYuba City, California, as its President. The WSO withthe active help of expanding Indian intelligence set upin North America, spread its tentacles in all the majorcities there. The Government of India got full briefingof the doings of Sikh elements in both USA andCanada, apart from what was going on in Britain.Bhindranwale set ups abroad were chosen forinfiltration. The only major set up which was not fullyconversant with the developing situation may be saidto be associated with Bhindranwale, except in caseswhere the set up itself was initially establishment bysuch elements. The Sikhs were virtually fightingguerrilla warfare. They did not know who weretheir friends or foes.” (page 589)Now same Dr. Chauhan is back in India free toparrot his master’s call.”Punjabi MotherAt one time Punjabi mother had only one son. Hewas Hindu. Then Islam came to the land of fiverivers. Some Hindus adopted the faith of theinvader. Second son, Muslim, was born. He kepthis mother tongue as Punjabi but started writing itin the alien alphabet of the invader. Then theperiod of Sikh Gurus came and the third and theyoungest son of Punjabi mother was born, Sikh.Then came the partition of the Punjabi mothers’birthplace and, the second son chose to officially callhis language Urdu, a mixture of the languages of theK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 4

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010invader and the invaded. The first born, Punjabi Hindu,chose to forsake his mother for Hindi, stepsister ofPunjabi mother. Now Punjabi mother has only one sonleft, Sikh. Time is running out for Punjabi Mother. Innot too distant a future, Punjab, a pitiful speck on themap, a mere shadow of its glorious past, will be nomore. Thanks to Dr. Chauhan, Dr. Aulakh, Dr.Amarjit, International Sikh Youth Federation, Sikhyouth of America and World Sikh Organization, thisPunjab will be renamed Khalistan and these Akhautileaders and Akhauti Sikh Organizations will claimvictory over the grave of Punjabi Mother.Jathedar of Akal Takhat while in prison charged as amurderer. How stupid can one be? A grieving Sikhfriend relates an incident when a Hindu gentlemanteasingly asked him about the qualifications of AkalTakhat Jathedar and answered it himself – murderer!Why was Ranjit Singh anointed Jathedar in Jail? Sohe could be released in 1996 to get a head start todestroy the 300 th anniversary of Khalsa. No one couldhave done a better job. He had help of not only hissponsoring power but the entire Sant Samaj and otherfree lance Sants.Return of Prodigal SonsFirst zaffarwal surrendered to the Indian police. NowChauhan has arrived. Does it not strike strange to youthat the Indian judiciary that was so noble and objectiveand good in case of Dr. Chauhan has not been able topunish the murderers of Khalra and Kaonke, nor releasethe Sikh Youth illegally incarcerated in Indian jails?(See p. 10, different Justice for R.C. Kapur and KapurSingh) Not only has Chauhan been permitted back intothe country, he is free to keep on parroting his master’scall for Khalistan. Is it a mere coincidence that Badalhas opened SAD to Hindus and Biharis and Bhaiyashave unrestricted flow into Punjab? Foundation of thatwas laid way back when SAD first became a Punjabiparty. Foundation for demand for Khalistan was laidway back even before the Sikhs passed the AnandpurSahib resolution. Is there a better way to obstruct areasonable and legitimate demand than by creating anunreasonable and illegitimate sounding demand? WhileDr. Chauhan made a demand for Khalistan in 1971 atthe behest of Indira Gandhi, she herself startedpreparing for attack on Akal Takhat Sahib, 13 yearslater. Stage was set to annihilate Sikhs in Punjaband rest of India and prove them to be terrorists intheir adopted lands.Self-Destructive GeneWhy are we infected with this self-destructive gene?When it was discovered that Jathedar Ranjit Singh hadpurchased a multi-lakh residential lot in Chandigarh, wewere not asking where the money came from but whydid he have his beard tied in the picture and why thetitle was in the name of R.S. Ghataura? That name iswhat he was charged under in the murder of theNirankari and when his police picture was taken hisbeard was tied. Lot was purchased for him by the samepower that made Tohra, single handedly declare himIndian Govt. gave away crores of rupees for thecelebration of birth of Khalsa. Did any one questionits motives and prepare for the worse? Foxes wereguarding the hen house.Congress chief of Punjab was presenting Saropa andKirpan (See Sikh Bulletin Nov. 1999) to the turbanedson of the man who, on a visit to West Bengal, heardof his mother’s death over BBC by noon, and shortlyleft for Delhi by an air force plane. On arrival atPalam airport in Delhi at 1540 hours, he told thosepresent to receive him, “My mother has been shotdead. What are you doing here? Go, and takerevenge. No turban (distinctive Sikh headdress)should be seen.” (The Sikhs in History 4 th Edition byDr. Sangat Singh p. 422)Damdami Taksal under Baba Thakur Singh went intobed with RSS, baptizing its members who thenlavishly funded by the Indian Govt. went into villagesto propagate Sikhs are Hindus, Dasam Granth is a SikhScripture, Bachittar Natak is biography of TenthNanak, and cows milk is Amrit (See Sikh Bulletin Feb.2001). For what reason do they, after 17 years of hismartyrdom still keep on celebrating his birthday andpray for his ‘Charhdi Kala’ and deny him the honor ofa Sikh martyr which he earned on the battle field?(See Sikh Bulletin June 2001, p. 26).As Jathedar of Akal Takhat, Puran Singh did not gettired of proclaiming from the Pulpit that our Guruswere descendents of Luv and Kush. (See SikhBulletin Jan. 2000)Patna Sahib and Nanded Sahib have turned 10 thNanak’s birth and death places into virtual Hindumandirs where not only Guru Granth Sahib hasK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 5

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010acquired the status of a Hindu stone deity but alsoacquired a companion Granth, the so called DasamGranth. Not only that, it costs Rs.2101 for Akhandpathof Dasam Granth but only Rs.900 for Guru GranthSahib Akhandpath (See Sikh Bulletin Sept., Dec. 2000,and Jan. 2001).Hemkunt Foundation has us bamboozled with the mythof Tenth Nanak’s tapasya place in his ‘prior life’ whenwe cannot even agree on some of his major activities inthis life. (See Sikh Bulletin April, December 2000, andJan. 2001)Baru Sahib Akal Academy has gone several stepsfurther than the Hemkunt Foundation. They claim thatall the Sikh Gurus meditated at the present site of BaruSahib in their previous lives. (See Sikh Bulletin Sept.2000)Joginder Singh Vedanti as Jathedar of Akal Takhat,inspite of the best efforts of the President of ChicagoGurdwara Sahib and the Sikh Bulletin could not bedissuaded from visiting the dera of ‘Sant Baba’ DaljitSingh ‘Khalsa’ in Chicago. He would also visit thedera of Bhajan Yogi but cancel the already announcedvisit to San Jose Gurdwara Sahib because of somebenches in their langar area. We would love to receivepictures of Bhajan Yogi and Daljit Singh partakinglangar with their sangats sitting cross-legged on thefloor (on a daily basis, mind you). Real purpose of hisvisit was to extend credibility to these pariahs so thatlikes of Sant Singh Maskeen; Gurbachan Singh Bachan;Bibi Harjinder Kaur, President Narimanch Chadigarh;,Sardar Ajaib Singh Mukhmailpur; a Badal CabinetMinister; and Bhai Nirmal Singh, Hazoori Raagi DarbarSahib could also drop in. After all if the Jathedar ofAkal Takhat can grace these deras with his ‘Charan’why can’t the mere mortals? (See Sikh Bulletin Juneand July 2001)Our and India’s salvation lies in re-writing India’sConstitution to reflect the pre-1947 arrangements.Discard British Parliamentary System for U.S.-styleConstitution. Seek the support of Dalits and otherlike-minded regional parties and groupings to loosenthe strangle hold of the all-powerful CentralGovernment on the states and let freedom reign inevery village and hamlet in India.Look what the demands we have been making andmorchas that we have been launching during thelast 50 years has led us to? It is clear to see. Foronce turn your attention to the future, join forceswith like-minded groups throughout India and laya plan for conversion of whole of India intoKhalistan.(Hardev Singh Shergill)*****PAKISTAN AND INDIA: THE CASE FORUNIFICATIONBy Nasim YousafResearcher & AuthorPaper presented at the New York Conference on AsianStudies (NYCAS) at CornellUniversity held on October 09-10, 2009.Nasim YousafHistory is replete with evidence of leaders who, fortheir vested interests, have pulled nations into wars oreven divided them. One such example is the dissectionof India in 1947, which was characterized by a levelof devastation and tragedy rarely seen in man’shistory. To anyone who believes in the unity of thehuman race, regardless of religion, class, color orcreed, partition, indeed, was one of the biggestblunders of the last century. The proponents of thepartition of India vowed in front of the world thatdivision would resolve the issues and hostilitybetween Muslims and Hindus, two majorK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 6

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010communities of the Indian sub-continent; theirclaims have failed and desired results have not beenachieved.Today, continued hostility exists between Pakistanand India. The rivalry between the two nations,which began with the partition of India, will not enduntil we spread the message of love and co-existence,and work toward the re-unification of the twocountries.Why should Pakistan and India unite? This is thetopic of my piece today. A main driver for thisproposition is that the basis for division was flawed,and this divide continues to hinder the growth of theregion today. Moreover, as today’s world in general isheading towards self-destruction, a united India couldset the stage for cooperation and peace throughout theworld.Upon examination of historical documents and analysisof the reality on the ground, it becomes clear that thereasoning underlying partition was significantly flawed.While there is much evidence in this regard, I will nowhighlight some main elements of this argument.As I read through this piece, I would like to state thatmy intent is not to vilify or disrespect anyone, but israther to provoke thought, encourage us to learn fromthe past, and promote a sense of solidarity,camaraderie, and love in order to bring about progressin South Asia and the world.The Two-Nation Theory, in brief, stated thatMuslims and Hindus should have two separatehomelands because of religion; this was in essence thebasis of the partition of British India. However thistheory was simply promoted to further the Divide andRule policy of the British. Muslims and Hindus, thetwo major communities in the Indian subcontinent,had lived peacefully for centuries prior to the arrivalof the British, and any political matters could havebeen resolved through negotiations and implementationof a constitution and an independent and strongjudiciary, which could protect the rights of Muslims,Hindus, and other communities. However, politicaldifferences between Muslims and Hindus were blownout of proportion, thereby working in the interests ofthe imperialist power.Though not publicly admitted, from the Britishperspective, it was imperative that India be divided.The ground reality offers insight into the reasons fordividing British India. Partition would prevent thespread of Communism into the entire region of Indiaand the oil rich Middle East, as Pakistan (a separateMuslim state) would act as a buffer state to preventthis spread in the region. This would also serve tofurther weaken the Muslims after the fall of theOttoman Empire. Importantly, such division of thepeople and territory would prevent a united Indiafrom emerging as a world power and keep the twonations dependent on pivotal powers. Maulana AbulKalam Azad (President of the Indian NationalCongress in pre-partition days) wrote in his book:“If a united India had become free…there was littlechance that Britain could retain her position in theeconomic and industrial life of India. The partitionof India, in which the Moslem majority provincesformed a separate and independent state, would, onthe other hand, give Britain a foothold in India. Astate dominated by the Moslem League would offer apermanent sphere of influence to the British. Thiswas also bound to influence the attitude of India.With a British base in Pakistan, India would have topay far greater attention to British interests than shemight otherwise do. …The partition of India wouldmaterially alter the situation in favor of the British.”(India Wins Freedom, p. 225)Indian leadership (Muslims and non-Muslims whoheld negotiations with the British) was both avictim of, and a contributor to, the British Divideand Rule policy; it essentially played in the handsof the rulers.The Divide and Rule policy manifested itself in theform of the Two Nation Theory, which as statedespoused that Muslims and Hindus needed twoseparate sovereign homelands. While promoted by theAll-India Muslim League (AIML) leadership, one ofthe Muslim parties, the Two Nation Theory would nothave been allowed to be propagated, if the Britishrulers were not supporting it behind the scenes. Thisadds further merit to the argument that underlyingthe Two Nation Theory was the Divide and Rulepolicy and not the differences between the twocommunities.K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 7

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010The All-India Muslim League attempted to uphold thesaid theory, but partition was opposed by all othermajor Muslim leadership. Among those who opposedthe vivisection were Allama Mashriqi, MaulanaAbul Kalam Azad, and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.Many other Muslims and non-Muslims alike wereagainst partition. In the nationalists’ view, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the President of the All-India Muslim League and later founder of Pakistan, hadbeen misleading the Muslim community inorder to go down in history as the savior of the Muslimcause and to become founder and first GovernorGeneral of Pakistan. To nationalists, such as Mashriqi,Quaid-e-Azam had become a tool in British handsfor his political career. Further, son of Khan AbdulGhaffar Khan, Khan Abdul Wali Khan quoted LordMountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, in his booktitled, Facts are Sacred. Mountbatten speaking inreference to Quaid-e-Azam’s desire to become the firstGovernor General of Pakistan stated:Second, Pakistan with two provinces separated bywell over a thousand miles was an impractical idea.Mashriqi conveyed this to Quaid-e-Azam in 1942; thiswas later proven by the emergence of Bangladesh.Third, the migration of a massive Muslim population(scattered all over British India) to Pakistan would beimpossible.Fourth, the division of the country into three partswould weaken India and the Muslims.Fifth, this hostility between the two countries wouldbe exploited by foreign powers.Sixth, division would bring slaughter and suffering ofmillions. AndSeventh, partition would lead to rivalry and bringeverlasting antagonism between the two countries.“I [meaning Viceroy] asked him [referring to Quaide-Azam],‘Do you realise what this will cost? He sadlysaid, ‘It may cost me several crores (Several Million)of rupees in assets, to which I replied some whatacidly, ‘It may well cost you the whole of your assetsand the future of Pakistan’.” (Facts are Sacred,Chapter 21)Mountbatten’s resentment is also reported on in anothersource, The Times London of April 23, 1982.Aside from the questions around Quaid-e-Azam’smotives, the nationalists opposed division for anumber of other reasons. For Allama Mashriqi, aprominent nationalist, these reasons included thefollowing:First, he saw no issue with Muslims and Hindus livingtogether and he saw no threat of Hindu domination, aspropagated by the Muslim League, regardless of thefact that there were a greater number of Hindus in thecountry; to Mashriqi, power was not a matter ofquantity (i.e. number of people) but is rather aboutquality (i.e. the brains). Case in point, the Britishthemselves were a minority in number but were rulingthe majority; the British population in India, as perGandhi, was less than 100, 000 1 vs. 400 millionIndians. Moreover, Islam was not under any danger inIndia as the Muslim League had publicized.Today’s reality has proven that Mashriqi’s point ofview to be true.Along with prominent Muslim leaders and nationalists,even the majority of the general population did notaccept partition ― ultimately a significant number ofMuslims never came to Pakistan after its creation.Maulana Azad wrote:“Congress as well as the Moslem League hadaccepted partition… this would normally have meantthat the whole country had accepted partition. Thereal position was, however, completely different. Whenwe looked at the country immediately before and afterpartition, we found that the acceptance was only in aresolution of the All India Congress Committee of theCongress and on the register of the Moslem League.The people of India had not accepted partition. Infact, their hearts and souls rebelled againstthe very idea… there was a large section in thecommunity who had always opposed the League. Theyhad naturally been deeply cut by the decision to dividethe country.” (India Wins Freedom, p. 241)Despite the tremendous opposition to partition, Quaide-Azamignored the ground realities and, for the sakeof himself and his lieutenants’ ambition, refused tolisten to any nationalist. To prove to the world that thetwo major communities could not live together, theK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 8

