Nyanatiloka Buddhist Dictionary

tiracchána-yoni: 'animal womb'; birth as animal. The animal kingdom belongs to the sensuous world (s.loka), is one of the 4 lower worlds (s. apáya) and one of the 3 woeful courses of existence (s. gati).tírana-pariññá: 'full understanding by investigating'; s. pariññá.ti-ratana: 'Three Jewels' or Three Gems, which by all Buddhists are revered as the most venerable things, arethe Buddha, the Dhamma and the Holy Sangha.' i.e.: the Enlightened One; the law of deliverance discovered,realized and proclaimed by him; and the Community of Holy Disciples and those who live in accordancewith the Law. - The contemplations of the 3 Jewels belong to the 10 contemplations (anussati q.v.).ti-sarana: 'Threefold Refuge', in which every faithful adherent of the Buddha puts his whole trust, consists inthe Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha (s. prec.).The Buddha, or Enlightened One, is the teacher who by himself has discovered, realized and proclaimed tothe world the law of deliverance. The Dhamma is the law of deliverance. The Sangha is the community of thedisciples, who have realized or are striving to realize the law of deliverance.The 3-fold Refuge in Páli, by the uttering of which one may also outwardly profess one's faith, is still thesame as in the Buddha's time, namely:Buddham saranam gacchámiDhammam saranam gacchámiSangham saranam gacchámiI take my refuge in the Buddha!I take my refuge in the Dhamma!I take my refuge in the Sangha!Literature: The Threefold Refuge by Nyanaponika Thera (WHEEL 76). - Devotion in Buddhism(WHEEL 18). Going for Refuge, by Bhikkhu Bodhi (WHEEL 282/284) - Khp. Tr. pp. 4ff.tittháyatana: the 3 'articles of (heretical) belief'. which in A. III, 61 are declared as leading to inactivity, are:(1) the belief that all happiness and woe are produced through former karma (prenatal actions; s. karma); (2)that everything is uncaused; (3) that everything is created by God.(1) is the teaching of Niggantha-Náthaputta, the leader of the Nigganthas, the modern Jains. The fault withthis doctrine is that it does not account for that happiness and woe which either are the result of the presentlife's good or bad action, or are associated with the corresponding action. (2) is the doctrine of MakkhaliGosála; s. ditthi.According to the above 3 doctrines, man is not responsible for his actions, so that all moral exertions becomeuseless.torpor: thína, s. thína-middha (q.v.).training, the 3-fold: sikkhá (q.v.). - The steps of: sikkhápada, (q.v.).trance: jhána (q.v.).tranquillity (of mind): s. samatha, samatha-vipassaná, bhávaná, bojjhanga. - 'One who has taken t. as hisvehicle': samathayánika (q.v.).tranquilisation, Overcoming (of defilements) by way of: s. pahána.transference of merit: patti-dána (q.v.).transformation, power of: s. iddhi.