Nyanatiloka Buddhist Dictionary

(4) " 'Calming this bodily function I will breathe in,' thus he trains himself; 'calming this bodilyfunction I will breathe out,' thus he trains himself.II.(5) " 'Feeling rapture (píti) I will breathe in,' thus he trains himself; 'feeling rapture I will breatheout,' thus he trains himself.(6) " 'Feeling joy I will breathe in,' thus he trains himself; 'feeling joy I will breathe out,' thus hetrains himself.(7) " 'Feeling the mental formation (citta-sankhára) I will breathe in,' thus he trains himself,'feeling the mental formation I will breathe out,' thus he trains himself.(8) " 'Calming the mental formation I will breathe in,' thus he trains himself; 'calming the mentalformation I will breathe out,' thus he trains himself.III.(9) " 'Clearly perceiving the mind (citta) I will breathe in,' thus he trains himself; 'clearlyperceiving the mind I will breathe out,' thus he trains himself.(10) " 'Gladdening the mind I will breathe in,' thus he trains himself; 'gladdening the mind I willbreathe out,' thus he trains himself.(11) " 'Concentrating the mind I will breathe in, thus he trains himself; 'concentrating the mind Iwill breathe out', thus he trains himself.(12) " 'Freeing the mind I will breathe in,' thus he trains himself; 'freeing the mind I will breatheout,' thus he trains himselfIV.(13) " 'Reflecting on impermanence (anicca) I will breathe in,' thus he trains himself; 'reflectingon impermanence I will breathe out,' thus he trains himself.(14) " 'Reflecting on detachment (virága) I will breathe in,' thus he trains himself; 'reflecting ondetachment I will breathe out,' thus he trains himself.(15) " 'Reflecting on extinction (nirodha) I will breathe in,' thus he trains himself; 'reflecting onextinction I will breathe out,' thus he trains himself.(16) " 'Reflecting on abandonment (patinissagga) I will breathe in, thus he trains himself;'reflecting on abandonment I will breathe out,' thus he trains himself."In M 118 it is further shown how these 16 exercises bring about the 4 foundations of mindfulness(satipatthána, q.v.), namely: 1-4 contemplation of the body, 5-8 contemplation of feeling, 9-12contemplation of mind (consciousness), 13-16 contemplation of mind-objects. Then it is shown how these 4foundations of mindfulness bring about the 7 factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga, q.v.); then these againdeliverance of mind (ceto-vimutti, q.v.) and deliverance through wisdom (paññá-vimutti, q.v.).Literature: Ánápánasati Samyutta (S. LIV). - Pts.M. Ánápánakathá - Full explanation of practicein Vis.M. VIII, 145ff. - For a comprehensive anthology of canonical and commentarial texts, seeMindfulness of Breathing, Ñánamoli Thera (Kandy: BPS, 1964).anattá: 'not-self', non-ego, egolessness, impersonality, is the last of the three characteristics of existence(ti-lakkhana, q.v.) The anattá doctrine teaches that neither within the bodily and mental phenomena ofexistence, nor outside of them, can be found anything that in the ultimate sense could be regarded as aself-existing real ego-entity, soul or any other abiding substance. This is the central doctrine of Buddhism,without understanding which a real knowledge of Buddhism is altogether impossible. It is the only really