Black fungal extremes - CBS

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Bi o d i v e rs i t y o f t h e g e n u s Cl a d o p h i a l o p h o r aFig. 12. Cladophialophora mycetomatis (CBS 122637 and CBS 454.82). A–B. Conidiophores and conidial chains with ramoconidia and conidia. C–D. Cylindrical, septateconidiophores. G. Ellipsoidal to fusiform conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm.Description based on CBS 122637 at 27 °C on MEA after 2 wks indarkness.Cultural characteristics: Colonies moderately expanding, reachingup to 30 mm diam, olivaceous-grey, velvety; reverse olivaceousblack.Cardinal temperatures: minimum 15 °C, optimum 27−30°C, maximum 37 °C [maximum growth temperature 33 °C; CBS454.82].Microscopy: Budding cells absent. Septate hyphae creeping,ascending to sub-erect, smooth-walled, hyaline to pale olivaceous,guttulate, branched, 2.5−3.0 µm wide. Conidiophores solitary,micronematous, pale brown, cylindrical, apically branched,3.0−3.5 µm wide. Conidiogenous cells pale brown, smooth-walled,sympodially proliferating. Ramoconidia cylindrical to fusiform,2.5−4.0 × 2.5−3.0 µm. Conidia holoblastic, fusiform produced in longchains; subhyaline to pale olivaceous, guttulate. Chlamydosporesabsent. Teleomorph unknown.Specimen examined: Mexico, Jicaltepec, isolated from human patient withmycetoma, 2006 (CBS H-20116, holotypus; CBS 122637, ex-type).It is remarkable that an environmental strain of C. mycetomatis(CBS 454.82) was isolated by W. Gams as a culture contaminant inthe strain of Scytalidium lignicola Pesante (CBS 204.71) from theNetherlands. It was morphologically very similar to C. carrionii butwas methyl-α-D-glucoside and melibiose negative and assimilatedwww.studiesinmycology.orgD-glucosamine and galactitol (de Hoog et al. 1995).Case Report: A 49-yr-old male farmer mainly growing corn andresident of Jicaltepec, in the semi-arid zone Pinotepa NacionalOaxaca, approximately 450 km south of Mexico City presentedwith a dermatosis localised to the left leg at the dorsum of thefoot, affecting the third toe (Fig. 13A). The lesion consisted ofa tumorous area, with deformation, and nodules with drainingsinuses releasing thread-like material including black granules.The dermatosis had begun one and a half yr before, after a traumawith a thorn of cactaceous plant called nopal (Opuntia sp.). Theseled to progressive swelling of the region and occasional pain (Fig.13A). Initial treatment included penicillin and sulfametoxazoletrimetroprim.The presumptive clinical diagnosis was that ofmycetoma. Direct examination with KOH (10 %) showed someblack granules approximately 500 µm in size. The granuleswere composed of branched, septate, dematiaceous hyphae(Fig. 13B). Clinical specimens cultured on Sabouraud GlucoseAgar (SGA) with or without antibiotics (Mycosel) resulted in thegrowth of a dematiaceous fungus morphologically identified asCladophialophora sp. Once the diagnosis of eumycetoma had beenmade, laboratory tests consisted of a complete blood count, bloodchemistry and liver function tests; all of these were within normallimits. Foot radiographs (lateral and PA) showed no involvement ofbones. Treatment with itraconazole, 200 mg/d was instituted, withsignificant clinical improvement at 8 mos. Liver and hematologicalfunction tests were monitored throughout the treatment period at187
Ba d a l i e t a l.Teleomorphe ignota.Description based on CBS 834.96 at 27 °C on MEA after 2 wks indarkness.Cultural characteristics: Colonies growing moderately slowly,attaining up to 30 mm diam at 27−30 °C and 10 mm [5 mm in CBS102237; 20 mm in CBS 110551] at 37 °C. Colonies dark olivaceousgrey[greyish green to olivaceous-green in CBS 102237] with athin, dark, well-defined margin [wide grey margin in CBS 109797],spreading, downy, velvety; reverse olivaceous-black. Cardinaltemperatures: minimum 15 °C, optimum 27−30 °C, maximum37 °C. No growth at 40 °C.Fig.13. Clinical manifestations of Eumycetoma caused by Cladophialophoramycetomatis. A. Deformed tumorous area of the foot, with nodules, draining sinusesand discharging purulent fluid. B. Branched black granule, approximately 500 µm insize (in 10 % KOH), with septate hyphae.4-mo intervals, with no alterations.The province where the patient lived in the South of Mexico isa very poor region in a semi-arid area climate zone. The majorityof inhabitants are farmers growing corn and other vegetables.Cactaceous plants are very common. The trauma with a thorn of anopal cactus and the micromorphology of the fungus reminded ofCladophialophora carrionii, which is abundant under similar climaticconditions in Venezuela (de Hoog et al. 2007), but accordingto molecular data the fungus proved to be clearly