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010All-India Muslim League maintained a confrontationalstance toward other parties, and refused to take evenleaders of Muslim political parties into confidenceregarding the future of the Muslim community. TheMuslim League declared Muslim leaders whoopposed the division of India to be traitors and anti-Pakistan. To accomplish the All-India MuslimLeague’s goal, Leaguers used the religion card andplayed upon the emotions ofthe uneducated Muslim masses. Of course, blame forpartition also falls upon some non-Muslim leadership.The end result was a country divided under falsepretenses.Thus, the ideas of partition and the Two NationTheory were essentially a farce; they were simplypromoted for the vested interests of the few. In someintellectual circles, it is believed that Quaid-e-Azamregretted partition soon after the creation of Pakistan,though he did not make a public statement in thisregard. Nevertheless, Quaid-e-Azam’s secular mindsetis reflected in his speech to the Legislative Assemblyon August 11, 1947, in which he essentiallycontradicted the rationale behind the Two-NationTheory. In this speech, Quaid-e-Azam stated:Instead of resolving political issues, the partition ofIndia in 1947 left behind a legacy of hostility in theregion. Not only do the issues of the past remainunresolved, but the lack of peace has been exacerbatedover the decades. The Kashmir issue, a bone ofcontention between the two countries, is a primeexample. Progress on this issue remains stagnant andthe dispute continues to take a significant number oflives. Because of confrontation over such issues,Pakistan and India have fought three wars and theKargil conflict in 1999 since partition. Leave alonesmall skirmishes between the armed forces of bothcountries which continue to take place from time totime. Moreover, terrorism and lack of peace andsecurity are fast becoming the norm, rather than theexception.Owing to this hostility, the two nations continue tobuild up armaments for the fear of aggression from theopposite side. What is deeply concerning is that sinceboth countries are now nuclear powers, oneirresponsible decision, by a current or future Head ofthe State from either country, could lead to a humantragedy of tremendous enormity, which has nocomparison in human history.“You may belong to any region or caste or creed --thathas nothing to do with the business of the State…Weare starting in the days when there is no discrimination,no distinction between one community and another, nodiscrimination between one caste or creed and another.We are starting with this fundamental principle that weare all citizens and equal citizens of one State.Now, I think we should keep that in front of us as ourideal and you will find that in course of time Hinduswould cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease tobe Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that isthe personal faith of each individual but in the politicalsense as citizens of the state.”(Source:http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/speech03.htm).Present day circumstances offer clear proof thatpartition was not successful. The concept of partitionwas touted as a means of bringing security andprosperity to the region. However, today’scircumstances reveal quite the contrary, as political,social, and economic problems prevail in the region.In addition to political issues, significant fiscal andsocial problems exist in the region. Partition hamperedthe potential economic growth of Pakistan and India,with obvious ramifications for other countries. Whileeconomic progress is being seen in the region (mainlyin India), it is still hindered by the lack of solidarityand other problems in the region. Every year, bothcountries continue to allocate significant amounts oftheir annual budgets for the maintenance of armedforces as well as building of deadly armaments. Thecountries’ pre-occupation with the arms race hasdepleted resources, which could have been invested insocial and economic development. Both countries areignoring the fact that a substantial percent of theirpopulation lives below the poverty line. A largenumber of people in the two countries are sufferingbecause they lack the basic necessities of life, such ashygienic living conditions and proper medicalfacilities. Countless numbers of people have poor dietsand are homeless. The illiteracy rate is very high, andthe quality of education lags far behind that of thedeveloped world. Only the privileged are exploitingthe region’s resources. As such frustration and terroristactivities prevail.K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 9

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010Such circumstantial evidence leads one to concludethat the state of present day South Asia would have,economically, politically, and socially, advancedmuch more so had partition not occurred. Thedivision of India led to significant devastation at thetime and continued loss over the decades.To conclude, it is imperative to realize AllamaMashriqi’s vision of unity of the human race andthat his concept of a united India reaches beyondIndia itself. A united India (comprising of over abillion people) can set the stage for unity and peacethroughout the world.At this point, we can only learn lessons from the pastand apply them to progress toward a better future.Pakistan and India must unite in order to remedy thecircumstances that prevail and bring peace andprosperity to the region. Some may consider theconcept of unification to be contradictory tonationalistic pride or political interests. However, thisschool of thought neglects to realize that Pakistanis andIndians come from the same backgrounds and that theircommonalities outweigh their differences — forexample, Indians and Pakistanis speak the samemain language of Hindi and Urdu, wear the samedress, eat the same food, enjoy the same music andmovies, and communicate in the same style and on asimilar wavelength. While progressive steps,through cultural exchange of ideas and confidencebuildingmeasures at the government level continueto take place, real progress continues to behampered.Uniting will no doubt be a challenge, but will not beimpossible, as the falling of the Berlin wall hasalready set an example. The challenge will perhapsbe greater for the leaders than the public, whichalready shares common threads and is simply living lifeday-to-day to put food on the table. For them, not muchwill change in the cultural sense, and they will onlystand to benefit from additional prosperity brought intotheir homes.For the leaders, who are consumed with politicalaims and gains, they must remind themselves of thesimilarities which already tie the people togetherand focus on the bigger picture — that is,unification will not only lead to overall peace andgrowth for the region, but uniting the two countrieswill also create greater economic opportunityglobally, by opening up a larger market andadditional avenues for trade and foreign investment.Peace and prosperity brought to the region byunification will also directly work against the threatof terrorism and the chance of a nuclear warbetween the two angry brothers.1 Gandhi wrote: “You [British] are less than one hundredthousand in the midst of 350 [400] millions over whom yourule.” Harijan, May 04, 1940. Collected Works of MahatmaGandhi. Vol. 078, p. 183.[Sikh Bulletin obtained this article from the web sitehttp://www.allamamashraqi.com/grandsonsarticles.htmlemailed to us from There is a wealth of information on this web site. Followingbook review is just one example. ED.]Allama Mashraqi(Inayatullah Khan)and Quaid-e-AzamMuhammad AliJinnah, twoeminent 20thcenturypersonalities of theIndian subcontinent,foughtfor freedom — theformer for anundivided and thelatter for a dividedBritish India. Thepoliticalcontroversybetween these twoleaders over the partition of the Indian sub-continent isan extremely important topic from the independencemovement’s perspective. This work discusses AllamaMashraqi’s rigorous efforts to prevent the Muslimsand India from being divided, while Quaid-e-Azamremained focused on the partition of India.Separation divided the country and the Muslims intothree parts, and the majority of 100 million Muslimsbecame second-class citizens in their own homeland.To nationalist leaders of the time (who were antipartition),Quaid-e-Azam was playing in the hands ofthe British; and the gilded gentry of All-India MuslimLeague (AIML) had no history of serving the massesand partition was a short cut to their ambition. Did theK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 10

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010British use the AIML, and was a truncated Pakistan aparting kick of the British to weaken the Muslims? Andwhy did the British never imprison AIML leadership, ifthe AIML was truly fighting to end their rule?Many other intriguing questions arise that have yet tosatisfy a logical mind. For instance, why did the Britishdeny recognition of all Muslim parties, except AIML,and never sought their points of view? Why did theAIML insist on division, when Pakistan could notsafeguard 100 million Muslims? Why was it necessaryto create Pakistan out of Muslim majority provinceswhere they were already in power? Were nationalists,who were anti-partition, lacking in vision or apatheticto the future of the Muslims? Why has the nationalistpoint of view of an undivided India been keptconcealed (libraries are kept empty of their material),and why has the public only been reading the AIML’sperspective?This book brings these questions to light and presentsMashraqi’s point of view. The author uncovers factsthat are not easy to dispute and unearths the falsehood,the twisting and manipulation of facts and thepropaganda surrounding the freedom movement. Itreveals the hidden truths behind the creation of Pakistanand shatters misconceptions regarding the history of theIndian sub-continent.Published in 2007ISBN: 978-0-9760333-8-7Library of Congress # 2007903503Published in the USA in hard cover. Pages: 440"Allama Mashraqi’s life - his message to the world"- Nasim YousafWeb sites dedicated to respected Allama Mashriqi:http://www.allamamashraqi.comhttp://www.allamamashriqi.infoWeb site dedicated to respected Dr. Akhter HameedKhan:http://www.akhtar-hameed-khan.8m.com*****THE PARTITION & I: REMEMBRANCE OFTHINGS PASTby I.J. SINGH[Sixty-two years have gone by since the cataclysmicevents of 1947 - the Partition of Punjab and the loss ofhalf of the Sikh homeland to newly created Pakistan -led to the sectarian violence that took a toll of moreand a million lives and sent millions more as refugeesin either direction of the haphazardly carved India-Pakistan border. Many of those who have personalmemories and knowledge of those days are now,because of the passage of time, moving on. It hastherefore become urgent that we record their storiesfor the benefit of future generations.Encouraged by the phenomenal response to our "1984& I" project along the same lines, we at sikhchic.comonce again turn to you, our readers, to share with usyour memories, recollections, opinions andperspectives on 1947 and Partition. Please tell us howthe Partition has touched your lives and how it hasshaped your perspective on life. More importantly,please record the stories of aging parents,granparents, relatives, friends, colleagues, neighbours- and share them with us so that we in turn can publishthem in these pages and, at the same time, create apermanent repository of the same.We look forward to receiving your stories ... andphotos. The following is the inaugural piece of ournew series, "THE PARTITION & I". EDITOR,sikhchic.com]I want to put my finger on some defining epoch ortime that shaped our sense of self. When I look atSikhs during the 19 th and 20 th centuries, a few pivotalmoments come to mind. From the Sikh point of view,two events were game-altering in the 19 th century. Onewas the rise of Ranjit Singh, who consolidated andruled a large swath of northwest India for a shade lessthan 50 years with remarkable sagacity and justice.The second half of the century saw the end of the SikhRaj and its replacement by the British who reignedover the Sikh kingdoms for the next 100 years.The twentieth century, too, gives us three periods ofreckoning; two of them are seared in our being. Thethird, though vitally significant, the Singh Sabhaperiod occupies much less of our attention. The twothat are a constant thorn in our side:The middle of the twentieth century saw the end ofthe British Empire in 1947 and emergence of a "freeand secular" India over the ashes of the Partition of theSikh territories. The second half of the last centuryK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 11

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010saw the pogroms and orchestrated killings of Sikhs inthe 1980's that spawned a new class of deniers ofhistory - no different from those who deny theHolocaust or the genocide of Armenians in 1915. Sikhsworldwide are now in the midst of marking 25 years ofthe politically engineered killings of Sikhs in 1984 andthat decade.separate and distinct are, in fact, inseparablyinterlinked. But let me come to their interconnection alittle later in this story.But what happened to us in 1947? It will be 62 yearsthis August. More than a generation has passed on,along with their memories and first person accounts.And true to our Indian tradition, we have not valued orpreserved that past. Is it because we have so muchhistory that it weighs on us likes unwanted tonnage andwe don't know what to do with it? But to a dwindlingminority it still lives, fresh as the day it happened, andits repercussions are alive in Punjabis - Sikhs, Hindusand Muslims - the world over. These two pivotal eventsof the 20 th century - 1947 and 1984 - seeminglyDuring the Partition, a librarian divides the books between two piles.Officially, on August 14, 1947, Pakistan becameindependent of the British; a day later on August 15,India was proclaimed independent. (Pakistan wascarved out of, inter alia, Western Punjab and EasternBengal. The latter became Bangladesh when itseparated from Pakistan in 1971.)In 1947, I was in grade school at the local Montessoriin Lahore, the third of four children. The oldest wasstarting high school, the youngest was barely two.Time plays tricks. As I sit down to recapture thosedays, I have to rely on my older siblings - a brotherand a sister - to help sift the facts from the fiction ofmy childhood memories. For a ten year old, these wereexciting and heady times. Schools closed for severalweeks. Some nights one could see flames and smokerising from nearby localities. There were news ofwidespread riots and killings all around us. The nightsreverberated with cries of "Allahu Akbar" from theadjoining neighborhood that was largely Muslim,followed dutifully by responding cries of "Bolay SoNihaal, Sat Sri Akal" from the Sikhs and Hindus holedup in our local gurdwara.Then a family friend and neighbour was waylaid onhis to work by a mob and killed. The local residentsK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 12

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010organized a night patrol of the area by volunteers. Myfather too, along with a small group, walked the streetsin the middle of the night carrying a 3-foot kirpan - theonly weapon in the house. My father's convictionswere so simple that no facts would budge them: Heheld that since Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs had beenneighbours for so many generations - centuries - nopolitical theories or partitions could sunder thoseties for very long. The passions that fed hatred, hewas sure, would wear out; the love that binds us allwill remain. (Obviously, we hadn't heard of theHolocaust then and had also selectively overlookedearly Sikh history.)Over the weeks, most of our Sikh and Hinduneighbours abandoned their homes to move across theputative border that was to define the two nations.Some days later, the milk vendor disappeared; nowthere was no milk in the house for four children. Twodays later, a Muslim vendor appeared at the door andoffered help. Our parents wondered if they could trustthe man; could the milk be poisoned. They decided toput their trust in the Guru, and this Muslim supplied usmilk for the remaining few days until we left. Oursupply of wheat flour finished. There was whole wheatin the house but no flour. So mother would be up at 3 or4 in the morning to prepare coarse stone ground flourby hand. My sister, who was then 12, remembershelping her some mornings. Fritters made of chick peaflour would do for "vegetables." Now, 60 years later,my sister makes them and remembers those days.Six days after Pakistan and India were born as separatecountries, the Muslim driver who used to take mysister and I to school every day came to our house andwarned us of the foolishness of trying to stay and stickit out - indeed, he begged us to leave. He promised toarrange a truck to get us out. Seven days after partitionof the country, a truck appeared. It was covered so thatpassengers would not be visible. For us, where it tookus would have to be simply a matter of trust. We wereloaded on to it with no more baggage than we couldhand-carry, and driven to Mughal Serai, the trainstation of Lahore.August 22, 1947 was an unbearably hot sunny day. Ihad never seen so much army at a train station or somany desperate people waiting for a train for so long.Crowds milled about, in and around the platform andtrain tracks. We, too, were in the crowd, and my sisterrecalls that a passing train caught the corner of one ofour bags and destroyed it as it thundered by. Hourslater, our waiting for Godot ended. We boarded theonly train that stopped. People were hanging by thehandles, riding the footboards and piled on rooftops ofthe cars.We had entrained in the morning. Then the train sat onthe tracks in the sweltering heat for much of the day,finally leaving in the evening. It crawled - perhaps onecould have run faster. Midway, it stopped on its tracksfor hours. There were human bodies scattered on bothsides. We wondered if this is how life would end.Hours later, by about 10 at night, it had covered the 40miles to Amritsar across the Indian border. Itdisgorged us all - famished and tired, with no place togo.We were accommodated for the night in a tent at arefugee camp. My mother was able to get two rotis,promptly gave half to each of her children andproclaimed that she was not hungry. The next day, myfather reached a distant relative in Amritsar. He kindlyput us up for a few days. And then we moved another50 miles to Jalandhar.While at Amritsar, father was able to arrange a policeescort to take him to Lahore. He wanted to reclaimwhatever he could from the home he had locked upand left behind. But there was nothing to rescue; thehouse had been ransacked and occupied the day weabandoned it. We were lucky to have left when we did.K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 13

