Black fungal extremes - CBS

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Za l a r e t a l.Fig. 5. Aureobasidium pullulans var. pullulans. a. Liberated conidia transforming to budding cells. b. Synchronous production of conidia on a transformed conidium – yeast cell.c. Short hypha synchronously producing conidia. d. Dark brown conidia. e–i, m. Poorly differentiated, terminal and intercalar conidiophors performing synchronous conidiation.k. Immersed hypha with lateral accumulation of conidia. l. Hypha with lateral scars – conidiogenous loci. j. Endoconidia. a–c, e–g, k–m. CBS 584.75 (ex-neotype strain); d. CBS100524; h–i, j, m. EXF-1702B. Scale bars: a–j, l–m= 10 µm; k= 20 µm.Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) G. Arnaud var.melanogenum Hermanides-Nijhof – Stud. Mycol. 15: 161, 1977.MycoBank MB352628. Fig. 6.Synonyms:Torula schoenii Roukhelman 1937 (MB 445735; AUT =CBS 123.37) (Invalid; Art. 37 ICBN)Pullularia fermentans Wynne & Gott var. schoenii (Roukhelman)Wynne & Gott 1956 (MB 352450)Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) G. Arnaud var. melanogenumHermanides-Nijhof 1977 (MB 352628; T = CBS 105.22)Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA/PDA at 25 ºC attaining25 mm diam after 7 d, appearing smooth and slimy due to abundantsporulation and EPS formation, olive brown (4F3-4F8) to black incentre, towards margin mustard yellow (3B6), margin yellowishwhite (3A2); reverse olive-grey (3E2) at the centre, towards margindull yellow (3B4), at the margin yellowish white (3A2). Margincomposed of arachnoid to thick undulating hyphae growing into theagar, sometimes sectorial. After 14 d the entire colonies are greento black. Aerial mycelium develops in some parts of the colonies.Deviations: White aerial mycelium present in strain CBS 621.80.Microscopy: Vegetative hyphae in the central part of colonies,dark brown, smooth to slightly roughened, thick walled, 6–12 µmwide, transversely septate, constricted at septa, embedded inEPS, disarticulating to 1–2-celled, dark brown chlamydospores,one celled 13–16 × 8–12 µm, two celled 17–24 × 10–12 µm.Vegetative hyphae at colony edge hyaline, smooth, thin-walled,2–10 µm wide, transversely septate, getting thicker and darker withage. Immersed hyphae with multiple lateral pegs. Conidiogenouscells undifferentiated, intercalary or terminal on hyaline hyphae,sometimes grown in the form of an outgrowth with three denticles.Conidia produced synchronously in dense groups from smalldenticles (1.0–2.5 µm long), and also formed percurrentlyalongside hyphae and on short lateral branches. Conidia hyalineand dark brown. Hyaline conidia one-celled, smooth, ellipsoidal,very variable in shape and size, 8–30 × 3.5–5 µm, often with anindistinct hilum. Dark brown conidia 1–2-celled, smooth, ellipsoidalwhen one celled, 7 × 6 µm, slightly constricted at septa when twocelled, 12–20 × 4–12 µm. Unilateral and bilateral budding of hyalineconidia frequently seen, with the secondary conidia being smallerthan the primary ones. Endoconidia not seen.Maximum tolerated salt concentration: 10 % NaCl.Cardinal temperatures: Minimum at 10 °C, optimum at 30 °C,maximum at 35 °C.32
Ar c t i c Au r e o b a s i d i umFig. 6. Aureobasidium pullulans var. melanogenum. a–c. Liberated conidia transforming to budding cells. d. Dark brown conidia. e–h. Poorly differentiated, terminal andintercalar conidiophors performing synchronous conidiation. i, l. Hypha with long lateral conidiogenous cells. j. Hypha with prolonged lateral pegs. k. Vegetative hyphae. m.Immersed hyphae with multiple lateral pegs. n. Melanized hyphae with intercalar synchronous conidiogenesis. o. Melanized hyphae / chlamydospores. a–c, e–n. CBS 105.22(ex-type strain); d, o. EXF-926. Scale bar: as marked on k (a–o) = 10 µm.Specimens examined: Unknown, culture ex-type CBS 105.22 = ATCC 12536= CECT 2658 = IMI 062460 = NRRL Y-7469, isolated by M. Church; additionalspecimens see Table 1.Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) G. Arnaud var. subglacialeZalar, de Hoog & Gunde-Cimerman, var. nov. MycoBankMB512380. Fig. 7.Coloniae in agaro MEA vel PDA 25 °C ad 20 mm diam post 7 dies, leves, haudlucidae, copiose sporulantes, roseae, reverso dilute aurantiaco; post 15 dies in medioroseae, marginem versus obscure brunneae; hyphae marginales superficiales latae,undulantes, nonnumquam sectores formantes; hyphae aeriae absentes. Hyphaevegetativae hyalinae, leves, tenuitunicatae, 2–10 µm latae, in coloniis vetustisnonnumquam hyphae fuscae, crassitunicatae, 5–9 µm latae. Conidia hyalina velfusca, hyalina unicellularia, levia, ellipsoidea, forma magnitudineque variabilissima,5.5–28 × 2–6.5 µm, fusca 1- vel bicellularia, 8–16(–25) × 5–9 µm. Conidia saepegemmantia, secundaria primariis minora; endoconidia circa 8 × 3 µm nonnumque incellulis intercalaribus formata. Temperatura optima et maxima crescentiae 25 °C.Holotype: CBS H-20186Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA/PDA at 25 ºC attaining20 mm (10–35 mm) diam after 7 d, appearing smooth and matt dueto abundant sporulation, pinkish (pinkish white, 7A2), reverse paleorange (5A3). After 14 d central areas of colonies remain pinkish,towards the margin becoming dark-brown (greyish brown, 5F3).Margin composed of thick undulating superficial and immersedbranched hyphae, sometimes with sectors. Aerial myceliumabsent.Deviations: Culture EXF-2479 develops more intensivelypigmented colonies than others, pink in centre and yellowish orangetowards the colony margin on MEA, and golden-yellow on PDA.Microscopy: Vegetative hyphae hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, 2–10µm wide, transversely septate, in older cultures locally converted todark brown, thick-walled hyphae of 5–9 µm diam. Conidiogenouscells mostly undifferentiated, intercalary or terminal on hyalinehyphae, sometimes developed in clusters as conidiophore-likestructure. Conidia produced synchronously in dense groups fromsmall denticles, and also percurrently on short lateral branches.Conidia hyaline to dark brown. Hyaline conidia one-celled, smooth,www.studiesinmycology.org33
Page 1: Studies in Mycology 61 (2008)Black
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Page 32 and 33: Za l a r e t a l.Table 1. List of a
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Page 36 and 37: Za l a r e t a l.Fig. 2. Consensus
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Page 52 and 53: Yu r l o va e t a l.RESULTSFourteen
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Bl a c k f u n g i in l i ch e n st
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On o f r i e t a l.Table 1. Test pa
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On o f r i e t a l.Analyses of resp
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On o f r i e t a l.2005). The abili
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A r o c k-i n h a b i t i n g a n c
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De n g e t a l.Table 1. Strains use
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De n g e t a l.Table 3. Primer sequ
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De n g e t a l.10098CBS 157.67 Exop
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De n g e t a l.Table 5. Number of m
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Co n i o s p o r i u m o n s k i nT
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e n v i r o nm e n ta l is o l at i
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Origin o f Ex o p h i a l a d e r m
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s u b s t r at e s p e c i f i c i
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Bi o d i v e rs i t y o f t h e g e
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homogentisate 165, 171, 173Hortaea
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CBS Biodiversity SeriesNo. 6: Alter
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Studies in Mycology (ISSN 0166-0616
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Satow MM, Attili-Angelis D, Hoog GS
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Black fungal extremes - CBS

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