separate. Inaddition to Cladophialophora, Exophiala species (particularlyE. jeanselmei) are also known to cause mycetoma (de Hoog etal. 2003). Otherwise, subcutaneous infections by members ofChaetothyriales mostly lead to chromoblastomycosis-like infectionswhich are characterised by muriform cells rather than granules, anddo not lead to necrosis and draining.Cladophialophora immunda Badali, Satow, Prenafeta-Boldú &de Hoog, sp. nov. MycoBank MB511844. Figs 10, 14.Etymology: Named after its preference for polluted environments.Coloniae fere lente crescentes, ad 30 mm diam post 14 dies 27–30 °C, velutinae,olivaceo-griseae vel olivaceo-virides, reversum olivaceo-nigrum. Cellulaegemmantes absentes. Hyphae leves, hyalinae vel pallide brunneae, adscendentesvel erectae, 2.5–4 μm latae, saepe circiter aggregatae. Conidiophora micronemata,septata. Conidia holoblastica, dilute brunnea, late fusiformia, unicellularia,levia, catenas cohaerentes formantia vel dilabentia, cicatricibus dilute brunneis,3.0−4.5×2.5−4.0 μm. Synanamorphe not visa. Chlamydosporae vulgo absentes,Microscopy: Budding cells absent. septate hyphae , straight,ascending to erect, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline to pale brown,branched, 2−3 µm wide, frequently forming hyphal strands andcoils [no hyphal coils in CBS 102237, CBS 110551]. Hyphae givingrise to conidiophores which are pale brown, erect, mostly straight,branched or unbranched, long, sub-cylindrical and cylindrical tofusiform [fusiform to ellipsoidal in CBS 110551, CBS 102227], 2.5−4µm wide [with T-shaped foot cell in CBS 102227], with up to 6−8septa. Conidiogenous cells branched, conspicuously denticulate,smooth-walled, guttulate, with pigmented scars. Conidia onecelled,acropetal, catenulate, sub-hyaline to pale brown [olivaceousbrown in CBS 102227, CBS 102237], smooth [slightly verrucose inCBS 109797, CBS 102227], thin-walled, lemon-shaped to pyriformto guttuliform, narrowed towards one or both ends, with palepigmented scars. Conidia 3.0−4.5 × 2.5−4.0 µm [3−4 × 2−3 µmin CBS 102227], coherent or deciduous. Phialidic synanamorphnot seen. Chlamydospores absent [present in CBS 109797].Teleomorph unknown.Specimens examined: U.S.A., Georgia, Atlanta, isolated from a sub-cutaneous ulceron a 68-yr-old female treated with long-term immunosuppressive therapy, (CBSH-20115, holotypus; CDC B-6580 = CBS 834.96, ex-type). Brazil, Paraná, Colombo,isolated from Syagrum romanzoffianum stem, CBS 102227. Brazil, Paraná, isolatedfrom decaying cover vegetable, CBS 102237. Germany, Kaiserslautern, isolatedfrom biofilter inoculated with soil, CBS 109797. The Netherlands, isolated fromhydrocarbon-polluted soil, CBS 110551 (Prenafeta-Boldú et al. 2006). Brazilisolated from hydrocarbon-polluted soil, CBS 122636, CBS 122255, CBS 122257,dH 18477, dH 18476, dH 18476, dH 18478 (Satow et al. 2008).Case Report: According to the description by Padhye et al. (1999),a 68 yr-old-female who underwent long-term immunosuppressivetherapy in view of a history of recurrent sinusitis, pneumonia,genital herpes, hysterectomy, chronic hypergammaglobulinemia,low grade lymphoma, Sjogren's disease, rheumatois arthritis. Shehad not any history of predisposing factor such as truma. Thepretibial lesion was non-responsive to cephalexin or ofloxacin. Dueto the clinical manifestation of the lesion, a biopsy was performedwhich consisted of dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Biopsy tissuesection was stained by PAS (Fig. 15A) and Gomori's methanaminesilver(GMS, Fig. 15B) stains, showing septate hyphae, moniliformhyphae of different lengths, and thick-walled cells. The melanizedfungal elements were within intense infiltrates of neutrophils andnecrotizing granulomas with many giant cells. The histopathologicalobservations led to the diagnosis of a subcutaneousphaeohyphomycosis infection. The strain was identified asCladophialophora species (Padhye et al. 1999) resembling C.devriesii and C. arxii. It formed dry conidia in branched acropetalchains inserted on pronounced denticles, fusiform to lemon-shapedconidia, and being involved in a human infection. Unlike C. arxii,188
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Studies in Mycology 61 (2008)Black
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Studies in MycologyThe Studies in M
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PREFACEThe terms "black fungi" or "
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available online at www.studiesinmy
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Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i dTable
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Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i d2003/