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010That same night a mob had raided our locality andseized whatever they could lay their hands on. Therewas a hospitable Muslim family living in our housenow.Jalandhar was teeming with Hindu and Sikh refugeesfrom Pakistan. Every day there were caravans of newarrivals, and everyday one saw cavalcades of Muslimsbeing escorted by the army to trains that would takethem to Pakistan. History tells us that the refugeeproblem in Punjab in 1947 was larger than that inEurope after the Second World War.Somehow we got a foothold in one part of a large houseabandoned by a Muslim family that had crossed over toPakistan. It was partially burnt; on one side, the roofhad collapsed. But parts were intact enough to provideshelter to many families. We all shared a single handpump that provided water. There was no hygienic codeand no enforcement of it. The miracle is that none of ussickened or died. There was no school for us but ourparents were anxious that we do not morph into streeturchins. There was not much for me to do all dayexcept play around in the streets. So my parentsorganized reading and study times that they supervised.There was no electricity in the house, so we studied bythe light of a kerosene lamp - sometimes an adventure,often a pain.I remember the taste of World War II surplus driedonions and powdered eggs that often were our meals.And I remember my mother turning over her portion ofmilk to her children with the lame excuse that she couldnot digest it. Keeping the kids busy and out of troublewas next only to keeping them fed and clean. My olderbrother, then in his teens, was sent to volunteer at a"refugee camp," a city of tents to spend his days inservice of those who were needier.One day at that camp, he came across an old man whohad finally made the escape from Gujranwala. It wasour maternal grandfather. My brother brought himhome. Later an aunt made it across the border with twosmall children in tow and joined us. Some months later,an uncle, who had been given up for lost and perhapsdead, arrived from parts of Pakistani territory that havealways remained somewhat lawless. He had apparentlybeen severely injured and thrown out of a train on hisway out of Pakistan. Some kind people, possiblyMuslim, took care of him, treated him and sent himalong later, still recuperating from his many wounds.One memory of my Jalandhar days will always hauntme. One day I was hanging around outside ourramshackle house in the middle of the day. It was nearthe railroad tracks and I heard the staccato sounds ofexplosions. Not knowing anything - but curious - Iwandered off towards the tracks. A train of Muslimrefugees lay still on the tracks surrounded by a crowdof armed Hindus and Sikhs who were busily killingany Muslim they could, in and out of that train. This, Ilearned, was in retaliation of the rumoured murder of atrain load of Sikh and Hindu refugees who were ontheir way to India a day or two earlier from Pakistan.So I ran home and at the street corner saw a Sikhwashing a blood-stained dagger. Such were the days.Now, every August 15 th , I cringe when I hearrespected political leaders of India proclaiming thatIndia's freedom was won by Mahatma Gandhi in apeaceful, bloodless revolution. One evening inJalandhar, we heard that Gandhi had been shot dead bya Hindu, Nathuram Godse.We all rail against the perils of bureaucracy, but it wasthe Indian bureaucracy that saved us. Luckily for us,our father had worked for the Punjab Public ServiceCommission in Lahore for many years. We knew thatwhen the government reorganized in the IndianPunjab, there would be a reconstituted Public ServiceCommission, and we would be somewhat flush again.That's exactly what happened. In 1948, Simla - the‘hill-station' town that used to be India's summercapital under the British - became the seat of thePunjab government, and we moved there.Eleven years later, when Punjab and PEPSU ("Patialaand East Punjab States Union") combined into a singlestate, the Public Service Commission relocated toPatiala. On arriving in Patiala, father was honoured bythe local gurdwara for his father's contributions 36years earlier. This must have been a most gratifyingmoment for my father in his new homeland.In 1922, when father was 14, my grandfather was thestationmaster at Nankana Sahib (now in Pakistan), thebirthplace of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism.Sikhs had launched a massive non-violent struggle tofree the place from its British-appointed corruptcaretakers. Many Sikhs were killed, injured orarrested. After a prolonged and traumatic morcha(struggle), Sikhs prevailed, the British governmentK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 14

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010conceded, and even Gandhi, who later won accoladesfor his non-violent ways, admittedly learned themeaning of courage and power of peaceful protest.History tells us that in 1922 my grandfather providedthe Sikhs with succour and comfort for which theBritish promptly shipped him to Moga after theimbroglio.I often wonder! How did our whole family get acrossthe troubled land in 1947 and how did my relatives everfind each other? How did so many come throughseemingly so unscathed? It seems no less than amiracle. What sustained my parents through theseperilous times? Now I see that it was their abiding faithin God and Guru. This too shall pass, they knew; it was"chardi kalaa" at work. I also wonder why, in all theseyears, there has been so little conversation of it all inour lives. There are no records and few relics orreminders; many of those with memories have passedon. I know that many suffered much, much more during1947 and have moving and eventful stories to tell. Ihope they will and soon. I think of T.S. Eliot whoreminds us of the cunning passages and contrivedcorridors of history that deceives us by vanities.In less than 20 years, penniless Punjabi and Sikhrefugees from Pakistan had transformed their newhomeland into the most prosperous state in India.They fathered the "Green revolution" that fed muchof India, so that the annual famines thatcharacterized the country occurred no more.I look back and see that such momentous events - thepartition of a country, widespread killings, transfer ofmillions across artificially created political borders anda refugee problem, the likes of which had not been seein recent history - are matters that deserve more than afootnote in history. It would have served the nationfar, far better to minimize the glorification andinstitutionalization of Gandhi (Mahatma), Nehru,Patel et al who engineered and oversaw these eventsinstead of purposefully addressing the needs andstoic suffering of millions.When I look back I see that these matters never becamepivotal to a national conversation. The largely uprootedminority of Sikhs felt even less welcome and morediminished by the legal framework of a new nation thatlumped them - in a classic reversal and betrayal - withHinduism, thus denying them their own identity. Overthe years, Indian politicians have continued to play thecard of divisive politics - pitting Indians against eachother - based on religion, language, culture, etc. Itseems to me that, with the exception of the recentyears of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh'sascendancy, since 1947, Sikhs have felt progressivelymore alienated from the political entity that is India.Perhaps that's where one should look for the genesis ofthe troubles of 1984. I await with baited breath apolitical theorist with the grand vision to successfullytrace the strands of history that connect 1984 to itsroots in 1947, and even further back to the events of1922-25 that suborned a religion to the judiciary of anominally secular state.It has now become so difficult to answer when peopleask me where I am from. My first few formative yearswere spent in what is now Pakistan; the next thirteenyears in India (Simla and Amritsar), and I have spentnearly 50 years in the United States. Most peopleappear perplexed - and rightly so - if I answer "NewYork.""You can't go home again," said Thomas Wolfe, andthe line often reverberates in my head. Yet, before theend of my days I would like to see the streets where Iran around and the house where I was born.ijsingh99@gmail.comAugust 3, 2009[Courtesy: www.sikhchic.com. ED.]*****1984- THE SIKH BLOOD- BATH INRETROSPECTProf. Gurmit Singh Tiwana, CanadaCall it by any name, a pogrom, massacre or agenocide, whatever you will- the most hideous part ofit is, that it was state- sponsored. The most heinous, asit was, it was pre-planned, well though out quite neatlyand ruthlessly carried out, in which the truck- loads ofJaat goons from across the Jamuna were brought in tothe attack, kill and plunder. This holocaust wasperpetrated with the active connivance of the DelhiPolice, The Delhi Administration and even the thenHome Minister of India was a party to it. In fact, thisslaughter was so dastardly ignominious and inhumanthat it was a fit case to the brought before the U.N.O. Itis hard to find a parallel to it in the Indian Historyexcept the one that happened when Nadir ShahK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 15

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010captured Delhites and let loose a reign of terror on theDelights. But after the lapse of a quarter of a centuryinstead of justice being delivered, the Sikhs are beingadvised to forget, even not being asked to forgive,because no culprit is being identified who would bemade to ask for it. Even the Indian Parliament has so farnot passed any resolution condemning it or asking forforgiveness as if the whole country is oblivious of thisdastardly act of the majority community at the behest ofthe congress, which since long has shed its secularcharacter.The B.J.P in this case deserves all the praise to havecome to the rescue of the Sikhs to whatever extent itsmembers could. Even the congressite Sikh mayor ofDelhi S. Mehar Singh was manhandled.The SikhPresident Giani Zail Singh’s cavalcade was attackedtwice. The commander-in-chief of the Indian ArmedForces was rendered so powerless and helpless thatwhen asked for refuge by the world renowned Sikhhistorian and journalist S. Khushwant Singh was onlyobliged to tell him to seek refuge with a Hindu friend.Mr. Karanjia, the editor of the Bombay Weekly Blitz,compared this slaughter to that of king Nadir Shah, asmentioned above.Let us not forget that in this world driven by the naturallaw of cause and effect, nothing can happen without acause. Here as everywhere else, the immediate cause ofthis massacre may be attributed to the two Sikhbodyguards of the Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi,having murdered her, but the Sikh melody is deeprooted.One would ask why there was not such areaction when a Marhatta Nathu Ram Godse murderedthe father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi. Why was notthe whole Marhatta community put to the sword.The strained relations between the Sikhs and the rulingNehru family had been simmering since IndianIndependence. Nehru as well as Gandhi, had backeddown upon the Calcutta resolution of 1937.Congress Party Conference, which said that “afterindependence, the Sikhs will enjoy the glow of all therights and privileges of a free nation”. Afterindependence that was not to be. The proposal of aseparate Sikh homeland as devised by the Imperialistrulers, to further divide the sub- continent into threeparts, was scuttled in England at Round TableConference by Dr. Gopal Singh Dardi, a pseudo-Sikhscholar, when he informed Pt. Nehru that this offerwas being considered by Master Tara Singh, GianiKartar Singh and Baldev Singh -a wealthy Sikhindustrialist of Bombay. Pt. Nehru lost no time inenticing Baldev Singh, offering him the post of thefirst Defence Minister of India. According to the lateS. Kapoor Singh’s ‘Sachhi Sakhi’ Master ji and Gianiji could not say no to Baldev Singh, since they were inthe pay of Baldev Singh, who would write them ablank cheque anytime they needed money. AfterIndependence it is sad to observe that in a freshlyinstalled secular Democratic Republic of India, Pt.Nehru took a personal interest in sacking S.KapoorSingh, an I.C.S officer of the British rule on flimsygrounds from the post of Deputy Commissioner. Thisincident proved without any shadow of doubt Pt.Nehru’s anti -Sikh stance. Thence on, the hold of Pt.Nehru, the fine tuned westernized Indian primeminister, upon the central Govt, as a representative ofthe national capitalists Tata & Birla was so firm, thatevery action of his was a law unto itself as well as tothe Indian masses at large. At a historical juncturewhen there were signs of utter dissatisfaction andgrumbling inside the Indian Armed Forces and a revoltamong the sailors of Navy at Bombay had alreadytaken place, the leftist forces failed miserably to cashin on the anti- British sentiments of the Indian masses.Perhaps they too had high hopes in the congress andits leader, the author of ‘The Discovery of India’.Since the handsome widowed Prime Minister hadalready developed a romantic weakness for PamelaMountbatten, it was quite in the fitness of things thather husband, a faithful representative of the imperialistpower got extended the tenure of the GovernorGeneral for seeking the bargain through that had beenstruck between the Colonial, Capitalists and the IndianNational Industrialists who so far had cloakedthemselves in the garb of the Indian NationalCongress. The gullible Indian masses could hardly seethrough, so far that the British Capitalists hadexploited India so called golden sparrow perforce hadto share their profits with the Indian capitalistsoffering them the technical know-how.Some reactionaries might raise their eye brows if Ihave the temerity of quoting a statement made byComrade Stalin as far back as 1925. He was quick todiscern that “the Indian National Bourgeoisie underthe leadership of Nehru and Gandhi are soon going toK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 16

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010strike a bargain with the British Bourgeoisie” whichonly came to fruition in 1947. At this point the leftistmovement failed miserably in putting the peoples,cause to the fore, utilizing the anti-imperialistsentiments of the Indian masses that could have usheredinto a socialist revolution. Soon after the declaration ofthe constitution of the Indian Democratic SecularRepublic, the then home minister of India, Sardar Patel,apprehending any leftist upsurge, outlawed theCommunist Party of India.As the following events would make it explicitly clearthat for a quarter of a century, the Indian IndustrialSector was totally left to develop unhindered, under therule of Nehru and later Indira Gandhi with the help ofImperialist Industrialists, utilizing their technical knowhow for a pittance of profits in return. One could easilyremember the days when the Bajaj Scooters Ltd. wasthe only industrial house who supplied scooters for thewhole country. Even a sewing –machine needle was notallowed to be imported. It was during Rajiv Gandhi’stenure, when the National Capitalists had grown strongenough to compete with the foreign industrialists thatthe foreign imports were allowed in. As a result, theIndian small businesses found a chance to grow andflourish.For the last 60 years the drums of Indian IndependenceDay are beaten with great pomp and show from thepulpit of Red Fort to befool the uneducated gullibleIndian masses, woefully divided on the basis of caste,creed and religion. Now it is becoming clear day byday, that it was independence for the nationalindustrialists growing richer day by day, while theIndian masses are fastly in the process of being reducedto beggars, roaming hungry skeletons and shantydwellers.Indian govt. has no shame in declaring its successfulventures to the moon and its G.D.P being comparable tothat of China. There is no mention of forty thousandSwiss bank accounts opened by the wealthy Indians,where there was none before independence. OnlyBombay has forty hundred thousand shanty dwellersnot to talk of Delhi, Madras and Calcutta. It is a clearchallenge to the conscience of the leftist forces of thecountry as divided as before as they are, now to closetheir ranks and accept this challenge.The Indian ruling classes are playing a political game inthe name of caste, creed and religion. Infact themajority Hindu Industrialists have nothing in commonwith a poor Brahmin or a village shopkeeper bania, asthere is no commonality between a Sikh farm workerand a poor peasant with the Sikh Feudal lord, be theycongressites or Akalies.Hoping a Sikh Prime Minister would do something forthe Sikhs, is to live in a fool’s paradise. He’s a helplesscog in the big industrial machine of the Indiancapitalists; most of them being Hindus, who couldeasily play the religious card whenever they need it,wherever they need it. A strong Hindu fanatic factionis already in existence. For example the R.S.S; theBajrang Bali Dal & the Shiv Sena .These organisationsare always at the beck and call of these industrialists,be they of B.J.P or congress. They have raked up anti-Muslim sentiments in case of Babri Masjid, Orissaincident of burning a Christian priest and hisadolescent son to ashes and Gujarat Muslim Massacre.These incidents went exactly as planned and executedin the form of 1984 Sikh massacre, in closeconnivance with the State administration and with theactive support of the state chief minister Modi.Only recently, at a remembrance day of this Sikhgenocide of 1984, a Sikh scholar, Harinder Singh fromTexas, has stated clearly that in Sikh ideology there isno place for a theocracy. The rule of Maharaja RanjitSingh is a living example. We can learn a practicallesson from our immediate neighbour PakistaniMuslim Theocracy fighting for its life. S. HarvinderSingh Phulka has rightly refused to endorse anydemand for a separate Sikh homeland.Fighting for the religious, political and economicrights of the minority communities should be the mainagenda of all the Sikhs,Muslims and Christians inIndia and in the Diaspora. It is high time that acommon front is formed and uniting with the leftistforces, a joint fight be given to the right leaning HinduCommunal forces ruling at the centre. This includesthe agenda for asking an exemplary punishment to theperpetrators of 1984 Sikh Massacre & GujaratMassacre.I would end up with a quote from a German thinkerMartin Niemoller when the followers of Hitler killedtheir adversaries, one after the other. “The Nazis camefirst for the communists and I did not speak upbecause I was not a communist. Then they came forK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 17

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010the Jews and I did not speak up I was not a Jew. Thenthey come for trade unionists and I did not speak up as Iwas not a trade unionist. Then they came for theCatholics but I was a protestant so I did not speak up.Then they came for me and by that time, there was noone left to speak up for anyone”various languages in Kublai Khan’s empire. It isinconceivable that it is a mere coincidence. Relevanttext from that book appears below.Hardev Singh ShergillThough this drama has already been anacted in India,there is no guarantee that it will not be repeated again.The only option left open for the minority communitiesof India is to unite and have a common front with theleftist forces to give a joint fight to the fascist Hinducommunal forces who are acting at the behest of thenational capitalists of the country.*****PUNJABI & MONGOLIAN?[Reproduced from The Sikh Bulletin July-August 2008]Recent UNESCO report on languages concluded thatlanguages of the world are disappearing at an alarmingrate; “…most languages disappear because theirspeakers voluntarily abandon them”; and includedPunjabi among them. That did not come as a surpriseto me. Way back in 1960 I had travelled throughPakistan on my overland trip from New Delhi toSeattle, USA. Although every body I came in contactwith in Pakistan, from Lahore to the Iranian border,spoke beautiful Punjabi and only Punjabi, their officiallanguage was Urdu. Later when I visited Punjab (India)in 2001, after an absence of 25 years, I had to askmyself why did Sikhs in Punjab agitate for Punjabi subaif they were not going to use the language? But justimagine my surprise as I turned to page 137 whilerecently reading “Marco Polo: From Venice toXandau” by Laurence Bergreen.This was my surprise: An alphabet adopted by KublaiKhan in 1269 to be used for transcribing all thelanguages of his vast empire that extended from ChinaSea to the Caspian Sea was Punjabi. Arrangement ofletters is top to bottom, unlike Gurmukhi script which isleft to right, but sound sequence is the same exceptfor the missing fourth consonant in each row. Thisalphabet was devised by a Tibetan monk, MatidhvajaSribhadra, in Kublai Khan’s court at the latter’srequest. It is obvious that the monk was well aware ofthe use of Gurmukhi script in Punjab. He did, however,adapt it for use for transcribing sounds specific toMARCO POLOBy Laurence Bergreen | Pages 136-137Text relevant to Kublai Khan’s alphabet:In keeping with his aspiration to become the "universalemperor," Kublai sought to encourage a commonwritten language for all the peoples of his empire. Tobring order to the chaos of Mongol communication, hecommissioned an influential Tibetan monk namedMatidhvaja Sribhadra to devise an entirely newlanguage: an' alphabet capable of transcribing allknown tongues. Endowed with prodigious intellectualgifts, the monk was said to have taught himself to readand write soon after birth, and could recite a denseBuddhist text known as the Hevajra Tantra frommemory by the age of three. As a result of theseaccomplishments, he was called 'Phags-pa, Tibetan for"Exceptional One." Having arrived at the Mongolcourt in 1253 as an eighteen-year-old prodigy, 'Phagspalater found special favor with Kublai Khan'sprincipal wife, Chabi, and came to exert a profoundinfluence over the court.Although Kublai Khan professed to respect fourdistinct faiths, 'Phags-pa ensured that his Buddhistsect, the Sa-skya-pa, ranked first among equals. To theChinese purist, the Mongol version of Buddhism wasdebased, corrupt; it derived from the TantricBuddhism of Tibet, whose lamas, "Superior Ones,"demonstrated a proficiency in sorcery that alternatelyK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 18

