Fries

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ICAME Journal No. 342. Gathering data systematically, exhaustive analysis, and counting coexisting conflictingsignals of meaninga. Periphrasticuse of shalland willb. History ofEnglish3. AmericanEnglishgrammar4. Intonation ofyes-noquestionsEnglish drama: 50 playsfrom every decade ofBritish Literature, 1560–1915. 18 plays each fromAmerican and BritishLiterature from 1902–1918. ~ 20,000 instancesof shall and will.English from 10’th centuryto mid 20’th century.20,000 words from eachtime period, Samples takenroughly each 50 years.400,000 words total.2,000 complete letters,plus excerpts from about1,000 additional letters, allwritten to the wardepartment during WW I.39 episodes of a TVshow(‘What’s my line?’). 2,561yes/no questionsExamine the actual uses of shall and will inEnglish during the early modern Englishperiod with a view to evaluating the accuracyof the rules found in school grammars and theiruse in teaching English.Discover the stages by which a grammaticalsystem characterized by the use of inflectionschanged into a system where the order ofelements was a major signal of grammaticalfunction.Compare the language habits of uneducatedwith those of educated. (First contrastiveanalysis)Check accuracy of previous descriptions ofintonation of yes/no questionsNotes* An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Nineteenth Euro-InternationalSystemic Functional Linguistics Conference and Workshop, July 23–25,2007. Saarbrücken, Germany. I would like in addition to acknowledge the commentsof Elizabeth Berriman and Richard Forest who commented on an earlierversion of the paper.1. This view contrasts sharply with Simpson and Swales’s (2001: 1) statement:“Corpus linguistics is essentially a technology….”2. I do not want to claim that Fries’s work was typical of the time. Indeed, Iwould claim that his work differed significantly from that of other linguistsof his generation, particularly those in the US. As partial support for myposition note the exclusion of any significant discussion of Fries's workfrom the otherwise extensive history of American structuralism in Hymesand Fought (1981), in spite of the fact that they considered him an importantfigure in the linguistics of that time (personal communication fromFought).114
Charles C. Fries, linguistics and corpus linguistics3. See R. W. Bailey (1985b) for a more extensive discussion of Fries’s life.4. In conversations Fries often referred to being converted to linguistics. Thisis the conversion he meant.5. At some point Fries transferred to the English Department and did his Ph.D.under Prof. Samuel Moore, who was interested in the history of English.Scott remained an influential figure in Fries’s thinking, however.6. In this as in all following quotations, emphases through italics or throughunderlining were in the original. If I [PHF] wish to emphasize some portionof a quotation, I will use bold face.7. Taking the spoken language as primary should not be equated with regardingthe sounds of speech as primary. Rather Fries’s interest consistently layin the grammatical patterns used. He was very much aware that the wordsand grammar of spoken language differed greatly from the language thatwas written.8. While his analyses were based on explicit, well defined corpora, as far as Iknow he never made the corpora available to other linguists by, say, placingcopies in a public collection.9. All linguists have experienced, at one time or another, the joy of encounteringin written or spoken language an example of some predicted but as yetunencountered structure (say a single verb form that uses all the secondarytenses possible). We then make a special effort to record or remember whatwas said and its context – sometimes to the exclusion of paying attention towhat we should be concentrating on at the time.10. While Jespersen certainly had a carefully planned program for reading hiscorpus of literary works, his definition of that corpus was, in my view,casual. He did not describe the principles for choosing those works, nor sofar as I know did he list the total corpus from which he extracted his examples.(Of course he did provide references for the provenience of each of hisexamples.)11. Perhaps all corpora are compromises between the demands of representativeness,the demands of the sampling procedures, and the practicaldemands of obtaining usable data (both the practical demands of simplygathering the data, as well as the legal issues of being able to use the dataonce gathered). For example, the choice made by the editors of the Browncorpus to use only 2,000 word samples of each text included in that corpusincreased the comparability of the text samples in word count, but at thesame time decreased the comparability in that no controls were imposed onwhich portions of the text structures of each text were chosen. We knowthat the language of introductions differs from the language of conclusions.115
Page 1 and 2: Charles C. Fries, linguistics and c
Page 25: Charles C. Fries, linguistics and c
Page 31: Charles C. Fries, linguistics and c

Fries

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?