Fiber and FabricConsiderations for Heat & FR Protection
Fiber and FabricConsiderations for Heat & FR Protection
Fiber and FabricConsiderations for Heat & FR Protection
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<strong>Fiber</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>FabricConsiderations</strong> <strong>for</strong><strong>Heat</strong> & <strong>FR</strong> <strong>Protection</strong>Military/Per<strong>for</strong>mance Textile ConferenceAlan C. H<strong>and</strong>ermannNovember 10, 2009
<strong>FR</strong> <strong>Fiber</strong> Properties (mfr’s. data)GENERICNAMEPBOpoly-(para-phenylenebenzobisoxazole)PPSpoly-(phenylene sulfide)PPSpoly-(phenylene sulfide)para-aramidpoly-(para-phenyleneterephthalamide)para-aramidpoly-(para-phenyleneterephthalamide)para-aramidpoly-(para-phenyleneterephthalamide)para-aramidcopoly-(para-phenylene3,4'-oxydiphenyleneterephthalamide)PAIaromaticpolyamideimidepolybenzimidazolepoly [2,2’-(meta-phenylene)-5,5’-bibenzimidazole)]PANpreoxidized acrylonitrilePTFEpoly-(tetrafluoroethylene)TRADENAMETENACITYDENSITYcN/texg/cc(gpd)ELONG.TOBREAK%INITIALMODULUScN/tex(gpd)THERMALSHRINKAGE%, dry air177CLIMITINGOXYGENINDEX%CONT.USETEMP.CDECOMP. TEMP.CMOISTUREREGAIN%, 70F &65%RHCOST$/lb(estimate)Zylon® HM 1.56 370 (42) 2.5 17200 (1948) 68 650 0.6 *****Procon® 1.34 43 (4.9) 34.5Torcon® 1.3426 - 44(3 - 5)397 - 485(45 - 55)
<strong>FR</strong> <strong>Fiber</strong> Properties (mfr’s. data)GENERICNAMETRADENAMEACIDRESIST-ANCEALKALIRESIST-ANCEABRASIONRESIST-ANCEORGANICSOLVENTRESIST-ANCEUVRESIST-ANCEBLEACHRESIST-ANCECHARSHRINKAGECHARSTRENGTH<strong>FR</strong> viscose Lenzing <strong>FR</strong>® Poor Fair Fair Good Poor Excellent Poor<strong>FR</strong> viscose Visil® Poor Fair Poor Good Poor Good Poormelaminemodified poly-(melamine<strong>for</strong>maldehyde)melaminemodified poly-(melamine<strong>for</strong>maldehyde)meta-aramidpoly-(meta-phenyleneisophthalamide)meta-aramidpoly-(meta-phenyleneisophthalamide)meta-aramidpoly-(meta-phenyleneisophthalamide)meta-aramidpoly-(meta-phenyleneisophthalamide)Basofil® M80 Fair Excellent Fair Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent FairBasofil® M100 Fair Excellent Fair Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent FairNomex® 450 Fair Fair Good Excellent Poor Fair PoorNomex® 462 Fair Fair Good Excellent Poor Fair Good FairTeijinConex® Fair Fair Good Excellent Poor Fair PoorAramet®T-200Fair Fair Good Excellent Poor Fair Poormodacrylicmodified polyacrylonitrileProtex® S Excellent Good Good Excellent Excellent Excellent Poornovoloidpoly-(phenol-aldehyde)PIpolyimidePBOpoly-(para-phenylenebenzobisoxazole)Kynol® Good Good Fair Good Good FairP84® Good Excellent Excellent Excellent Fair Good PoorZylon® AS Good Good Excellent Excellent Poor Good Excellent Excellent
<strong>FR</strong> <strong>Fiber</strong> Properties (mfr’s. data)GENERICNAMEPBOpoly-(para-phenylenebenzobisoxazole)PPSpoly-(phenylene sulfide)PPSpoly-(phenylene sulfide)para-aramidpoly-(para-phenyleneterephthalamide)para-aramidpoly-(para-phenyleneterephthalamide)para-aramidpoly-(para-phenyleneterephthalamide)para-aramidcopoly-(para-phenylene3,4'-oxydiphenyleneterephthalamide)PAIpolyamideimidepolybenzimidazolepoly [2,2’-(meta-phenylene)-5,5’-bibenzimidazole)]PANpreoxidized acrylonitrilePTFEpoly-(tetrafluoroethylene)TRADENAMEACIDRESIST-ANCEALKALIRESIST-ANCEABRASIONRESIST-ANCEORGANICSOLVENTRESIST-ANCEUVRESIST-ANCEBLEACHRESIST-ANCECHAR CHARSHRINKAGESTRENGTHZylon® HM Good Good Excellent Excellent Poor Good Excellent ExcellentProcon® Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent PoorTorcon® Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent PoorKevlar® 29 Fair Fair Fair Excellent Fair Poor Excellent ExcellentKevlar® 49 Fair Fair Fair Excellent Fair Poor Excellent ExcellentTwaron® Fair Fair Fair Excellent Fair Poor Excellent ExcellentTechnora® Good Good Fair Excellent Fair Fair Excellent ExcellentKermel® Fair Fair Good Excellent ExcellentPBI® Very Good Fair Fair Fair Excellent GoodPanox® Good Poor Poor Excellent GoodTeflon® Excellent Excellent Fair Excellent Excellent Excellent Poor