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010delighted and intimidated the deeply superstitiousMongols and impressed the skeptical Marco Polo.For a time, 'Phags-pa directed all spiritual matters atcourt, and even Kublai Khan deferred to him. Inexchange for spiritual validation, he bestowed on theyoung monk a golden mandala said to contain pearls"the size of sheep droppings." When the two met fortheir mystical seances, 'Phags-pa sat above his pupil,and when conducting secular business, they tradedplaces. The see-saw relationship was intended todemonstrate a harmonious balance between spiritualand temporal matters.In 1269, 'Phags-pa, in fulfillment of his commission,presented Kublai Khan with a syllabic alphabet—thatis, one in which symbols represent consonants andvowels—consisting of forty-one letters, based ontraditional Tibetan. The new written language becameknown as "square script," owing to the letters' form. Itwas written vertically, from top to bottom and from leftto right, using these symbols:The system transcribed the spoken Mongolian tonguewith more accuracy than its improvised predecessors,and even recorded the sounds of other languages,notably Chinese. Kublai Khan proudly designated thislinguistic innovation as the language of Mongolofficialdom, and he founded academies to promote itsuse. The Mongolian Language School opened the sameyear, and two years later, the National University.'Phags-pa script appeared on paper money, onporcelain, and in official edicts of the Yuan empire, butscholars and scribes, devoted by sentiment and trainingto Chinese, Persian, or other established languages,resisted adopting it. Nor did Marco demonstratefamiliarity with the new Mongol idiom.In 1274, about the time the Polo Company arrived inMongolia, 'Phags-pa retired to the Sa-skya-pamonastery in Tibet, where he died in 1280. By thattime, his version of Buddhism was falling into disfavorwith the Mongols, and his clever script had failed tocatch on, except among a small number of adherentswho employed it on ceremonial occasions. It remaineda worthy but failed experiment in artificial orconstructed language.*****pMjwbI bolI ik~QoN AweI?Awid gurU gRMQ swihb dI BwSw kI hY?pRO: dyivMdr isMG cwhl, pIAYcfIgurcrn isMG BwtIAwienstIicaUt Pwr AMfrsfYNifMg isiKzm4418 mwritn-ploPlwvwl, kyaUibk, H7W 5L9Email: sikhism@iuscanada.comBwv (ABSTRACT)isK gurUAW ny AwpxI bwxI ilKx leI pMjwb dy lokW dI Awmbol cwl dI BwSw pMjwbI nUM vriqAw [ hwlWik keI isK AqyZYr isK ivdvwn ieh mndy hn ik ies piv~qr gRMQ, Awidguru gRMQ swihb, ivc sMsikRq smyq keI BwSWvW imldIAW hn[ lyikn Ajokw AiDAYn ieh isD krdw hY ik isK gurUAWduAwrw vrqI geI BwSw pMjwb dy lokW vloN bolI jwx vwlIpurwqn pMjwbI hY [ ies qoN ielwvw pMjwb qoN bhuq dUr vsdyBgqW dI bolI nwl qulnw krn qoN pqw lgdw hY ik auhnWv~loN vrqI geI BwSw vI purwqn pMjwbI hI sI [ ieQoN iehvI zwihr huMdw hY ik purwqn pMjwbI pMjwb qoN dUr Bwrq dy horkeI ielwikAW ivc bolI jWdI sI [ sjry AiDAYn qoN hor vIByq KulHdy hn ik pwinnI ny sMsikRq BwSw pMjwb dy lokw dIbolI, ijs nUM auh pRwikq dw nW dyNdw hY, qoN hI GVI [ iehpRwikRq Asl ivc kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbI hI hY ijs nysMsikRq nUM jnm id~qw [ qrs Xog gl ieh hY ik keI isKivdvwn hor qrHW XkIn krdy hn ik pMjwbI sMsikRq ivcoNaupjI hY [ ies prcy ivc AsIN pMjwbI BwSw dw mUl KojxAqy ies dw ieMfo-XUrpIAn BwSwvW nwl sMbMD jOVn dwauprwlw kIqw hY[ ies aulyK qoN ieh vI sw& ho jwvygw ikpUrv-sMsikRq jug nUM Prol ky pMjwbI dw mUl FUMfx Aqy iesdI qknIkI qy ivigAwnk vrqoN leI ivkws ihq Koj-Swlw(Research Institute) sQwpq krn dI sKq zrUrq hY[AwrMB (Introduction)isK gurUAW ny AwpxI bwxI ilKx leI bRwhmxW dI zbwnsMsikRq nwloN pMjwb dy lokW dI Awm bol cwl dI zbwn nUMvrqoN ivc ilAWdw [ pMjwb dy lokW nUM ‘pMjwbI’ Aqy auhnW vloNbolI jwx vwlI zbwn nUM vI ‘pMjwbI’ ikhw jWdw hY [ pMjWdirAwvW dI ies DrqI nUM ieh nW eIrwnIAW ny id~qw ijnHW ny1,000 CE (Current Era) dy nyVy qyVy ies qy hmlw kIqw qyiPr eyQy hI p~ky qOr qy vs gey [ auhnW dy hmlw krn qoNK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 19

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010pihly ies DrqI nUM spq-isMDU AwKdy sn ikauNik bhuq icrpihlW ieQy sq dirAw vgdy sn [ pUrb vl vihMdI srsvqIsuk geI Aqy p~Cm vl vgdy isMD dirAw nUM, smyq ies dymuAwivn dirAwvW dy, ies zr^yz iK~qy dw ih~sw nhIN minAwjWdw sI [ nqIjy vjoN pMj dirAw hI rih gey Aqy aus DrqI nUMijs qy ieh dirAw vgdy sn eIrwnIAW ny ‘pMjwb’ (pMj = 5,Awb = pwxI /dirAw) dw nW id~qw [7, 13] [ ies DrqI qyvsdy lokW nUM Aqy auhnW dI bolI nUM pMjwbI ikhw igAw[ieiqhisk ipCokV (Historical Background)a: pMj dirAvW dI DrqI dy prwcIn nWikauNik pMjwb Aqy pMjwbI bolI dw sMbMD pwiksqwn nwl vIjuVdw hY ies leI pMjwb dy ieiqhws bwry pwiksqwn &orm qoNpRwpq hoeI hyT ilKI jwxkwrI dI igAwq lwhyvMd rhygI [7]:“3,000 BCE qoN hI AwrIAw lokW dIAW hyVHW dIAW hyVHW Bwrqivc dw^l hoxIAW SurU ho geIAW Aqy ieh islislw 1,000swl cldw irhw [ auh lok iek kbIlw jW nsl nhIN sn, sgoNm~D-eySIAw dy vn-svMny kbIilAW dw smUh sn [pihly dorivc auh AwrIAn SUkdy isMD dirAw dy auprly ih~sy ivc vsy,Bwv , isMD vwdI ivc - ijnHW nUM EdoN ‘spq isMDvw’ jW ‘spqisMDU’ Bwv sq pwxIAw (sqluj, ibAws, rwvI, cnwb,ijhlm, isMD qy hux ^qm ho cukI srsvqI) dI DrqI ikhwjWdw sI [”fw: Aibnws cMdr dw hvwlw dy ky SRI bod rwey pMjwbI ilKdyhn [7]:“ijs DrqI qy vYidk AwrIAw lok rihMdy sn, irgvyd ivc ausnUM ‘spq isMDvw’ Bwv, sq ndIAW dI DrqI ikhw igAw hY [ies ivc p~Cm vl AwpxIAW shwiek ndIAW smyq isMD ndIAqy pUrb vl srsvqI ndI Swml sn [ gMgw Aqy jmnwndIAW dw izkr vI ikqy ikqy AieAw hY pr ienHW dI igxqIauhnW ivc nhIN ijnHW ny dyS nUM aus dw nW bKiSAw [”bod rwey pMjwbI Awp AwpxI ikqwb ‘spq isMDvw’ ivc iesqrHW ilKdy hn [7]:“ies qrHW auh ielwkw ijs ivc kSmIr, pMjwb, au~qr pCmIsImw pRWq (Sumwl mZrbI srh~dI sUbw), bloicsqwn Aqy isMDSwml hn, AwrIAn invws sI [”ijs nukqy qy AsIN zor dyxw cwhuMdw hW, auh ieh hY ik AjijhVI zbwn pMjwb dy lok boldy hn ieh AwrIAw lokW dIAwmd (3,000 - 1,000 BCE) dOrwn zbwn dy lgwqwrivkisq hox dw nqIjw hY [ jdoN AwrIAw lok Awey qW auhApxI bolI vI nwl lYky Awey [ aus bolI qy &wrsI dw kuJ kuJprBwv sI ikauNik AwrIAw lok pMjwb nUM eIrwn dy rsqy Aweysn qy eIrwn ivc kuJ icr ruky rhy sn [ aunW dI bolI purwxIIndo-Aryan zbwn dIAW aup-bolIAW sn [3, 4, 6], prBwrqI sMsikRq dy ivdvwnW ny aus nUM ApBrMS (jWglI) dw nWid~qw [9] [ ies zbwn dw DunI ivigAwn qy Sbd-GVn ivDIXUnwnI, lwqInI qy Celtic zbwnW nwl imldI juldI sI [A: pMjwbI zbwn dI buinAwd (Awid)pMjwbI BwSw dw m~D eySIAw dIAW BwSWvW nwl bVw gUVHwirSqw hY [ imswl leI Sbd ‘dirAw’ m~D eySIAw dy dodirAwvW ‘AmU dirAw’ Aqy ‘isr dirAw’ vwsqy vriqAwjWdw Sbd ‘dirAw’ pMjwbI ivc vI ienHW ArQW nwl hIvriqAw jWdw hY, ijvyN ik sqluj dirAw, ibAws dirAw,rwvI dirAw, cnwb dirAw, Aqy ijhlm dirAw [ ies qrHWpurwxy vkqW ivc Bwrq dy vgdy pwxIAW nUM dirAw hI ikhwjWdw sI [ pr smW bdlx nwl hux ‘ndI’ jW hor keI nWvrqy jWdy hn [Hittites Aqy Mitanni (Suppiluliuma Aqy Matiwazaivcwly (380 BCE – Before Current Era) hoeI sMDI ivcimqR, vrun, ieMdR Aqy nsiqAw (Asibnw) nW dy dyviqAW dwizkr hY[[ ikkUlI GoV-isiKAw SwsqR ivc ies qrHW dyqknIkI Sbd hn: ijvyN ik Aiekw (eykw - One), qyrw (qRY -Three), pMcw (pMc - Five), s~qw (seven), nw (nwvw -Nine) Aqy ivrqnw (round) [17].ies qrHW pMjwbI dy kw&I Sbd &rWsIsI (French) dy SbdWnwl bhuq imldy hn, ijvyN ik duex (dU), trios (qRy ), cinq(pMj), sept (sq), nauf (nwa), dix (ds), savon (swbon)(v Aqy b pMjwbI ivc Adl bdl kIqy jw skdy hn), ‘Queest tu?’ (kI ey qU) French dw vwk hY jo pMjwbI nwl aucwrnivc vI Aqy ArQW ivc vI hU-bhU imldw hYsMboDn krn dw qrIkw vI imldw hY: imswl leI ‘tu’ (qU)Awm bol cwl leI Aqy ‘vous’ (qusI) sqkwr jW iSStwcwrleI [ purwxI pMjwbI ivc ivSySx dw sMigAw qoN bwd lgxw(jyvyN ‘gur pUry kI bwxI…’ Awid gurU gRMQ swihb pMnw 616qy Aqy ‘mwqw sRI’ TV mhWBwrq kQw ivc vriqAw igAw [ies dw ArQ hY ik mhWBwrq dy smyN ihMdI jW sMsikRq nW dIK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 20

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010koeI BwSw nhIN sI blik aus smyN auh purwxI pMjwbI hI sI[purwqn pMjwbI ivAwkrx &rWsIsI ivAwkrx dI qrHW hI hY [ilMg bdlI dy nwl iek vcn bhu ivcn dy ilhwz nwl ikirAw(verb) dw bdl jwxw pMjwbI Aqy &rWsIsI dohW zbwnW ivcsmwn hY [ igxqI krn dw FMg vI dohW BwSwvW ivc myl KWdwhY [ ijvyN ik 80 nUM French ivc quatre-vingts (katr vain)ikhw jWdw hY purwxI pMjwbI ivc cwr vIhW (four – twenties)AwKdy sW[400 BCE dy nyVy qyVy pMjwb dy iek ivAwkrx SwSqRI, pwinnI,ny sQwnk bol cwl dI bolI coN sMsikRq BwSw GVI [ sMs + ikRq= mukMml, Bwv suDrI hoeI [ nwl hI aus ny Awm bolI jwxvwlI zbwn nUM prwikRq, Bwv ADUrI KrHvI kih ky bulwieAw [ieh jwxkwrI pRwpq nhIN hY ik aus smyN Awm bol cwl dIzbwn dw nW kI sI jdoN pwinnI ny 400 BCE dy Aws pws ausivcoN sMsikRq iqAwr kIqI sI [ pr so-called pRwikRq pMjwbdy lokW dI bolI dy qOr qy bVw icr ijauNMdI rhI Aqy ivkws dykeI pVwvW coN lMGI [ dr Asl BwrqI Aqy pwiksqwnI dohWpMjwbW ivc Aj klH bolI jwx vwlI pMjwbI EhI BwSw hY ijsnUM qkrIbn 400 BCE ivc pwinnI ny pRwikRq dw nW id~qw sI[ lykn Aj BwrqI pMjwb ivc bolI jWdI pMjwbI dw ihMdI AqysMsikRq krn kIqw jw irhw hY, jdoN ik pwiksqwnI pMjwb ivcArbI &wrsI dy Sbd vwVy jw rhy hn[ iPr vI pwiksqwnIpMjwb ivc bolI jWdI pMjwbI krIb krIb aho hI hY jo 1947qoN pihlW bolI jWdI sI[ imstr Sihkwr [9] AwKdy hn ikbrwmptn (auntwrIE) kYnyfw ivc hoeI julweI 2009 dI ivSvpMjwbI kwn&rMs ivc kuJ BwrqI lyKkW dI pMjwbI nUM smJskxw auhnW leI muSikl sI[ ipRMsIpl svrn isMG jI [16] ny‘kb~fI’ Aqy ‘Gol’ KyfW ivc vrqy jWdy bhuq swry purwxy Sbdiek~Ty kIqy hn jo bVI qyzI nwl Alop ho rhy hn[ iesy qrHWpMjwbI dy AnykW hor Sbd hn ijnHW dI QW qy ihMdI jW sMsikRqdy SbdW dI vrqoN kIqI jwx lg peI hY[ pMjwbI zbwn dyivdvwnW qy KojIAW dI ieh izmyvwrI bxdI hY ik pMjwbI nUMpMjwbI dI qrHW hI jIvq r~Kx Aqy ies nUMM DIry DIry ihMdI ivchI smw jwx qy AMkuS lwx, nhIN qW jldI hI pMjwbI nUM ihMdI qoNvKrw pCwx skxw muSikl ho jweygw[ loV hY surjIq krn dIauhnW purwxy mUl SbdW nUM ijhVy kdy pMjwbI lok boldy sn qyauhnW nUM AwDwr bxw ky nvIn Sbd GVn dI[ hW, jy iksynvIn Sbd leI pMjwbI mUl Sbd nhIN imldw qW dUjIAWzbwnW ivcoN Sbd lY lYx ivc koeI hrj nhIN[e: pMjwbI BwSw qy Koj dw kmT. Grahame Bailey Awpxy AMgyRzI-pMjwbI Sbd koS, ijhVwauhnW ny vIhvIN sdI dy pihilAW ivc sMklq kIqw sI, dIInroduction ivc ilKdy hn: “pMjwbI cInI zbwn vWg iektone- BwSw hY[” A~gy cl ky hor vI AwKdy hn ik hYrwnI dIgl hY ik pMjwbI zbwn dy mUl qy ies dy multi- tonal hoxbwry koeI sMjIdw Koj nhIN kIqI geI[ kI multi-tonal pMjwbIdIAW jVHW pihlI Aqy dUjI sdI CE ivc hoey kuSn swmrwj,ijs dI rwjDwnI puSpur (hux ipSwvr) sI, dy ieiqhws ivcimldIAW hn?[11].kuSn lok Yueh-chi kbIilAW dw ih~sw sn ijhVy ikqymD cIn ivc vsdy sn[ ienHW ivcoN kJu pC~m vl nUM mDeySIAwnUM mUMHh kr gey, ijQoN A~goN auh A&Zinsqn qy pMjwbvl nUM tury[ bhuq swrw pUrbI A&Zwinsqwn Aqy qkrIbnswrw pMjwb auhnW dI slqnq dw Durw irhw, BwvyN ik auhdurwfy vI cly gey jW ahnW dI slqnq suMgV geI[ ies ivSyqy Koj dI kw&I guMjwieS hY[ [11].aupr id~qI jwxkwrI qoN ieh sw& zwihr huMdw hY ik mDeySIAw, XUrp (&rWs smyq) Aqy iksy hd qk cInI zbwnW dwkw&I prBwv hY[ kuSn kwl ivc ‘Sk’ sMmq prclq sI(ieh swkw sMmq kYlMfr rI&wrm kmytI dIAW s&wrSW qyBwrq srkwr vloN komI sMmq dy qor qy lwgU kIqw igAw)[CyqI hI ies dI QW qy ivkrmI sMmq prclq ho igAw, ijhVwik ivkrmw idiqAw dy nW qy sI[ ieh iek hor sbUq hY iesgl dw ik iks qrHW prwcIn pMjwbI nUM pRwikRq qy iPrApBrMs AYlwnx nwl mD eySIAw dy lokW dw prBwv lgwqwr^qm kIqw jw irhw sI[ Aqy Aj dy smyN pMjwbI nUM ihMdI AqysMsikRq dI puT dy ky ies dI purwqnqw dI rihMd KUMd vIimtweI jw rhI hY[ nwnk SwhI kYlMfr dI muKwli&q vI eysynzrIey dI aupj mwlUm hMdI hY[fw: suirMdr isMG nUr, aup prDwn nYSnl AkYifmI Aw&lYtrz, ieMfIAw (swihq AkwdmI) ny ienkSwP kIqw hY ikpMjwb srkwr ny pMj kroV rupey (qkrIbn iek imlIAnAmrIkI fwlr) dw bjt pitAwly ivc Institue of PanjabiCulture sQwpq krn leI mnzUr kIqw hY [8]. pr fw: nUrnUN ieh suJwA idqw igAw sI ik auh pMjwb srkwr nUM koeIAjyhI Research Institute bxwn leI rzwmMd krn ijsivc pMjwbI BwSw dy mUl Aqy ivkws leI km kIqw jwvy qW ikies ivcoN qknIkI qy ivigAwnk Sbd GVy jw skn[K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 21

