4. It occurs further in the sense of anything formed (sankhata, q.v.) andconditioned, and includes all things whatever in the world, all phenomena ofexistence. This meaning applies, e.g. to the well-known passage, "All formations areimpermanent... subject to suffering" (sabbe sankhára aniccá ... dukkhá). In thatcontext, however, s. is subordinate to the still wider and all-embracing termdhamma (thing); for dhamma includes also the Unformed or Unconditioned Element(asankhata-dhátu), i.e. Nibbána (e.g. in sabbe dhammá anattá, "all things arewithout a self").(II) Sankhára also means sometimes 'volitional effort', e.g. in the formula of the roads topower (iddhi-páda, q.v.); in sasankhára- and asankhára-parinibbáyí (s. anágámí, q.v.); and in theAbhidhamma terms asankhárika- (q.v.) and sasankhárika-citta, i.e. without effort =spontaneously, and with effort = prompted.In Western literature, in English as well as in German, sankhára is sometimes mistranslatedby 'subconscious tendencies' or similarly (e.g Prof Beckh: "unterbewußte Bildekräfte," i.e.subconscious formative forces). This misinterpretation derives perhaps from a similar usagein non-<strong>Buddhist</strong> Sanskrit literature, and is entirely inapplicable to the connotations of theterm in Páli Buddhism, as listed above under I, 1-4. For instance, within the dependentorigination, s. is neither subconscious nor a mere tendency, but is a fully conscious and activekarmic volition. In the context of the 5 groups of existence (s. above I, 3), a very few of thefactors from the group of mental formations (sankhárakkhandha) are also present asconcomitants of subconsciousness (s. Tab. I-III), but are of course not restricted to it, norare they mere tendencies.sankhárupekkhá-ñána: the 'equanimity-knowledge with regard to the formations ofexistence', is one of those kinds of knowledge which form the 'purification by knowledge andvision of the path-progress' (s. visuddhi, VI, 8). "It is known by 3 names: in the lowest stageit is called 'knowledge consisting in the desire for deliverance' (rnuccitu-kamyatá-ñána); inthe middle stage it is called the 'reflecting contemplation' (patisankhánupassanáñána); in thelast stage, however, i.e. after attaining the summit, it is called the 'equanimity-knowledgewith regard to the formations of existence' " (Vis.M. XXI).sankhata: the 'formed', i.e. anything originated or conditioned, comprises all phenomena ofexistence. Cf. sankhára I, 4; asankhata.sankhitta citta: in the Satipatthána Sutta, signifies the 'contracted' or 'cramped' mind, notthe concentrated (samáhita) mind, as often translated by Western authors. Cf. Satipatthána(3).saññá: 1. 'perception', is one of the 5 groups of existence (khandha, q.v.), and one of the 7mental factors (cetasika) that are inseparably bound up with all consciousness (s. cetaná). Itis sixfold as perception of the 5 physical sense-objects and of mental objects. It is theawareness of an object's distinctive marks ("one perceives blue, yellow, etc.," S. XXII, 79).If, in repeated perception of an object, these marks are recognized, saññá functions as'memory' (s. Abh. St., p. 68f.).2. saññá stands sometimes for consciousness in its entirety, e.g. in
n'eva-saññá-n'ásaññáyatana, 'the realm of neither-perception-nor- non-perception'; further,in asaññá-satta, 'unconscious beings'. In both cases reference is not to 'perception' alone,but also to all other constituents of consciousness. Cf. D. 9.3. saññá may also refer to the 'ideas', which are objects of meditation, e.g. in a group of 7ideas, of impermanence (anicca-s. ), etc. (A. VII, 46); of 10: impurity (asubha-s.), etc. (A. X,56), and another set of 10 in A. X. 60; or to wrong notions, as in nicca-, subha-s. (the notionof permanence, beauty), etc.saññá-vedayita-nirodha = nirodha-samápatti (q.v.).saññá-vipallása: 'perversion of perception' (s. vipallása).saññojana = samyojana (q.v.).santána = santati: 'continuity', may refer to the continuity of consciousness (citta-s.), of thegroups of existence (khandha-s.), of sub-consciousness (bhavanga-s.), of corporeality(rúpa-s.), to the uninterrupted continuity of the paticcasamuppáda (q.v.), etc. (App.).santírana-citta: 'investigating consciousness', is one of the stages in the cognitive series.For the 14 functions of consciousness. s. viññánakicca.santutthitá: 'contentedness'; s. ariya-vamsa.sapadánik'anga: s. dhutanga.sappatigha-rúpa: 'corporeality reacting to sense stimuli', refers to the 5 sense-organs(áyatana, q.v.). - Cf. Vibh. II (s. Guide II, Chap. II) and Vis.M. XIV; further s. patigha 2.sarana: s. ti-sarana.sásana (lit. 'message'): the Dispensation of the Buddha, the <strong>Buddhist</strong> religion; teaching,doctrine.Navanga-Buddha (or satthu)-sásana, the ninefold Dispensation of the Buddha (or the Master)consists of suttas (sutta), mixed prose (geyya), exegesis (veyyákarana), verses (gáthá),solemn utterances (udána), sayings of the Blessed One (itivuttaka), birth stories (játaka),extraordinary things (abbhutadhamma), and analysis (vedalla). This classification is oftenfound in the suttas (e.g. M. 22). According to the commentaries, also the Vinaya and theAbhidhamma Pitaka are comprised in that ninefold division (see Atthasálini Tr., I, 33). It is aclassification according to literary styles, and not according to given texts or books.sasankhára-parinibbáyí: 'one who reaches Nibbána with exertion', is a name of one of the 5kinds of Non-returners (anágámí, q.v.).sasankhárika-citta (in Dhs.: sasankhárena ): a prepared, or prompted. state ofconsciousness, arisen after prior deliberation (e.g. weighing of motives) or induced by others(command, advice, persuasion) - See Tab. I; exemplified in Vis.M. XIV, 84f. - Opposite:asankhárika-citta, q.v.
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and technical terms in a Western la
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PTS Tr.SeriesM. Majjhima Nikáya (f
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perfectly clear and radiant colors
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acquired image (during concentratio
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endless space (anantákása), i.e.
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(4) "Or, without exertion he attain
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specific Buddhist doctrine, with wh
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holy life, the task is accomplished
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from stinginess, liberal, open-hand
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Once-Returner (Sakadágámi), the N
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ásava: (lit: influxes), 'cankers',
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(Cf. Dhs. 1280, 1282, 1284; Vibh. X
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(1) Karma-process (kamma-bhava), i.
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he takes of his own accord. He lead
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has gained and is developing the fa
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1. As an ethically neutral psycholo
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(q.v.).corporeality and mind: s. n
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voidness, boundless d. etc., s. cet
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Buddha, i.e. the 4 Noble Truths (sa
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11. living in a cemetery: susánik'
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(2) was taught by Púrana-Kassapa,
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dwellings: Suitable d. for monks; s
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equality-conceit: s. mána.equanimi
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sympathy: sangaha-vatthu (q.v.) - f
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greedy consciousness: s. Tab, I, II
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'root-condition' (hetu-paccaya; s.
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image, mental: s. nimitta, samádhi
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concentration with deficient energy
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concentration; in the 4th: equanimi
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sense-objects but lustful desire (c
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ignorance and ensnared by craving,
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arising. Therefore the ancient mast
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káya-passaddhi: tranquillity of me
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The 5 groups are compared, respecti
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khínásava: 'the one in whom all c
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7 stages of purification (visuddhi
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death. Later Páli literature often
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Thus, greedlessness (alobha) is a n
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