Non-shrinking Char100% fiber felts exposed to open flamep-aramid – 60 secmelamine – 60 secpbi – 60 secmodacrylic – 5 secm-aramid – 20 secpolyester – 5 sec
Thermal Protective Per<strong>for</strong>manceFree Shrinkage40% melamine/60% m-aramidafter 6 sec93% m-aramid/5% p-aramid/2% antistatafter 6 sec40% pbi/60% p-aramidafter 6 sec6.2 osy 6.0 osy 4.5 opy
Thermal Protective Per<strong>for</strong>manceOutershell Fabric Shrinkage(fabrics exposed to 35 TPP - 17.5 seconds of flame)93% m-aramid/5% p-aramid/2% antistat40% m-aramid/60% p-aramid40% pbi/60% p-aramid40% melamine/60% p-aramid
Thermal Protective Capability(moisture barrier underlayer after a35 TPP exposure = 17.5 sec of flame)93% m-aramid/5% p-aramid/2% antistat40% m-aramid/60% p-aramid40% pbi/60% p-aramid40% melamine/60% p-aramid
<strong>Heat</strong> Flow Endo Up (mW)<strong>Heat</strong> Absorption Property80706050403020100Differential Scanning Calorimetry0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 390 400 410 450 500 5504.1 mg @ 20C/minEndothermic Decomposition“<strong>Heat</strong> Sponge”melamine fiberTemperature, C390 410
Fabric EnsembleTPP Per<strong>for</strong>manceOuter Shell Thermal Liner TPP Thick Wt.Fabric w/m-aramid face mils opsypbi/ 3-layer m-aramid/p-aramid p-aramid44 114 20melamine/ 3-layer m-aramid/p-aramid p-aramid54 114 20melamine/ 2-layer melamine /p-aramid p-aramid / m-aramid44 103 19melamine/ 1-layer melamine /p-aramid p-aramid / m-aramid41 87 18- with PTFE on m-aramid / p-aramid nonwoven substrate moisture barrier
Double Layer KnitTPP Per<strong>for</strong>mancemelamine /m-aramidafter 12 secTPP = 24m-aramidafter 9 secTPP = 18pbi/<strong>FR</strong> rayonafter 7 secTPP =142 - 6.8 osy 2 - 6.5 osy 2 - 5.3 osy
<strong>Heat</strong> Blocking Capability0.40(ASTM C-518)Btu-in / hr-ºF-ft 20.350.300.250.200.15Most Insulatingm-aramidCotton<strong>Fiber</strong>glassp-aramidLeast Insulatingtested with nonwovens of identical bulk density
Insulation Against Cold7.4 osy m-aramidInterlock Knit7.0 osy melamine/ m-aramidInterlock KnitThermalResistance @ 0 F(hr-F-ft2/Btu)ThermalResistance @ 32 F(hr-F-ft2/Btu)0.353 0.516(a 45% increase)0.673 0.980(a 45% increase)
<strong>Fiber</strong> Blending<strong>for</strong> improved durability <strong>and</strong> reduced lifecycle cost1 2 3 4 5 6 7melamine 60 55 50 55 50 55 50cotton 40 40 40 40 40 40 40nylon 6,6 - 5 - - 10 - -p-aramid - - 5 - - 10 -m-aramid - - - 5 - - 10MartindaleAbrasion15,000 40,000 30,000 25,000 50,000 45,000 25,000
melaminefiber100 hrs UV0% NonwovenStrength LossUV Resistance<strong>for</strong> improved lifecycle costm-aramidfiber100 hrs UV42% NonwovenStrength Lossp-aramidfiber100 hrs UV64% NonwovenStrength Loss200 hrs UV0% NonwovenStrength Loss200 hrs UV67% NonwovenStrength Loss200 hrs UV78% NonwovenStrength Loss
Design ConsiderationSummaryStart with inherent fiber propertiesNon-shrinking char importantTPP related to heat absorption abilityImprove durability through fiber blendingOptimized design includes• minimizing apparel weight <strong>and</strong> thickness• maximizing TPP <strong>and</strong> protective capability• maximizing durability <strong>and</strong> minimizing lifecyclecosts through fiber blending
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