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010s: sMsikRq: kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbI coN GVI geI nvIN BwSwijhVI nvIN BwSw (sMsikRq) iqAwr kIqI geI sI auh ieqnIkiTn sI ik kyvl bRwhmx hI ik aus nUM (Drm dy kMmW ivc)vrqdy sI qy Awm lok pRwikRq hI boldy sn [ ies dw kwrnieh sI ik sMsikrq dI bxq ivAwkrn dy 3959 nymW dy Gyryivc hI bxweI geI sI, ijs kr ky Awm AwdmI leI ies nUMbol skxw muSikl sI[ ies qrIky nwl GVI geI zbwn nUMsMsikrq ikhw igAw qW ik pRwikRq (pRwikRq - kudrqI, jMglI)nwloN vKrI lgy[ ies qrHW sMsikRq iek m^sUs AdbI BwSwbx ky rih geI jd ik pRwikRq lgwqwr ivkws krdI krdIauqrI qy vsqI Bwrq ivc bolIAW jwx vwlIAW zbwnW ivcbdldI geI, ijvyN ik ihMdI Aqy bMgwlI[……Asl ivc ihMdI dI QW qy pMjwbI kihxw vDyry TIk hY ikauNikihMdI pRwikRq Bwv purwqn pMjwbI dI hI iek nvInqm kVI hY[sMsikRq dI ieh ivAwiKAw drsWdI hY ik ieh au~qr pCmIBwrq dy lokW vloN bolI jWdI zbwn, ijs nUM pwinnI ny pRikRq dwnW id~qw sI, coN qrwSI hoeI iek msnUeI zbwn hY[ ies qoNieh vI zwihr huMdw hY ik auqrI Aqy vsqI Bwrq ivc bolIAWjwx vwlIAW zbwnW, ijvyN ik pMjwbI Aqy bMgwlI pRwikRq dyinrMqr ivkws dw is~tw hn nw ik sMsikRq coN aupjIAW hn,ijvyN sMsikRq dy coDrI smJdy hn[Pie [6] ny ibAwn kIqw hY ik pRwikRq 300 BCE (BeforeCurrent Era) Aqy 1,200 CE (Current Era) dy ivc ivcivgisq hoeI [so, ieh EhI pwinnI vwlI pRwikRq hI sI ijs nUMeIrwnIAW ny 1,000 CE dy Aws pws pMjwb ivc dwKl hox qy‘pMjwbI’ dw nW id~qw [ ies zbwn (pMjwbI) ny hOly hOly dUjIAWzbwnW - &wrsI, ArbI, &rWsIsI, AMgRyzI, XUnwnI Awd dy Sbdmuhwvry Awpxy ivc smo ley qy Pl srUp ies dI Aj dI rUpryKw auBrI [ Asl ivc pRwikRq nUNM kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbIhI kihxw cwhIdw hY ikauNik ieh aus DrqI qy puMgrI, v~fIhoeI qy bolI jWdI rhI, ijs nUM Aj pMjwb ikhw jWdw hY [buD Drm dI SrHw vI ies BwSw ivc ilKI geI, Bwv purwxIpMjwbI (pRwikRq) ijhVI ik aus smyN pMjwb ivc bolI jWdI sI -ijs QW qy buD Drm pnipAw [ cUNik buD-SrHw nUM pwlI SrHw vIkihMdy hn, ies kwrx ies BwSw nUM pwlI vI ikhw jWdw sI [6][ Asl ivc pwlI kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbI jW pRwikRq hI hY [pwlI kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbI dw hI Sbd hY ijs dy ArQhn pwl jW kqwr, Bwv kqwrW ivc: buD swKIAW ies qrz qyilKIAW geIAW hn [pMjwb dIAW BwSwvW dw ieiqhws GoKy ibnW hI bhuqy ivdvwnZlqI nwl pMjwbI BwSw dw mUl sMsikRq nwl joV idMdy hn [pMjwb dy BwSw ivBwg ny pMjwbI dy keI SbdW dI pRwikRq, pwlIqy sMsikRq dy SbdW nwl qulxw kIqI hY [10]. pMjwbI dy kuJSbdW dI pRwikRq Aqy pwlI nwl qulnw krn qy igAwq huMdw hYik ieh zbwn (pMjwbI) ienHW purxIAW zbwnW dy izAwdw nyVyhY, ijnHW ivcoN sMsikRq ny jnm ilAw[ [10] Bwv ik pwinnIny pMjwbI , ijs nUM aus ny pRwikRq ikhw, ivcoN hI sMsikRq dwinrmwx kIqw [ dUjy Sbdw ivc pMjwbI sMsikRq dI jnm dwqIhY [ BwvyN ik swry hI Drm gRMQ sMsikRq ivc ilK id~qy geypr ieh zbwn kdy vI lokW dI bol-cwl dI zbwn nhIN bxskI [kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbI dw ivkwsjdoN kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbI (prwikRq) pMjwboN bwhr nUMturI qW ies ny keI aup-BwSwvW dw rUp DwirAw, p~Cm ivcieh lihMdI, isMDI Aqy mulqwnI bxI [ au~qr dy phwVIielwikAW ivc fogrI AKvweI, d~Kx ivc ies nUMhirAwxvI, rwjsQwnI, gujrwqI, mrwTI Awd nW id~qy geyAqy pUrb vl ieh bRij AKvweI] pr iPr vI pMjwb dI BwSwpMjwbI hI rhI[ hW d~KxI Bwrq dIAW BwSwvW kdImI(Archaic) pMjwbI (prwikRq) coN nhIN iksy hor somy qoNaupjIAW hn [kwbly ZOr hY ik vyd Aqy hor Dwrmk pusqkW ijvyN ikbRwhmxIAW, aupinSd Aqy sUqr swry kdImI (Archaic)pMjwbI (pRwikRq) ivc hI ilKy gey sn[ bwd ivc, 200 BCEqoN cl ky ieh swry gRMQ sMsikRq ivc Anuvwd kIqy gey [ iesgl dI puStI ies qQ qoN huMdI hY ik sMsikRq 400 BCE dyAws pws GVI geI jdoN ik ieh mhwn ikRqW 400 BCE qoNpihlW ilKIAW jw cukIAW sn [3, 4, 6]pRo: swihb isMG [14, p 15-16] BwSwvW dy ivkws bwry iesqrHW ilKdy hn:“vydW ivclI BwSw purwxI sMsikRq qoN vKrI hY [ ivdvwnW nyaus nUM ‘pihlI pRwikRq’ AwiKAw hY [ smrwt ASok dy smyN(273-232 BCE) lok pwlI boldy sn, ijs nUM ‘dUjIpRwikRq’ vI ikhw jWdw sI [ vYidk BwSw nUM suDwr ky aus nUMsMsikRq dw nW dy id~qw igAw, nwl nwl hI pRwikRq BwSwvW vIivkisq huMdIAW rhIAW Aqy vK vK ielwikAW ivc vK vKnwvW nwl jwxIAW jwx lgIAW [ imswl leI mgD Aqy ibhwrK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 22

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010ivc mgDI, au~qr prdyS ivc SUrsYxI Aqy mhwrwStr ivcmhwrwStrI Awd [ ienHW nUM ApBrMs BwSwvW ikhw jWdw hY qyXwrHvIN sdI qk cldIAW rhIAW ]”ieh sw& hY ik pRo: swihb isMG ny vI [14] purwqn pMjwbI dyivkws bwry krIb krIb Eho kuJ hI AnuBv kIqw hY[ pr bVwAjIb hY ik jdON auh Awid guru gRMQ swihb ivc [1] AweIAWBwSwvW (pMjwbI Aqy aus dIAW aup bolIAW smyq) dI ivAwkrxbwry ilK rhy sn qW auhnW ny pMjwbI, ijhVI Awid guru gRMQSwihb ivc sB qoN izAwdw vrqI geI hY, dIAW jVHW qy mUlKojx dw jqn nhIN kIqw [ hwlWik pRo: swihb isMG jI nygurbwxI dI ivAwkrx qy bhuq SlwGw Xog km kIqw hY, prieh izAwdw munwisb huMdw jy auh purwqn pMjwbI Aqy Awid gurugRMQ Swihb ivc AweIAW BwSwvW dI ivAwkrx dI Koj krdy nwik kyvl ihMdI Aqy sMsikRq dI hI [ ikauNik pRo: Swihb isMG nyAwid guru gRMQ swihb dI ivAwkrx leI kyvl ihMdI AqysMsikRq nUM hI AwDwr bxwieAw hY, iehI kwrx hY ik auhnW dybxwey keI nym (rules) pUry nhIN auqrdy Aqy gurbwxI ivclIi&lws&I dI ies dy shI sMdrB ivc ivAiKAw krn leIshweI nhIN huMdy[BwSw Aqy ilpIAwm qor qy ies smiJAw jWdw hY ik gurU AMgd (1504-1552CE) qoN pihlW BwSw keI ilpIAw ivc ilKI jWdI sI [muslmwnW dy Awaux qoN pihly ijs ilpI ivc izAwdw qrpMjwbI ilKI jWdI sI auh sI ‘lMfy’ [ pr pRo: ipAwrw isMGpdm [5] v~loN kIqw igAw AiDAYn ieh zwihr krdw hY ikAj dI gurmuKI lMifAW nwloN twkrI qy isDM dy izAwdw nyVy hY[ies vwsqy, lgdw hY ik gurU nwnk Aqy BgqW ny AwpxI bwxIilKx leI twkrI/isDM ilpI dI hI vrqoN kIqI sI[ [ aus qoNbwd &wrsI prDwn ho geI, ikauNik ieh hwkmW dI zbwn sI [guru AMgd jI ny AYn mumikn hY, twkrI/isDM nU suDwr ky nvINilpI ivkisq kIqI jo grmuKI nW nwl jwxI jWdI hY [iesleI Awid guru gRMQ swihb dI zbwn pMjwbI hY qy ilpI gurmuKI,AwpxIAW aup-zbwnW lihMdI, isMDI, mulqwnI, gujrwqI, fogrI,sihsikRqI, ihMdI Awd dy nwl Aqy Sbd BMfwr &wrsI, ArbIAqy hor zbwnW qoN lY ky [ ies qrHW pMjwbI BwSw, ijhVI isKgurUAW ny bwxI ilKx leI vrqI hY, dIAW jVHW Indo-European zbwnW ivc hn nw ik sMsikRq ivc ijhVI zbwnGV ky bxweI geI [ ieh Zlq hY ik Awid guru gRMQ swihbivc keI BwSwvW hn [ muFly qor qy ieh pMjwbI hI hY, iesdIAW AwpxIAW aup BwSwvW hn Aqy Sbd keI BwSwvW coN leygey hn [ieh kihxw vI Zlq hY ik pMjwbI ny sMsikRq coN jnm ilAwsgoN sc ieh hY ik kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbI ny hI sMsikRqnUMM jnm id~qw [ swfw ieh ibAwn kuJ BwSw-ivigAwnIAW nUMbVw &wlqU ijhw lgygw, ijhVy ies ivcwr dy prBwv Q~ly hnik sMsikRq hI swrI BwrqI BwSwvW dI jnm-dwqI hY [ gurmuKIdI pYNqI AKrI nUM hor svwirAw qW ik eIrwn, Arb,ieMgilsqwn Aqy &rWs qoN AweIAW hor AwvwzW nUM aucwirAwjw sky [ iesy qrHW Punctuation system Aqy nvInivAwkrn dy nym Swiml kIqy gey qW ik i^AwlW Aqy hwvWBwvW dw vtWdrw krn leI auipEgI qy kwrgr ho sky [ iPrvI lyKk bVI iS~dq nwl mihsUs krdy hn ik hor Koj dIloV hY qW ik pMjwbI BwSw nUM Indo European BwSwvW ivcaus dw FukvW ruqbw idvwieAw jwey Aqy ies dy Sbd-BMfwrivc ivigAwnk qy qknIkI SbdwvwlI dw vwDw kIqw jwvy [kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbI nUM smJx dI mh~qqwAjokI nvIn pMjwbI Es pMjwbI qoN iblkul iBn hY jo gurunwnk qy bwkI isK gurUAW ny AwpxI bwxI ilKx leI vrqoNivc ilAWdI [ ies leI ieh bVw Aihm hY ik isK Awmkrky Aqy BwSw KojI ^ws krky pMjwbI BwSw ijs nUM pwinnI nypRwikRq dw nW id~qw Aqy jo gurU nwnk qoN pihly bolI jWdI sI,dy mUl dw qy isK gurUAW dy smyN ies dy hoey ivkws dwsMjIdgI nwl AiDAYn krn [ dyiKAw igAw hY ik AMgRzI AqydUjIAW zbwnW ivc kIqy gey gurbwxI dy Anuvwd AqyivAwiKAwvW vK vK ivdvwnW vloN vK vK FMg nwl kIqyjWdy hn jo Awpo ivc myl nhIN KWdy [ ieh ies kwrn ho jWdwhY ik guru-kwl ivc vrqI geI pMjwbI nUM TIk qrHW smiJAwnhIN jWdw [ gurbwxI dI TIk ivAwiKAw (interpretation)krn leI zrUrI hY ik purwqn pMjwbI Aqy aus dI ivAwkrxnUM TIk qrHW smiJAw jwey [ T. Grahame Bailey [11] nyirport kIqw hY ik hYrwnI dI gl hY ik pMjwbI zbwn dy mUlqy jW ies dy multi-tonal hox qy koeI sMjIdw Koj nhIN kIqIgeI[ nwl hI pRoPysr cwhl ny vI julweI 2009 ivc brWptn(Brampton, Ontario) kYnyfw ivc hoeI ivSv pMjwbIkwnPrMs ivc pMjwbI zbwn dy mUl dI Koj krn dw suJwAidqw sI[ pRoPYsr cwhl ny fw: nUr nUM ieh vI ikhw ik auhies kwrj leI iek Research Institute sQwpq krn dwsuJwA pMjwb srkwr nUM dyx[K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 23