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Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i din Pe
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Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i d99100
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Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i dAnamo
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Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i dFig.
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Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i dFig.
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Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i dconve
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Dr o u g h t m e e t s a c i dal. 2
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Za l a r e t a l.Table 1. List of a
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Za l a r e t a l.Table 1. (Continue
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Za l a r e t a l.Fig. 2. Consensus
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Za l a r e t a l.Fig. 4. Macromorph
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Za l a r e t a l.Fig. 5. Aureobasid
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Za l a r e t a l.Fig. 7. Aureobasid
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Za l a r e t a l.the type species o
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Za l a r e t a l.Vishniac HS, Onofr
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Yu r l o va e t a l.Table 1. Strain
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Yu r l o va e t a l.112ОС2Fig. 1.
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Yu r l o va e t a l.RESULTSFourteen
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Yu r l o va e t a l.100908070605040
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Yu r l o va e t a l.AcetateMelanin(
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Fat t y-a c i d-m o d if y i n g e
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Va u p o t i č e t a l.cerevisiae)
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Va u p o t i č e t a l.Fig. 3. Mor
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Va u p o t i č e t a l.HMG-CoA red
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Pl e m e n i ta s e t a l.entire en
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Pl e m e n i ta s e t a l.glycerol
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Pl e m e n i ta s e t a l.Fig. 1. T
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Pl e m e n i ta s e t a l.diversity
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Ti n e a n i g r aFig. 1. Map showi
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Ti n e a n i g r aand Polynesia (Ue
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Bl a c k f u n g i in l i ch e n st
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Ce l l u l a r r e s p o n s e s t
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On o f r i e t a l.Table 1. Test pa
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On o f r i e t a l.Analyses of resp
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On o f r i e t a l.Fig. 6. Percenta
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On o f r i e t a l.Fig. 11. Percent
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On o f r i e t a l.2005). The abili
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A r o c k-i n h a b i t i n g a n c
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De n g e t a l.Table 1. Strains use
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De n g e t a l.Table 3. Primer sequ
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De n g e t a l.10098CBS 157.67 Exop
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De n g e t a l.Table 5. Number of m
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Co n i o s p o r i u m o n s k i nT
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Page 138 and 139: available online at www.studiesinmy
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Page 148 and 149: Origin o f Ex o p h i a l a d e r m
Page 158 and 159: Sat o w e t a l.Table 1. Compositio
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Page 162 and 163: Sat o w e t a l.pollutants in biore
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Page 176 and 177: Bi o d i v e rs i t y o f t h e g e
Page 192 and 193: homogentisate 165, 171, 173Hortaea
Page 194 and 195: CBS Biodiversity SeriesNo. 6: Alter
Page 196 and 197: Studies in Mycology (ISSN 0166-0616
Page 198: Satow MM, Attili-Angelis D, Hoog GS
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