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010gurU nwnk qy BgqW dIAW BwSwvWhyTW gurU nwnk Aqy Bwrq dy vK vK ielwikAW ivc vsdyBgqW Aqy muslmwn sU&IAW dI bwxI, jo ik Awid gurU gRMQswihb ivc drj hY, dy kuJ nmUny pyS kIqy jWdy hn, ieh isDkrn leI ik 12vIN sdI qoN lYky gurU Arjn qk (jdoN Awidguru gRMQ swihb dw sMpwdn hoieAW – 1604 CE) qkrIbn swryBwrq ivc pMjwbI bolI jWdI sI, ijs zbwn ivc isK gurU AqyBgqW ny bwxI rcI [1. nwnk (1469-1539) pMjwbAwKw jIvw ivsrY mir jwau ]AwKix AauKw swcw nwau ]AGGS, M 1, p 9.2. SyK &rId (1175-1265) pMjwbprvdgwr Apwr Agm byAMq qU ]ijnw pCwqw scu cuMmw pYr mUM ]3]AGGS, Farid, p 488.ikAw qU soieAw jwgu ieAwnw ]qY jIvnu jig scu kir jwnw ]1] rhwau ]AGGS, Farid, p 794.3. DMnw (1415-?) rwjsQwnigAwn pRvysu gurih Dnu dIAw iDAwnu mwnu mn eyk mey ]pRym Bgiq mwnI suKu jwinAw iqRpiq AGwny mukiq Bey ]3]AGGS, Dhanna, p 487.4. iqRlocn (1267-13350) mhwrwStrwAMiq kwil jo lCmI ismrY AYsI icMqw mih jy mrY ]srp join vil vil AauqrY ]1]AGGS, Trilochan, p 527.5. kbIr (1398-1495) bnwrsAYsw qYN jgu Brim lwieAw ]kYsy bUJY jb moihAw hY mwieAw ]1] rhwau ]AGGS, Kabir, p 92.jW iqsu BwvY qw lwgY Bwau ]Brmu Bulwvw ivchu jwie ]aupjY shju igAwn miq jwgY ]gur pRswid AMqir ilv lwgY ]3]AGGS, Kabir, p 92.6. jY dYv (1201-1245) bMgwlmn Awid gux Awid vKwixAw ]qyrI duibDw idRsit sMmwinAw ]1] rhwau ]AGGS, Jai Dev, p 1106goibMd goibMdyiq jip nr skl isiD pdM ]jYdyv Awieau qs sPutM Bv BUq srb gqM ]5]1]AGGS, Jai Dev, p 526pMjwb Aqy dUr durwfy vsdy BgqW dIAW aupr idqIAW qukW dwAlocnwqmk ivSlySn kIiqAW ieh isD huMdw hY ik aunHW dIBwSw gurU nwnk vloN 15vIN sdI ivc vrqI geI BwSw nwliblkul imldI hY[ ies qoN ielwvw AsIN ieh vI vyKdy hW ikgurU nwnk Aqy BgqW vloN vrqI geI BwSw Bwrq Aqypwiksqwn ivc vsdy pMjwbIAW vloN bolI jWdI pMjwbI dyiblkul nyVy hY [ghu nwl kIqI auprlI ivcwr qoN iek Kws nukqw auBr kyswmHxy AwauNdw hY ik bwbw PrId (1175-1265 CE) ny iekeIrwnI hox dy bwvjUd AwpxI bwxI gurU nwnk (1469-1539CE) qoN qkrIbn 300 swl pihly pMjwbI ivc ilKI[ iehqQ ies gl dI SwhdI Brdw hY ik pMjwb dy lok eIrwn qoNAwrIAn lokW dy Awgmn qoN pihlW pMjwbI zbwn qoN jwxUM sn[iehI kwrn hY ik bwbw PrId ny Awpxw pYZwm pMjwb dy lokWqk pucwn leI pMjwbI zbwn dI vrqoN kIqI ikauNik lokpihlW hI pMjwbI boldy Aqy smJdy sn[ ies dw mqlbhoieAw ik ieh EhI pMjwbI sI ijs dI vrqoN rwijsQwn,au~qr prdys, mhwrwStr Aqy bMgwl dy BgqW ny kIqI[ Bwv,ik qkrIbn swry hI auqrI, pUrbI Aqy dKx-pCmI Bwrq dylok bwrHvI qoN sqwrHvIN sdI qk pMjwbI nUM smJdy Aqy boldysn[sMsikRqkuJ ivdvwn ijhVy ieh mndy hn ik Awid gurU gRMQ swihbivc keI BwSwvW hn, auh ieh vI mndy hn ik hyT idqy gurUnwnk Aqy gurU Arjn dy slok sMsikRq ivc ilKy hn [ qrsXog gl hY ik auh ieh vI nhIN pCwx sky ik gurUAW ny ienHWslokW nUM ‘shsikRqI’ slok ikhw hY nw ik ‘sMsikRqI’ [ jyieh slok sMsikRq ivc ilKy gey huMdy qW ienHW qy isrlyK vIgurU jI ies qrHW hI dyNdy [ AwE vyKIey , ieh slok sMsikRqivc hn jW pMjwbI ivc:slok shsik®qI mhlw 1 ]K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 24

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010piV@ pusqk sMiDAw bwdM ]isl pUjis bgul smwDM ]muiK JUTu ibBUKn swrM ]…AGGS, M 1, p 1353.slok shsik®qI mhlw 5kqM c mwqw kqM c ipqw kqM c binqw ibnod suqh ]kqM c BRwq mIq ihq bMDv kqM c moh kutMb´qy ]n sMKM n ck®M n gdw n isAwmM ]AGGS, M 5, p 1353 & 1359.pRo: swihb isMG AwKdy hn [15] ik ienHW slokW dI BwSwpRwikRq hY [ auhnW muqwibk shsikRqI iek pRwikRq dI hI iksmhY [ dUjy pwsy igAwnI hrbMs isMG [12] kihMdy hn ikshsikRqI ihMdI Aqy sMsikRq dw sumyl hY[pRo: swihb isMG muqwbk jy ieh shsikRqI slokW dI zbwnpRwikRq hY, ijs nUM pwinnI ny ieh nW id~qw Aqy ijs nUM pMjwbdy lok boldy hn qW iPr shsikRqI slok purwqn pMjwbI ivcilKy hn, nw ik sMsikRq ivc, ijhVw ik aupr kIqI ivcwr qoNzwhr hY [purwqx pMjwbI buD mq dy prcwr leI prvwn hoeI [iesyzbwn nUM bwd ivc pwlI ikhw jwx l~gw, ijs ivc jYn Drmny qy iPr bwbw SyK &rId qy Bwrq dI BgqI lihr dy BgqWqy isK gurU swihbW ny Awpo Awpxy ivcwr qy sMdyS purwqnpMjwbI rwhIN d~Kx pUrbI eySIAw dy lokW qk pucwey [ieh BwSw AwrIAn mUl dy lokW nUM AwswnI nwl smJ Aw jWdIhY Aqy auh ies nUM Apxw lYdy hn [ BwrqI i&lmW dy Aj klHdy ruJwn qoN ieh sw& nzr AwauNdw hY ik koeI i&lm vI ihtnhIN huMdI jy aus ivc iek pMjwbI nwc BMgVHw jW iek ADpMjwbI gIq n hovy [ ihMdI gIqW nUM pMjwbI qrzW qy pMjwbISbd vrq ky bxwx dw irvwj SurU ho igAw hY [ p~Cm ivcvsdy AwrIAn mUl dy jvwn muMfy kuVIAW (Kws kr isK) iksypMjwbI gIq jW nwc dy pihly fgy qy hI ncxw SrU kr dyxgy,BwvyN auhnW nUM gIqW dy bol smJ vI n Awaux [pMjwbI nUM ies dy aupr ilKy inrol kudrqI qy jmWdrU KwisAWny 4,000 swl qoN vI vD smyN qoN ijaUNdw riKAw hY: Kwsy ijhVyies nUM iek kudrqI zbwn bxwdy hn [Aqy ienHW pYirAW dw iDAwn nwl muAwienw krn qy sw& pqwlg jWdw hY ik ienHW dI zbwn EhI hY jo gurU nwnk Aqy BgqWny vrqI [ ienHW pYirAW dI zbwn pMjwbI dy iblkul nyVy hYisvwey iek it~pI dy jo keIAW SbdW dy AMq qy lw id~qI geIhY, imswl leI: bwd - bwdM, smwD - smwDM, swr - swrM [itpI lwaux dw ieho qrIkw bMgwl dy Bgq jY dyv (1201-1245) dI bwxI ivc vI nzrIN pYNdw hY[ ies cIr PwV qoN iehvI sw& ids pYNdw hY ky SurU ivc pMjwbI SbdW dy AMq ivcit~pI lw ky sMsikRq dy Sbd GVy gey Aqy bwd ivc pMjwbI dySbd joVW nUM bdl ky ies nUM hor guMJldwr bxw id~qw [pMjwbI: iek kudrqI zbwnAjokI pMjwbI dIAW jVHW Indo Aryan (Indo European BwSwvWnwl juVdIAW hn [ ies zbwn nUM bolx qy mwn hoxw cwhIdw hY[ ieh ieqnI srl hY ik hr BwrqI ies ivc gl krnwcwhuMdw hY, bwvjUd iesdy ik ies dy ivkws leI ipCly 3-4hzwr swlW qoN iksy srkwr ny koeI mwlI shwieqw nhIN kIqI [Aj klH pMjwb srkwr vloN kuJ mdd kIqI jw rhI hY prBwrq dI kyNdrI srkwr ny ies vl koeI iDAwn nhIN id~qw [bolx ivc rvW, kMnW nUM rs meI lgxw Aqy ivcwrW nUM srlqwnwl ibAwn kr skx vrgy ivrsy ivc imly guxW kwrxinrxw/q~q (Conclusions)• Awid guru gRMQ swihb dI BwSw dw criticalanalysis krn qy zwhr huMdw hY ik iehBgqW Aqy isK gurUAW dy smyN - 12vIN qoN16vIN sdI qk dI purwxI pMjwbI hY [ iehpurwxI pMjwbI Asl ivc kdImI(Archaic) pMjwbI hY, ijs nUM 400 BCE dyAws pws pwinnI ny pRwikRq dw nW id~qw sI[• sMsikRq zbwn nUM GVy jwx dy pihly pVwAqy kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbI dy SbdW ipCyitpI lwky shsikRqI bxweI geI [ bwdvic 400 BCE dy Aws pws mUl pMjwbISbdW ivc hor Adl bdl kr ky sMsikRqGVI geI [• ihMdU Drm dy vyd qy hor Dwrimk pusqkWpihlW kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbI (pRwikRq)ivc hI ilKIAW geIAW, ijnHW dw bwd ivcsMsikRq ivc Anuvwd kr ilAw igAw [bwd ivc sMsikRq dy coDrIAW ny kdImI(Archaic) pMjwbI nUM vYidk sMsikRq qyK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 25

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010pwinnI dI GVI sMsikRq nUM tkswlI(Classic) sMsikRq AYlwn id~qw Aqy kdImI(Archaic) pMjwbI dw nW ihMdU swihq coN mUloNhI ^wrj kr id~qw[• sMsikRq pMjwb jW Bwrq dy iksy hor ielwkyivc vI lok-bolI kdy vI nhIN bx skI [pMjwb dy lok kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbI hIboldy rhy [ kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbIlgwqwr ivkisq huMdI rhI qy Awpxy ivc&wrsI, ArbI, XUnwnI, AMgryzI Aqy &rWsIsIzbwnW dy Sbd joVdI rhI [• isK gurUAW Aqy BgqW dI bwxI qoN ieh sw&ho jWdw hY ik kdImI (Archaic) pMjwbI(pRwikRq) lg Bg swry - aqr pUrbI, pCmI,d~Kx pCmI - Bwrq ivc bolI Aqy smJIjWdI sI[• AjokI pMjwbI dIAW jVHW Indo-EuropeanBwSwvW ivc imldIAW hn [ ies zbwn nUMbolx qy grv hoxw cwhIdw hY [ ieh ieqnIsrl qy rvW zbwn hY ik hr BwrqI ies nUMbolxw cwhuMdw hY, bwvjUd ies dy ik ies dyivkws leI ipCly 3-4 hzwr swlW ivciksy srkwr ny koeI mwlI mdd nhIN kIqI[Aj klH ies dy ivkws leI mwVw motwpMjwb srkwr Krc kr rhI hY pr kyNdrsrkwr ies p~KoN iblkul AvyslI hY [• pMjwbI zbwn dy mUl Aqy ivkws dI Koj krnleI iek Reseach Institute kwiem kIqIjwx dI ASd zrUrq hY qw ik ieMfo-XUrpIAn zbwnW ivc ies dw FukvW sQwnsQwpq kIqw jw sky Aqy ies ivcoN qknIkIqy ivigAwnk SbdwvlI GVI jw sky[REFERENCES1. AGGS = Aad Guru Granth Sahib. 1983 (reprint).Publishers: Shiromani Gurdwara ParbandhakCommittee, Amritsar. (M = Mahla, i.e., successionnumber of the Sikh Gurus to the House of Guru Nanak,P = Page of the AGGS).2. Chahal, D. S. 2003.3. Masson-Oursel, P. William-Grabowska, H. D. andStern, P. 1934. Ancient India and Indian Civilization.Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London.4. Renou. L. 1954. The Civilization in Ancient India. SusilGupta (India) Ltd., Calcutta-2.5. Padam, Piara Singh. 1995 (3 rd Edition). Punjabi Boli daItihas (Punjabi). Kalam Mandar, Patiala.6. Pei, Mario. 1998. Sanskrit Language. Microsoft ® 98Encyclopedia. © 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation.7. Pakistan Forum: http://itpakistan.net/mboard/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1598. Personal Communication (July 2009): Dr SurinderSingh Noor. Vice President, Sahitya Akademy(National Academy of Letters), Rabindra Bhavan, 35Ferozeshah Road, New Delhi.9. Personal Communication (July 2009): Syed AsifShahkar , International Editor, Ajit Weekly, USA,Canada and Europe. Namndeman (PE, Judge), SwedishCourt Stockhom.10. Punjabi Tae Hoor Bhashavan (Punjabi). 1970. BhashaVibhag, Punjab, Patiala.11. Puri, Rakshat. 2003. Research must on origins ofPunjabi. The Tribune, Chandigarh, January 19, 2003.12. Singh, Giani Harbans. 1996? Aad Sri Guru GranthSahib: Darshan Nerain (Punjabi). Gurbani SewaPrakashan, Patiala.13. Singh, Khushwant. 1966. A History of the Sikhs. Vol. I& II. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersy.14. Singh, Sahib (Prof.). 1982 (7 th ed.). Gurbani Viyakaran(Punjabi). Singh Brothers, Mai Sevan, Amritsar. (P 15).15. Singh, Sahib (Dr). 1972. Sri Guru Granth SahibDarpan. (in Punjabi). Vols 10. Raj Publishers (Reg.),Jallandhar.16. Singh Swaran (Principal). Chief Editor, Khed Sansar(Punjabi). Khed Sansar Publication Pvt. Ltd. Surrey,BC, Canada (Personal Communication, July 2009).17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitanni_Indo-Aryan*****gurmuKI ilpI, pMjwbI bolIpuSipMdr kOr, sYn hozgurU ipAwrI swD sMgq jIE, vwihgurU jI kw Kwlsw, vwihgurU jI kI &iqh]ipCly h&qy krmn ivKy gurduAwrw sRI AnMdgVH ivKy pRbMDkvIrW nyN bhuq suMdr gurU nwnk pRkwS idvs mnwey Aqy pMjwbIbolI dy moh ihq bulwry bulwey[ au~Qy hI ieh g~l bwq krn dwmOkw bixAw jo ik Awp jI A~gy pyS hY[ lyiKkw: puSipMdrkOr, sYn hozy[ieho ijhy mOky G~t hI bxdy hn jdoN ik gurUu jI dy fUMGy ipAwrK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 26

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010iv~c lIn hoey vIr Aqy BYxW iml bYTdy hn Aqy koeI guris~KIdI, koeI suDwr dI jW koeI juVn vwlI g~l krdy hn[ mYN AwpjI nwl gurmuKI ilpI, pMjwbI bolI, is~KI, Kwlsw skUl AqyiehnW sB dI is~K jgq Aqy Kws krky b~icAW leI mh~qqwbwry kuJ g~lW krWgI[ myrw sunyhw Kws krky mMmIAW, nwnIAW,fYfIAW, nwinAW Aqy dwidAw leI hY[gurmuKI Sbd dw ArQ bxdw hY gurU dy muK qoN[ BwvyN ik gurUswihbwn nyN gurmuKI bolI nhIN, ilKI hY, pr ieh Sbd hris~K dy mn iv~c SrDw Bwv jgwauNdw hY[ pYNqI A~KrI AqykMnw, ishwrI, ibhwrI Awid gurmuKI ilpI dy AMg hn[gurmuKI ilpI dy A~Kr krIb iqMn hzwr swl pihlW hoNd iv~cAwey[ pr gurmuKI ilpI nUM gurU AMgd dyv jI nyN svwirAw AqygurbwxI ilKx leI vrqoN iv~c ilAWdw[ gurU AMgd dyv jI nyNaUVy nUM pihlw A~Kr krwr id~qw[ auhnW nyN lgW mwqrw nUMilKx pVHx leI zrUrI smiJAw Aqy iehnW nUM gurmuKI ilpIdw ih~sw bxwieAw[ gurU jI dy smyN SbdW dw pd-Cyd nhIN kIqwjWdw sI[ aus vyly isr& ie~k hI ivSrwm icMn vriqAw jWdwsI[ bwkI dy ivSrwm icMn auNnIvIN sdI iv~c pMjwbI iv~c Awey[gurU AMgd dyv jI roz dupihr qoN bwd b~icAW nUM Awp gurmuKIisKwauNdy sn[gurmuKI ilpI is~K jgq iv~c bhuq mh~qv pUrn QW r~KdIhY[ is~KW dy ju~go-ju~g At~l gurU sRI gurU gRMQ swihb gurmuKIilpI iv~c hI pRkwSmwn hn[ keI lok kihMdy hn ik AMgryzIiv~c aulQw krky vI gurU gRMQ swihb pVHy jw skdy hn[AMgryzI iv~c gurU gRMQ swihb isr& pVHy hI jw skdy hn,AMgryzI iv~c gurU dy bol suxy nhIN jw skdy[jy kr AMgryzI hI kw&I huMdI qW Apxy gory BYx Brw gurmuKIikauN is~Kdy? AMgryzI dI vrqoN gurbwxI dy mqlb smJx leIzrUrI ho skdI hY[ A~j q~k dI AMgryzI gurU gRMQ swihb dIrUh q~k phuMcx iv~c s&l nhIN ho skI[ k~l dw kih nhINskdy[ hwly gurU nwl juVx leI, rUhwnI irSqw bnwaux leIgurmuKI dI muhwrq lwzmI hY[mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy smyN gurmuKI ilpI nUM rwjsI kMmW leIprclq kIqw igAw[ aus vkq pwTSwlwvW dy iv~c gurmuKIilpI nwl hI ilKxw-pVHxw isKwieAw jWdw sI[ A~j gurmuKIilpI Aqy pMjwbI BwSw pMjwb styt dI AO&IiSAl ilpI AqyBwSw mMnIAW geIAW hn[pMjwbI bolI sdIAW qoN bolI jWdI rhI hY[ ies iv~c keIqbdIlIAW AweIAW Aqy keI AwauxgIAW ikauNik ieh ie~kijauNdI vsdI bolI hY[ sB qoN purwxI pMjwbI bolI dw irkwrfswnUM igAwrvIN sdI iv~c lY jWdw hY[ aus qoN pihlW dy smyN dIis~K jgq nUM koeI ilKq hwsl nhIN hY[aus bolI dI JlkswnUM sU&I kvI bwbw &rId jI dI ilKq iv~coN imldI hY ijnHWdI bwxI sRI gurU gRMQ swihb iv~c drj hY[auh pMjwbI bolI huxdI pMjwbI nwl bhuq myl KWdI sI[ bwbw &rId dI bolI Aqypihly pMj gurU swihbwn dI bolI jy kr ieiqhwsk qOr qyyprKI jwvy qW ie~ko hI smyN dIAW bolIAW bxdIAW hn, BwvyNvkqI smW koeI cwr pMj sO swl dw pY jWdw hY[AsIN keI vwr socdy hW ik pMjwbI ie~k Coty ijhy ielwkypMjwb dI bolI hY[ ieh g~l nhIN hY[ ieh bhuq pRclq bolIhY[ pMjwbI nUM koeI n~by imlIAn lok AwpxI mW-bolI AwKdyhn[ pMjwbI Bwrq dy keI sUibAW ijvyN hirAwxw, ihmwcl,jMmU, kSmIr Aqy pwiksqwn dy keI sUibAW iv~c bolI jWdIhY[ pUrbI pMjwb jW BwrqI pMjwb dI pMjwbI dIAW cwr SwKwvWhn; mwJI. mwlvI, doAwbI Aqy puAwDI[ Bwrq dy dUsry sUibAWiv~c bolI jWdI pMjwbI nUM fogrI jW phwVI kihMdy hn[ iesdIAW vI cwr SwKW hn; kWgVI, jMmuAwlI, BitAwlI, AqypUNcI[ p~CmI pMjwb jW pwiksqwnI pMjwb dIAW vI A~goN cwrSwKwvW hn; mulqwnI, SwhpurI-JWgI, poTohwrI Aqy ihMdko jWihMdkI[pMjwbI BwSw dunIAW Br iv~c igAwrvyN nMbr dI bolI, AqyAmrIkw dy bhuq ielwikAW iv~c pMjvyN nMbr dI bolI mMnIjWdI hY[ kYnyfw iv~c qW pMjwbI hux cOQy nMbr qy Aw geI hYikauNik is~K BYx Brw bhuq igxqI iv~c kYnyfw nUM Awpxw nvWGr bxw rhy hn[AmrIkw dy bhuq srkwrI d&qrW iv~c pMjwbI trWslySnkrn leI ivAkqI mOjUd huMdy hn[ ie~QoN q~k ik FBIAgency Anuswr pMjwbI BwSw dw igAwn politics leIjrUrI ho irhw hY ikauNik dunIAW dw dwierw Cotw ho irhw hYAqy is~K BweIcwrw PYl irhw hY[pr ieh kihMidAW duK huMdw hY ik pMjwb iv~c v~sy pMjwbI,AwpxI mW bolI, Awpxy v~fy vfyrAW dI bolI, gurUAW Aqy pIrWdI bolI Aqy ilpI qoN bymu~K ho rhy hn[ pMjwb jwE qW AwpxyBYx Brw swnUM ies qrW dyKdy hn ijs qrW ik AsIN iksyK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 27

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010AglIAW puSqW hn jo ik is~KI nwloNN tu~t geIAW hn[ ikMnwnukswn hY swfw[myrI ie~Qy bYTy pRbMDk kmytI dy siqkwrXog mYNbrW nUM bynqI hYik A~j hI auprwlw krky suhxy suc~jy FMg dy Kwlsw skUlKolx ijs iv~c ik kmytI dI political interference nWhovy blik pUrI support hovy[ ieh inrol Kwlsw skUl hovy,gurU dy lyKy iv~c Awvy Aqy iksy vI political auqwr cVwA qoNbwhr hovy[ Kwlsw skUl dw inrol mMqv b~icAW nUM is~KI dylV lwaxw hovyy[ Aqy sB BYx-BrwvW nUM bynqI hY ik hux ie~kidn vI iF~l nW kro[ ie~k b~cy dI vI izMdgI is~KI qoN ivhUxI,pMjwbI qoN s~KxI Aqy gurmuKI qoN vWJI nw kro[ b~icAW nUM gurUdy lV lwE[ b~icAW nMU gurU dy gIq sunwaux leI pMjwbI AqygurmuKI isKwE[ b~icAW nUM Kwlsw skUlW iv~c dwKl krwE[Kwlsw skULW iv~c AwpxI mW-bolI is~K ky, gur-ieiqhws pVHky, gurbwxI nUM mn vsw ky, Awpxy vrgy hor is~K b~cy vyK kyauhnW dw Awqm ivSvwS vDygw[ pirvwrW iv~c SWqI bxygIAqy swrI kOm qkVI hovygI[ie~k g~l iblkul sw& hoxI cwhIdI hY ik pMjwbI Aqy AMgryzIdw koeI mukwblw nhIN hY[ ie~k is~K b~cw jo ie~Qy pl irhw hY,ijs nyN swrI aumr ie~Qy ibqwauxI hY, aus leI AMgryzI dImuhwrq lwzmI hY[ pr ies dw ieh vI mqlb nhIN ik swfyb~cy isr& ie~k hI bolI iv~c muhwrq pw skdy hn[ ATwrWswl dI G~t aumr dy b~cy bhuq bolIAW is~K skdy hn AqyauhnW nUM is~KxIAW vI cwhIdIAW hn[ qusIN Aqy mY jd Bwrqiv~c pVHdy sI qW AwpW pMjwbI, ihMdI Aqy AMgryzI ie~kTIAWhI is~K leIAW sn[ iqMny bolIAW dI bolxI Aqy ilKqv~KrIAW hn[ pr AwpW is~Ky[ hux AsIN ieh ikauN socdy hWik jI b~icAW kol pMjwbI is~Kx dw tweIm nhIN[ jI b~cy KyfWiv~c ih~sw lYNdy hn[ jI skUl dw kMm bhuq huMdw hY[ sB bhwnyhn[rYgulr skUl dw kMm bhuq zrUrI hY[ is~K b~cy tOp dyividAwrQI hoxy cwhIdy hn[ ies iv~c koeI guMjwieS nhIN[KyfW iv~c is~K b~cy au~qm hoxy cwhIdy hn[ ies ivc vI koeIguMjwieS nhIN[ iPr AwpxI mW bolI qoN ip~Cy ikauN rihx? iesiv~c guMjwieS ikauN?iek Sihr iv~c ie~k mMgqw rihMdw sI[ aus nUM ie~k muMfw rozpMj rupeIey dy idMdw[ kuJ swl bIq gey[ iPr ie~k idn ausmuMfy nyN aus nUM do rupeIey hI id~qy[ mMgqw hYrwn hoieAw, prkuJ boilAw nW[ mMgqw kI qy nKrw kI? kuJ swl hor bIqgey[ do rupeIey roz imldy[ ie~k idn aus muMfy nyN aus nUM ausnUM ATwnIN id~qI[ mMgqy koloN irhw nW igAw[ kihMdw, “swihbjI, mYNnUM ie~k g~l d~so, pihlW qusIN mYNnUM pMj rupeIey rozidMdy sI[ myrw guzwrw sohxw c~l jWdw[ iPr qusIN mYNnUM dorupeIey dyxy SurU kIqy[ kuJ qMgI mYNnUM vI hoeI[ hux qusIN mYNnUMATwnI id~qI[ kI vjh hY?” muMfw boilAw, “Xwr hwlwq bdlrhy hn[ jd mYN kuAwrw sI, myry kol KulHw pYsw sI[ qW mYN qYnUMpMj rupey dyNdw irhw[ iPr myrw ivAwh ho igAw[ qW mYN qYnMU dorupey dyx l~gw[ hux myrw b~cw ho igAw hY qW mYN qYnUM A~TAwnyN hI dy skdW[”mMgqw bhuq hYrwn prySwn ho igAw[ kihMdw, “swihb jI, iehg~l qW TIk hY ik quhwfy hwlwq bdly hn[ pr g~l suxo!qusIN swrw t~br myry Krcy iv~coN qW nw pwlo?”so swD sMgq jI, b~icAW dI swrI pVHweI pMjwbI dy Krcy iv~coNnW krvwE[ pMjwbI dw Krc nW G~t kro[ mYN ie~kkYlI&ornIAw dy srkwrI skUl iv~c tIcr hW Aqy AMgryzIpVHwauNdI hW[ myrw qjrbw d~sdw hY Aqy ieh myrI prKI hoeIg~l hY ik jy kr b~cy 7 imMt, isr& 7 imMt hr roz Griv~c pMjwbI pVHx qW auh iqMn qoN pMj swlW iv~c bolI is~KjWdy hn[ kI AsIN Awpxy gurUAW dI id~qI dwq pwaux vwsqy 7imMt idn dy nhIN k~F skdy?mYN ieh byiJjk kih skdI hW ik sB b~cy tIvI G~to G~tiek- do GMty zrUr dyKdy hn[ kI AsIN auhnW dw ieh tweImskwrQw nhIN kr skdy ik auh GMty dI QW pOxw GMtw dyK lYxAqy bwkI dy 10-15 imMt pMjwbI is~Kx iv~c lw lYx? A~jkl qW ieh bhuq hI sOKw hY ikauNik fI.vI.Awr Aw gey hnjo ik hr pRogrwm irkwrf kr dyNdy hn Aqy b~cyAYfvrtweIzmYNtW nUM A~gy lMGw ky smW bcw skdy hn [mYN vI do guris~K b~icAw dI mW hW[ mYNnUM ies g~l dI KuSI hYik myry byty nyN p~g dI Swn Aqy dwVHI dy srUr nwl dunIAW dysB qoN nwmI skUl hwrvrf iv~coN lwA dI ifgrI leI hY[myrI b~cI inaU Xwrk dy mYfIkl skUl iv~c pVH rhI hY[ prmYnUM ies g~l qy izAwdw mwx hY ik myry dovyN b~cy Kwlsw skUlsYn hozy dy gryjUeyt hn[ dovyN b~cy pMjwbI pVH lYNdy hn, ilKlYNdy hn Aqy gurU gRMQ swihb iv~coN pwT Aqy AMimRq kIrqniv~coN kIrqn kr lYNdy hn[K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 29

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010hY[ pwxI hI ipAws buJw skdw hY A`g nhIN[zhr Kwx nwl jIv pihlW vI mrdy sn qy A`jvI[ gurU jI dw At`l Purmwn hY-mhurw hovY hiQmrIAY cKIAY](142) jy mhurw (zhr) c`KWgy qWmrWgy hI[ ibjlI dIAW nMgIAW qwrW nYgyitv qypwjyitv iek`TIAW nMgy h`QIN PVIAW jwx qW krMtdI lpyt c’ lY ky swV idMdIAW hn[ ijvyN pMCIAkwS iv`c a~ufdy hn mnu`K auvyN nhIN au~f skdwaus nUM jhwj byVy Awid dw Awsrw lYxw hI pYNdwhY pr swfy sMq, pRcwrk Aqy kQwkwr gurUAWBgqW nUM srIrW smyq AkwS iv`c aufweI iPrdyhn[A`j gurbwxI dy At`l aupdySW nUM krwmwqIkwrtUnW dI Amrvyl vWg hI pRcwirAw jw irhwhY[ ijvyN PlwnW Sbd jW pOVI 40 idn ieqnIvwr pVHo quhwfw muk`dmW ijiqAw jwvygw iPrvkIlW dI kI loV hY? quhwnUM p`uqr dI pRwpqIhovygI[ jy DI ho geI qW mwr idEgy? quhwfy vYrIv`s ho jwxgy iPr SSqr-bd ho sucyq rihx dIkoeI loV nhIN, Plwnw Sbd pVo qy insicMq rho[dyg coN Bojn vrqweI jwvo kdy mu`kygw nhIN iPrqW Anwj bIjx Aqy Bojn pkwaux dI kI loV hY?pqI v`s ho jwvygw iPr iesqrI Prj pwlx dwkI ArQ? quhwfI mh`bq sPl ho jwvygI iPr qWt`utxI nhIN cwhIdI[ zhr quhwfy qy Asr nhINkrygw iPr ijnw mrjI KweI jwE[ jl fobygwnhIN iPr qW jl qy hI qury iPro[ A`g swVygInhIN iPr A`g iv`c h`Q pw lYx cwhIdw hY[mwieAw dI qot nhIN AwvygI iPr kMm kwj dyXqn C`f dyxy cwhIdy hn[ quhwfw kys Awidkpws ho jwvygw iPr iksy kwZz p`qr Aqy vkIldI koeI lOV nhIN[ cMgI nOkrI iml jwvygI AqyqusIN mwlw mwl ho jwEgy, iPr au~dm krn dwkoeI ArQ nhIN[ PlwnI bwxI dw eynI vwrI pwTkrky r`iKAw jl Cko qW du`K dUr ho jwxgy iPriksy fwktr hkIm dI koeI jrUq nhIN[ bwxIlwgy r`iKAw jl AMimRq bx jwvygw kI bwxI pVHnivcwrn vwly qy bwxI dw koeI Asr nhIN hoeygw?p`Qr mom ho jwxgy iPr mSInW nwl pIh kybwrIk krn kI loV hY? jrw soco jy jl Aqyp`Qr au~qy gurbwxI dw Asr huMdw hY qW ijMdymnu`K a~upr is`Dw ikauN nhIN ho skdw?ieiqhws dsdw hY ik jd zwlm KW sYdpur dyhwkm ny Awpxy hukm nwl ielwky dy pIrWPkIrW, swDUAW sMqW nUM pkV ky ikhw ik qusINswry klmy, mMqR pVHo Aqy mwlw qsbIAW Pyro, qWik bwbr dIAW POjW AMDIAW ho jwx Aqy swfwkoeI nukswn nW kr s`kx[ gurU nwnk swihb jInUM vI mrdwny smyq pkV ky Aijhw krn leIikhw igAw qW gurU jI ny zwlm KW nUM s`co s`cAwiKAw ik POjW dw mukwmlw POjW hI krskdIAW hn nW ik klmy, mMqR jMqR jW mwlwqsbIAW Awidk pr hMkwrI hwkm nW mMinAWzbrI klmy qy mMqR pVHwey gey[ bwbr dIAW POjWmwro mwr krdIAW AweIAW Aqy sYdpur dIjvwnI, DMn dOlq Aqy iezq AwbrU nUM lu`t ky lYgeIAW pr ie`k vI mugl POjI AMnHw nW hoieAw[aus vwikAw nUM gurU jI ny ieauN ibAwn kIqw hYkoeImuglu nw hoAw AMDw iknY nw prcwlwieAw]mugl pTwxw BeI lVweI rx mihqyg vgweI]....EnI qupk qwixclweI]...ijin kI cIrI drgh pwtI iqnHWmrnw BweI](418) jy gurU nwnk swihb jMqRWmMqRW qMqRW Aqy iksy bwxI dy inrw jwp krn nwlkoeI Pwiedw hoxw nhIN d`sdy qW iPr A`j gurU dyis`K AKvwaux vwly sMpRdweI, tkswlI, swD-sMqAqy AKOqI pRcwrk Aqy fyrydwr Aijhw krmgurbwxI nwl iks qoN AwigAw lY ky kr rhyhn? kI Ajoky krwmwqIey swD qy pRcwrk gurUswihb nwloN rUhwnI qOr qy ijAwdw qwkqvr AqyisAwxy hn? gurbwxI iv`c Awey nrk, surg,bihSq dozk, l`K caurwsI, BUq-pRyq AqykrwmwqI lPz Awidk aus vyly dI cl rhImnOq nUM mu`K r`K ky lokW nUM smJwaux leI vrqyK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 32

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010gey hn nW ik gurU jI vI Aijhy krwmwqI nwtkWcytkW iv`c ivSvwS krdy sn[ vwsqw r`b dwpRcwrko! gurbwxI dy piv`qr, sdw At`l Awqmk,AiDAwqmk Aqy ivigAwnk aupdySW dy sdwhirAwvl bUty aupr krwmwqI kwrtUnW dIAmrvyl nW cVHwE sgoN ies dIAW isiKAw rUpIkrMUblW nUM sMswr iv`c vDx Pulx idau[dyKo! BweI kwnH isMG nwBw gurmiq mwrqMf iv`cilKdy hn ik siqgurW dI Awqimk krwmwq, ijsnwl kukrmIAW nUM sukrmI, nwsiqkW nUM Awsiqk,AwlsIAW nUM krm XogI, jwiq ivroDIAW nUM kOm dyipAwry Aqy syvk bxw id`qw[ ies nUM smJy ibnwAnykW hI ieiqhwsk lyKkW ny gurU swihb nUMpRikRqI ivru`D krwmwq krn vwly mMn ky bhuqpRsMg ilK id`qy hn, ijnHW nwl gurU dI ausqiqbjwey inMdw pRgt hMudI hY[ gurU jI qW krwmwqbwry PurmWdy hn-nwnk sw krmwiq swihb quTYjo imlY](475) Bwv mwlk bKiSS krky jo dydyvy auh hI krwmwq hY[ irDIAW isDIAWkrwmwqW Awidk iDRg hn jo kurwhy pwauNdIAW hnAqy nwm dw ihrdy iv`c v`s jwxw hI Aslkrwmwq hY-ibnu nwvY pYnxu Kwxu sBu bwid hYiDgu isDI iDgu krmwiq]sw isiD sw krmwiqhY AicMqu kry ijsu dwiq]nwnk gurmuiK hirnwmu min vsY eyhw isiD eyhwkrmwiq]2](650)jd gurU jI dI is`DW nwl ivcwr goStI hoeI qWis`DW ny vI gurU jI nUM krwmwqW bwry puiCAw qWgurU jI ny jo aupdyS rUpI au~qr id`qw Bw. gurdwsjI ny aus nUM ieauN ibAwn kIqw hY-isiD bolinsix nwnkw! quih jg no krwmwiq idKweI[kuJu ivKwly AsW no, quih ikauN iFl AvyhIlweI[ bwbw boly nwQ jI! Ais vyKix jogIvsqu n kweI[ guru sMgiq bwxI ibnw dUjI EtnhI hY rweI[ isiD qMqR mMiqR kir JiV pey,sbid gurU ky klw CpweI]42](vwr-1) bwbwboly nwQ jI sbdu sunhu scu muKhuAlweI[bwJoN scy nwm dy horu krwmwiq AsW qynwhI] Aqy hor ikhw-iriD isiD Avrwswd](jpujI) ieh irDIAW isDIAW Bwvcmqkwr krwmwqW Awidk sB Avrw swd Bwvmn nUM r`b nwloN qoVn vwly csky hn[ ies leIsiqgurW ny r`b dy s`cy nwm nUM hI krwmwq ikhwhY[jd gurU nwnk ny gurg`dI leI prK kIqI qWie`k vwr Awpxy pu`qrW sRIcMd Aqy lKmIdws nUMikhw puqro ik`kr qy cVH ky miTAweI JwVo AqyAweI sMgq nUM vrqwE qW puqrW ikhw ipqw jIquhwfy v`s dI g`l nhIN qusIN s`qry-b`qry ho geyho, soco! kdy ik`krW nUM vI imiTAweIAW lgdIAWhn? qW lwgy syvw kr rhy Bw. lihxw jI nUMikhw qW auh sq bcn kih ky ik`kr qy cVHn hIl`gy qW gurU jI ny ikhw b`s ruk jwE g`l hukmmMnx dI hY nW ik imiTAweIAW JwVn dI, swnUMvI pqw hY ik kdy ru`KW nUM imiTAweIAW nhINlgdIAW[ gurU jI koeI mdwrI nhIN sn jojQwrQ nUM C`f lokW nUM mgr lwaux leI koeIcmqkwrI krwmwqW ivKwauNdy sn[ krwmwqW dwaUt ptWg qW sMpRdweI swDW qy aunHW dy JolI cu`kpRcwrkW ny iliKAw qy pRcwirAw hY pr gurbwxIiksy krwmwq nUM nhIN mMndI sgoN ikrq krn,vMf Ckx Aqy nwm jpx nUM hI srb sRyStkrwmwq drswauNdI hY[jy krwmwqW iv`c koeI q`q hovy qW iPr ikrqkrn dI koeI loV nhIN iksy cmqkwr nwl hIdyS dy BMfwry Bry jw skdy hn[ ikswnWivcwirAW qy mjdUrW nUM h`f BMnvIN imhnq dIiPr kI loV hY[ iek`ly Bwrq iv`c hI l`KW swDUBIK mMgdy iPrdy hn Aqy SrDwlUAW nUM krwmwqWcmqkwrW dy c`krW iv`c pw ky lu`t rhy hn[ swDUsMqW dw kMm qW sMswr dw Blw krnw hY iPr l`KWgrIb Bu`K dy du`K nwl hI mr jWdy hn aunHWK. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 33

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The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010rhy hn ies leI aunHW nUM lMmy smyN leI bu`DU nhINbxwieAw jw skdw[ A`j mnu`K cMd mMgl Awidkau~qy iksy krwmwq nwl nhIN sgoN idmwg dIsuc`jI vrqoN krky igAwn ivigAwn dy Awsry hIphuMicAw hY[ A`j vI krwmwqW iv`c AMD ivSswSr``Kx vwly T`g toly swD sMq Aqy pRcwrk iPr qoNkOm nUM vMgwr rhy hn ienHW qoN bcx dI AiqAMqloV hY[gurmiq Anuswr krwmwq nwm kihr dw hY iesleI gurU Arjn dyv jI ny q`qIAW qvIAW,aubldIAW dygW Aqy sVdI bldI ryq dw kSt qWrzw iv`c rihMdy srIr qy J`l ilAw pr koeIkrwmwq nhIN idKweI[ gurU qyg bhwdr ny cWdnIcONk id`lI ivKy AOrMgzyb dI zwlm srkwr dyiGnwauxy zulm Awpxy srIr au~pr shwr ky DrmdI rwKI kIqI pr hwkmW dy dbwA hyT Aw kykoeI vI krwmwq nhIN idKweI[ gurU goibMd isMGjd bwdSwh bhwdr Swh dy bynqI krn qy nwdyVmhwrwStr (d`Kx) ivKy aus nUM imlx gey qWie`k idn gurU jI bwdSwh nwl gl bwq kr rhysn ik srhMd dy rihx vwlw ie`k sXd lwgy bYTwsI jo gurU jI bwry mn c’ eIrKW r`Kdw sI nysvwl kIqw mhWrwj! swry pIr, pYgMbr, Avqwrkrwmwq idKauNdy rhy hn, fuhwfI ies bwry kIrwey hY qW gurU jI ny bhwdr Swh v`l h`Q krkyikhw ik ieh ijauNdI jwgdI krwmwq hY ijs dyh`Q iv`c rwjsI qwkq hY auh jo cwhvy kr skdwhY, dUsrI krwmwq ieh hY gurdyv ny sony dI mohrswhmxy sutidAW ikhw ies nwl sMswr iv`c bhuqkuJ KrIidAw jw skdw hY jd sXd ny ikhw koeIhor vI krwmwq hY jo qusIN hux idKw skdy ho?sXd gurU jI nUM lw-jvwb krky bwdSwh dI nzriv`c nIvW krnw cwhuMdw sI qW gurU jI ny bIr rsiv`c nyqr lwl krky Aqy imAwn iv`coN qlvwrDUh ky ikhw ieh hY sB qoN v`fI krwmwq! iehjrvwixAW dI jwn lY skdI, q^q aultw skdIAqy ruldy iPridAW nUM bwdSwh bxw skdI hY horkrwmwqW Poky frwvy Aqy nwtk cytk mdwrIAWdy Kyl hn qW pRq`K krwmwq dI AslIAq dyKky sXd gurW dy crnIN FY ipAw[Drm dI riKAw Kwqr BweI mqI dws Awry nwlicr gey, sqI dws rUM bMnH ky A`g nwl swVy geyAqy Bw. dieAwlw jI aubldI dyZ iv`c aubwlygey[ bwbw jorwvr isMG Aqy bwbw Piqh isMGsrhMd dIAW nIhW iv`c icxy gey, bwbw bMdw isMGjI bhwdr dw jmUrW nwl mws noicAw igAw AqyBweI mnI isMG jI dy bMd bMd k`ty gey pr iksyny vI koeI krwmwq nhIN ivKweI sgoN sbr nwlzbr dw twkrw r`bI rzw iv`c rihMidAW hI kIqwjW smyN Anuswr hiQAwrbMd ho ky zwml vYrI nUMsbk isKwieAw jo iksy dlIl vkIl ApIl nUMnhIN sI mMndw[ iPr A`j swfy bhuqy pRcwrkkrwmwqI Amrvyl nUM gurbwxI, gur ieiqhws Aqyis`K ieiqhws nwl ikauN joV rhy hn? krwmwqIAmrvyl nUM gurU igAwn dy nSqr nwl k`tx dIloV hY nW ik haumYy AhMkwr Aqy AMD ivSvwS dypwxI nwl pwlx dI, jo Amrvyl rUp ho kygurbwxI igAwn rUpI ibrK au~pr Cw rhy hn[krqwr dy kudrqI inXmW Aqy Bwxy ault koeIvI s`cw gurU Aqy Bgq nhIN igAw Aqy nW hIAwpxy AnuXweI, cyly jW is`K nUM jwx dIAwigAw id`qI hY sgoN gur ieiqhws iv`c sweImIAW mIr, bwbw At`l rwey, rwmrwey, bwbw bMdwisMG bhwdr AwidkW nUM Aijhw krn qoN roikAwiPr A`j AsIN gurbwxI gur Aqy is`K ieiqhwsnwl krwmwqI nwtkW dIAW swKIAW sunwauxvwilAW bwibAW, rwgIAW, gRMQIAW, kQwvwckWAqy pRcwrkW nUM Aijhw krn qoN ikauN nhIN rokdyjo gurbwxI dy q`q aupdySW au~pr krwmwqIswKIAW dI Amrvyl cVHw ky jQwrQ (s`c) nwloNqoV rhy hn[ 510-432-5827 qy Awp jI ivcwrivtWdrw kr skdy ho[*****K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 35

The Sikh Bulletin Swvx-BwdoN 542 nwnkSwhI July-August 2010A new work entitled "The First AngloSikh war" is being released in September. The book combines a narrative of thecampaign along with a battlefield guide to the sites of Mudki, Ferozehshah, Bhudowal, Aliwal and Sabraon. The bookcomes after two years research by the author both in British museums investigating first hand accounts of the war and onsitein Punjab at the battlefield locations.The book features new scale maps for the first time. Previous history books tend to use sketches drawn by Britishcombatants which can sometimes be grossly out of scale giving a distorted view of the battlefields. The new mapsfeatured were drawn using satellite imagery to provide the most accurate maps available. The maps have modernroads,canals, train tracks overlaid onto the battle lines of both armies giving a better idea of what happened where inrelation to modern landmarks.The book also contains the earliest photographs (previously unpublished) of the battlefields and the British monumentstaken during the 1870's tour of Lord Roberts, the British Commander-in-chief to the Punjab, less than 30 years after theevents, showing the sites little changed from the time of the battles. Modern images of the sites are also included.With the advent of GPS devices,the battlefield guide section in the book documents the GPS addresses of several hundredlocations related to the war allowing visitors to explore the sites by themselves using their mobile phones.The author Amarpal Singh Sidhu, commenced work after realizing no battlefield guide existed not just for this war butany of the major wars in the Indian subcontinent. In addition no heavyweight history books written by Sikh authors existsfor this war, which played such an important part in Sikh history. Readers of history instead have to rely heavily onEuropean authors like Gough and Innes, Cunningham and McGregor.All the sites and especially Ferozeshah where the British Empire nearly came to an end are already affected by newbuildings,structures and canals, he says. A A rather ugly electricity substation now mars the position where Sir Hardinge,the Governor-General contemplated defeat during the night of the battle. The former Sikh camp is not cut through by atrain track. Battlefields get no protection from the Punjab or Indian government unlike in Europe. It's important tounderstand the sites as only after this can preservation of these important places begin to take place.Further details are available ***** at www.thefirstanglosikhwar.com.The book launch takes place on the 7th September at theRoyal Geographic Society, 1 Kensington Gore, London, SW7 2AR at 7pm and is open to all (Free entrance). The book isavailable on Amazon and from all good book stores.[Amar pal Singh is the son of S. Gurbachan Singh Sidhu of U. K. who has published many books in English andPanjabi on Sikhism, four of which were published and are available from us. ED]K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 36